Analysis of the impact of coronavirus disease 19 on hospitalization rates for chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted health services and healthcare systems worldwide. Studies have shown that hospital admissions for causes related to chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have decreased significantly during peak pandemic periods. An analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions for NCDs is essential to implement disability and mortality mitigation strategies for these groups. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions for NCDs in Brazil according to the type of NCD, sex, age group, and region of Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological study conducted in Brazil. Data on hospital admissions from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2021 were extracted from the Unified Health System's Hospital Admissions Information System. The hospital admission rates per 100,000 thousand inhabitants were calculated monthly according to the type of NCD, sex, age group, and region of Brazil. Poisson regression models were used to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of hospital admissions. In this study, the pre-pandemic period was set from January 1, 2017 to February 29, 2020 and the during-pandemic from March 1, 2020 to May 31, 2021. RESULTS: There was a 27.0% (95.0%CI: -29.0; -25.0%) decrease in hospital admissions for NCDs after the onset of the pandemic compared to that during the pre-pandemic period. Decreases were found for all types of NCDs-cancer (-23.0%; 95.0%CI: -26.0; -21.0%), diabetes mellitus (-24.0%; 95.0%CI: -25.0%; -22.0%), cardiovascular diseases (-30.0%; 95.0%CI: -31.0%; -28.0%), and chronic respiratory diseases (-29.0%; 95.0%CI: -30.0%; -27.0%). In addition, there was a decrease in the number of admissions, regardless of the age group, sex, and region of Brazil. The Northern and Southern regions demonstrated the largest decrease in the percentage of hospital admissions during the pandemic period. CONCLUSIONS: There was a decrease in the hospitalization rate for NCDs in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic in a scenario of social distancing measures and overload of health services.

Underreporting of AIDS deaths in Brazil: linkage of hospital records with death certificate data. / Subnotificação de óbitos por AIDS no Brasil: linkage dos registros hospitalares com dados de declaração de óbito.

This study investigated the underreporting of deaths due to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Brazil, using the product of the linkage between the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Hospital Information System (SIH) for the years 2008 to 2012. The hypothesis was that there were deaths recorded in the SIM that should have AIDS as the underlying cause of death, but that had been poorly classified. Many of the decedents had previous hospitalizations due to the illness. Underreported AIDS deaths were defined taking into account the coding rules of the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision, in order to discriminate AIDS deaths from those due to other causes in people living with HIV / AIDS. In this period, 60,362 deceased had AIDS as the underlying cause, and we found another 2,671 (4.2%) as underreported causes. Underreported deaths increased the average AIDS mortality rate from 6.3/100,000 to 6.6/100,000. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that, through linkage in between SIH and SIM, it is possible to find underreporting of AIDS deaths in Brazil. These results serve as a warning for the need for actions that would promote a better certification of the causes of death among AIDS patients.

Este estudo investigou a subnotificação de óbitos por Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) no Brasil, utilizando o produto do pareamento entre o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e o Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH) para os anos de 2008 a 2012. A hipótese era de que houvesse óbitos registrados no SIM que deveriam ter a AIDS como causa básica da morte, mas que tinham causas mal classificadas. Muitos desses falecidos tiveram internações anteriores devido à doença. Os óbitos por AIDS subnotificados foram definidos levando-se em consideração as regras de codificação da Classificação Internacional de Doenças 10ª Revisão, com vistas a discriminar os óbitos por AIDS daqueles devido a outras causas em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Nesse período, 60.362 falecidos tiveram a AIDS como causa básica, e encontramos outros 2.671 (4,2%) como causas subnotificadas. Os óbitos subnotificados aumentaram a taxa média de mortalidade por AIDS no período de 6,3/100.000 para 6,6/100.000. Em conclusão, este estudo demonstrou que, através do pareamento entre o SIH e o SIM, é possível encontrar subnotificação de óbitos por AIDS no Brasil. Esses resultados servem de alerta para a necessidade de ações que promovam uma melhor certificação das causas de óbitos entre os pacientes com AIDS.

