RESUMEN
Various aspects of the environment of the mother and child may have major influences on the health and development of the child. Long-term influences can even affect chronic diseases of adulthood. Here we describe the major psychosocial and physical environmental factors that should be measured in longitudinal birth cohort studies.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/prevención & control , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/prevención & control , Sustancias Peligrosas/toxicidad , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/prevención & control , Medicamentos bajo Prescripción/toxicidad , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/epidemiología , Desarrollo Infantil , Estudios de Cohortes , Etanol/análisis , Familia/psicología , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Medio Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Facts and hypotheses on the relationship between some children's diseases or disorders and external stressors during the developmental stage of a child, both prenatally and postnatally are described in literature. In this paper the following changes in patterns and causes of the main childhood illnesses are summarized and recommendations for actions are made. Prematurity. Intra-uterine growth restriction. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Type I and Type II diabetes. Asthma, atopy and hay fever. Autism. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Learning disabilities. Cancer. Obesity. Hearing problems. RESULTS: Literature provides a growing amount of information on changing patterns in childhood diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The following recommendations for action are formulated: Immediate research on endocrine disrupters in relation to prematurity. Diabetes: avoid Maillard Compounds in liquid baby food and in food in general: promote breastfeeding. Asthma: avoid exposure to smoking, the use of chemical household products, dioxin and dioxin-like chemicals, and avoid air pollution with high levels of particulate matter, especially around conception, during pregnancy and in the first years of life. Autism: more research on incidence and causes. ADHD and learning disabilities: more research on prevalence and causes. Preventions: 1) preconception counselling to avoid potentially harmful substances; 2) controlling and further lowering levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, lead and methyl mercury. Cancer: promote breastfeeding, carry out research into effects of foetal exposure to internal fission-product radionuclides. Obesity: stop smoking in pregnancy, avoid parental obesity, longer night sleep. Hearing problems: lower noise levels in discothèques, promote the day-evening-night level to avoid noise (longer night sleep).
Asunto(s)
Protección a la Infancia , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Disruptores Endocrinos/efectos adversos , Salud Ambiental , Contaminación Ambiental/efectos adversos , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Trastorno Autístico/epidemiología , Niño , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Femenino , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/epidemiología , Salud Global , Guías como Asunto , Trastornos de la Audición/epidemiología , Humanos , Alimentos Infantiles/efectos adversos , Fórmulas Infantiles , Discapacidades para el Aprendizaje/epidemiología , Masculino , Enfermedades Urogenitales Masculinas/epidemiología , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
A microwave imaging system has been developed as a clinical diagnostic tool operating in the 3- to 8-GHz region using multistatic data collection. A total of 86 patients