Trend of fall-related mortality among the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of fall-related mortality in elderly in Brazil from 2008 to 2016. METHOD: Study of time series of rates of fall-related mortality according to CID-10 from 2008 to 2016. Data from the Mortality Information System on death registers of people ≥ 60 living in Brazil were used. The specific rates of fall-related mortality among the elderly were calculated through the ratio between the number of deaths and the elderly population of that year and region. The populational information was obtained from the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The variation rate and temporal trend were obtained through linear regression (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The fall-related deaths among the elderly aged ≥ 60 amounted to 72,234 (31.2%). Falls from the same level were the most frequent (53.8%) and death rates in all ages ranged from 29.7 to 44.7 per 100,000 elders. Fall-related deaths increased with age. CONCLUSION: There was a growing trend of fall-related deaths among elderly in all age groups, an event which is avoidable through the adoption of preventive measures. The high rates and growing trend of fall-related deaths, as well as the aging of the Brazilian population, suggest that public policies for protecting the elderly must be prioritized.

Analysis of the trend of hospitalizations for asthma in children and adolescents in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend of hospitalizations for asthma in children and adolescents by region and age group in Brazil, from 2008 to 2017. METHOD: This is a time-series study with secondary data regarding hospitalizations for asthma in children and adolescents, according to age, region, and gender. Descriptive statistics procedures were used with measures of central tendency to calculate the variation between the periods of 2008 and 2017. Rates of hospitalizations were calculated specifically by age group and region. Time trend analysis was performed by simple linear regression, considered as stationary (p>0.05), declining (p<0.05 and negative regression coefficient), or ascending (p<0.05) and positive regression coefficient). RESULTS: The present study identified a higher proportion of hospitalizations for asthma in Brazil in children aged 5-9 years. Regarding gender, there were more hospitalizations in boys. The region that presented the highest proportion of hospitalizations, in all age groups investigated, was the Northeast. As for the trend analysis, this article showed that, in Brazil, there was a trend toward a reduction in hospitalization rates for asthma. CONCLUSION: In Brazil, there was a tendency to reduce hospitalizations for all investigated age groups. The Northeast was the only region that showed a decline in all age groups.

Redistribution of heart failure deaths using two methods: linkage of hospital records with death certificate data and multiple causes of death data.

Heart failure is considered a garbage code when assigned as the underlying cause of death. Reassigning garbage codes to plausible causes reduces bias and increases comparability of mortality data. Two redistribution methods were applied to Brazilian data, from 2008 to 2012, for decedents aged 55 years and older. In the multiple causes of death method, heart failure deaths were redistributed based on the proportion of underlying causes found in matched deaths that had heart failure listed as an intermediate cause. In the hospitalization data method, heart failure deaths were redistributed based on data from the decedents' corresponding hospitalization record. There were 123,269 (3.7%) heart failure deaths. The method with multiple causes of death redistributed 25.3% to hypertensive heart and kidney diseases, 22.6% to coronary heart diseases and 9.6% to diabetes. The total of 41,324 heart failure deaths were linked to hospitalization records. Heart failure was listed as the principal diagnosis in 45.8% of the corresponding hospitalization records. For those, no redistribution occurred. For the remaining ones, the hospitalization data method redistributed 21.2% to a group with other (non-cardiac) diseases, 6.5% to lower respiratory infections and 9.3% to other garbage codes. Heart failure is a frequently used garbage code in Brazil. We used two redistribution methods, which were straightforwardly applied but led to different results. These methods need to be validated, which can be done in the wake of a recent national study that will investigate a big sample of hospital deaths with garbage codes listed as underlying causes.

Timeliness and risk factors associated with delay for pneumococcal conjugate 10-valent routine immunization in Brazilian children.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination coverage is the usual metrics to evaluate the immunization programs performance. For the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate (PCV10) vaccine, measuring the delay of vaccination is also important, particularly as younger children are at increased risk of disease. Routinely collected administrative data was used to assess the timeliness of PCV10 vaccination, and the factors associated with delay to receive the first and second doses, and the completion of the PCV10 3+1 schedule. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted with children born in 2012 in Central Brazil. Children who received the PCV10 first dose in public health services were followed-up until 23months of age. Timeliness of receiving each PCV10 dose at any given age was defined as receiving the dose within 28days grace period from the recommended age by the National Immunization Program. Log-binomial regression models were used to examine risk factors for delays of the first dose and the completion PCV10 3+1 schedule. RESULTS: In total, 14,282 children were included in the cohort of study. Delayed vaccination occurred in 9.4%, 23.8%, 36.8% and 39.9% children for the first, second, third and the booster doses, respectively. A total of 1912 children (12.8% of the cohort) were not adequately vaccinated at the 6months of life; 1,071 (7%) received the second dose after 6months of age, 784 (5.4%) did not receive the second dose, and 57 (0.4%) received the first dose after six months of life. CONCLUSION: A considerable delay was found in PCV10 third and booster doses. Almost 2 thousand children had not received the recommended PCV10 doses at 6months of age. Timeliness of vaccination is an issue in Brazil although high vaccination coverages.

Subnotificação de óbitos por AIDS no Brasil: linkage dos registros hospitalares com dados de declaração de óbito / Underreporting of AIDS deaths in Brazil: linkage of hospital records with death certificate data

Resumo Este estudo investigou a subnotificação de óbitos por Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) no Brasil, utilizando o produto do pareamento entre o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e o Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH) para os anos de 2008 a 2012. A hipótese era de que houvesse óbitos registrados no SIM que deveriam ter a AIDS como causa básica da morte, mas que tinham causas mal classificadas. Muitos desses falecidos tiveram internações anteriores devido à doença. Os óbitos por AIDS subnotificados foram definidos levando-se em consideração as regras de codificação da Classificação Internacional de Doenças 10ª Revisão, com vistas a discriminar os óbitos por AIDS daqueles devido a outras causas em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Nesse período, 60.362 falecidos tiveram a AIDS como causa básica, e encontramos outros 2.671 (4,2%) como causas subnotificadas. Os óbitos subnotificados aumentaram a taxa média de mortalidade por AIDS no período de 6,3/100.000 para 6,6/100.000. Em conclusão, este estudo demonstrou que, através do pareamento entre o SIH e o SIM, é possível encontrar subnotificação de óbitos por AIDS no Brasil. Esses resultados servem de alerta para a necessidade de ações que promovam uma melhor certificação das causas de óbitos entre os pacientes com AIDS.

Abstract This study investigated the underreporting of deaths due to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Brazil, using the product of the linkage between the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Hospital Information System (SIH) for the years 2008 to 2012. The hypothesis was that there were deaths recorded in the SIM that should have AIDS as the underlying cause of death, but that had been poorly classified. Many of the decedents had previous hospitalizations due to the illness. Underreported AIDS deaths were defined taking into account the coding rules of the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision, in order to discriminate AIDS deaths from those due to other causes in people living with HIV / AIDS. In this period, 60,362 deceased had AIDS as the underlying cause, and we found another 2,671 (4.2%) as underreported causes. Underreported deaths increased the average AIDS mortality rate from 6.3/100,000 to 6.6/100,000. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that, through linkage in between SIH and SIM, it is possible to find underreporting of AIDS deaths in Brazil. These results serve as a warning for the need for actions that would promote a better certification of the causes of death among AIDS patients.

Trend of fall-related mortality among the elderly / Tendencia de la mortalidad por caídas en los ancianos / Tendência de mortalidade por quedas em idosos

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of fall-related mortality in elderly in Brazil from 2008 to 2016. Method: Study of time series of rates of fall-related mortality according to CID-10 from 2008 to 2016. Data from the Mortality Information System on death registers of people ≥ 60 living in Brazil were used. The specific rates of fall-related mortality among the elderly were calculated through the ratio between the number of deaths and the elderly population of that year and region. The populational information was obtained from the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The variation rate and temporal trend were obtained through linear regression (p < 0.05). Results: The fall-related deaths among the elderly aged ≥ 60 amounted to 72,234 (31.2%). Falls from the same level were the most frequent (53.8%) and death rates in all ages ranged from 29.7 to 44.7 per 100,000 elders. Fall-related deaths increased with age. Conclusion: There was a growing trend of fall-related deaths among elderly in all age groups, an event which is avoidable through the adoption of preventive measures. The high rates and growing trend of fall-related deaths, as well as the aging of the Brazilian population, suggest that public policies for protecting the elderly must be prioritized.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por caídas en ancianos en Brasil de 2008 a 2016. Método: Estudio de serie temporal de las tasas de mortalidad por caídas según CIE-10 de 2008 a 2016. Se utilizaron datos de los registros de defunción de residentes en Brasil con edad ≥ 60 años disponibles en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. Las tasas de mortalidad específica por caídas en los ancianos se calcularon mediante el cociente entre el número de muertes y la población de ancianos por año y región. La información poblacional se obtuvo de los censos de 2000 y 2010. La tasa de variación y la tendencia temporal se obtuvieron mediante regresión lineal (p < 0,05). Resultados: Se identificaron 72.234 (31,2%) muertes por caídas en ancianos ≥ 60 años. Las caídas desde el mismo nivel fueron las más frecuentes (53,8%) y las tasas de mortalidad en todas las edades oscilaron entre 29,7 y 44,7 por cada 100.000 ancianos. Las muertes por caídas aumentaron según la edad. Conclusión: Hubo una tendencia al aumento de las muertes por caídas en los ancianos en todos los grupos de edad, un evento evitable con la adopción de medidas preventivas. Las elevadas tasas y la tendencia al aumento de las muertes por caída, así como el envejecimiento de la población brasileña, sugieren que las políticas públicas de protección a los ancianos deben ser prioritarias.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade por quedas em idosos no Brasil de 2008 a 2016. Método: Estudo de série temporal das taxas de mortalidade por quedas segundo CID-10 de 2008 a 2016. Utilizaram-se dados de registro de óbito de residentes no Brasil, com idade ≥ 60 anos, constantes no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade específica por quedas em idosos por meio da razão entre o número de óbitos e a população idosa residente naquele ano e região. As informações populacionais foram obtidas dos censos de 2000 e 2010. A taxa de variação e a tendência temporal foram obtidas por regressão linear (p < 0,05). Resultados: Foram identificados 72.234 (31,2%) óbitos por quedas em idosos ≥ 60 anos. Quedas no mesmo nível foram as mais frequentes (53,8%) e as taxas de óbito em todas as idades variaram de 29,7 a 44,7 por 100.000 idosos. Os óbitos por queda aumentaram conforme a idade. Conclusão: Houve tendência crescente de óbitos por quedas em idosos em todas as faixas etárias, eventos evitáveis com a adoção de medidas preventivas. As elevadas taxas e a tendência de aumento dos óbitos por queda, bem como o envelhecimento da população brasileira, sugerem que políticas públicas de proteção aos idosos devem ser priorizadas.

Redistribution of heart failure deaths using two methods: linkage of hospital records with death certificate data and multiple causes of death data / Redistribuição de óbitos por insuficiência cardíaca usando dois métodos: linkage de registros hospitalares com dados de atestados de óbito e de causas múltiplas de morte / Redistribución de las muertes por fallo cardíaco usando dos métodos: enlace a registros hospitalarios con datos del certificado de defunción y sobre causas múltiples de la muerte

Heart failure is considered a garbage code when assigned as the underlying cause of death. Reassigning garbage codes to plausible causes reduces bias and increases comparability of mortality data. Two redistribution methods were applied to Brazilian data, from 2008 to 2012, for decedents aged 55 years and older. In the multiple causes of death method, heart failure deaths were redistributed based on the proportion of underlying causes found in matched deaths that had heart failure listed as an intermediate cause. In the hospitalization data method, heart failure deaths were redistributed based on data from the decedents' corresponding hospitalization record. There were 123,269 (3.7%) heart failure deaths. The method with multiple causes of death redistributed 25.3% to hypertensive heart and kidney diseases, 22.6% to coronary heart diseases and 9.6% to diabetes. The total of 41,324 heart failure deaths were linked to hospitalization records. Heart failure was listed as the principal diagnosis in 45.8% of the corresponding hospitalization records. For those, no redistribution occurred. For the remaining ones, the hospitalization data method redistributed 21.2% to a group with other (non-cardiac) diseases, 6.5% to lower respiratory infections and 9.3% to other garbage codes. Heart failure is a frequently used garbage code in Brazil. We used two redistribution methods, which were straightforwardly applied but led to different results. These methods need to be validated, which can be done in the wake of a recent national study that will investigate a big sample of hospital deaths with garbage codes listed as underlying causes.

A insuficiência cardíaca, quando atribuída como a causa básica de morte, é considerada um código lixo. A reatribuição de códigos lixo a causas plausíveis tem por objetivo reduzir viés e aumentar a comparabilidade de dados sobre mortalidade. Dois modelos de redistribuição foram aplicados a dados brasileiros de 2008 a 2012, para pacientes falecidos de 55 anos de idade ou mais. No modelo de causas múltiplas de morte, óbitos por insuficiência cardíaca foram redistribuídos com base na proporção de causas básicas identificadas em óbitos pareados que tinham insuficiência cardíaca listada como causa intermediária. No método de dados hospitalares, óbitos por insuficiência cardíaca foram redistribuídos com base nos dados dos registros de hospitalização dos pacientes falecidos. Houve 123.269 (3,7%) óbitos por insuficiência cardíaca. O método de causas múltiplas de morte redistribuiu 25,3% para doenças cardíacas hipertensivas e doenças renais, 22,6% para doenças cardíacas coronarianas e 9,6% para diabetes. Houve 41.324 óbitos por insuficiência cardíaca relacionados com registros de hospitalização. A insuficiência cardíaca foi listada como o diagnóstico principal em 45,8% dos registros de hospitalização correspondentes. Para estes, não foi feita redistribuição. Para os óbitos remanescentes, o método de dados hospitalares redistribuiu 21,2% para outras doenças (não cardíacas), 6,5% para infecções das vias aéreas inferiores e 9,3% para outros códigos lixo. A insuficiência cardíaca é um código lixo frequentemente usado no Brasil. Nós usamos dois métodos de redistribuição, aplicados de forma simples, mas que levaram a resultados distintos. É importante que esses métodos sejam validados, o que pode ser feito a partir de um estudo nacional recente que investigará uma grande amostra de óbitos hospitalares com códigos lixo listados como causas básicas.

El fallo cardíaco, cuando es asignado como causa subyacente de la muerte está considerado como código basura. El objetivo de este estudio es reasignar códigos basura de fallecimiento, con el fin de reducir sesgos e incrementar la comparabilidad de los datos de mortalidad. Se aplicaron dos métodos de redistribución en los datos brasileños de 2008 a 2012, para fallecidos de 55 años y mayores. En el método de causas múltiples de muerte, las muertes por fallo cardiaco fueron redistribuidas basándose en la proporción de causas subyacentes encontradas en las muertes compatibles que contaban con un fallo cardiaco descrito como causa intermedia. En el método de datos de hospitalización, las muertes por fallo cardiaco fueron redistribuidas basándose en datos del historial de hospitalización de los fallecimientos. Hubo 123.269 (3,7%) muertes por fallo cardíaco. El método de múltiples causas de fallecimiento redistribuyó un 25,3% a problemas de hipertensión cardiaca y enfermedades de riñón, un 22,6% a enfermedades coronarias de corazón y un 9,6% a diabetes. Hubo 41.324 muertes por fallos cardiacos vinculadas a los registros de hospitalización. El fallo cardíaco fue listado como diagnóstico principal en un 45,8% de los registros de hospitalización correspondientes. Para estos últimos, no se produjo redistribución. En el caso de los restantes, el método de datos de hospitalización redistribuyó un 21,2% a un grupo con otras enfermedades (no-cardíacas), un 6,5% a infecciones en las vías respiratorias bajas y un 9,3% a otros códigos basura. El fallo cardíaco es frecuentemente usado en Brasil como código basura. Usamos dos métodos de redistribución, que fueron directamente aplicados, pero que condujeron a resultados diferentes. Es importante validar estos métodos, que como consecuencia de un estudio nacional recientemente iniciado es posible que se pueda hacer, además de investigar una gran muestra de muertes hospitalarias registradas con códigos basura procedentes de causas subyacentes.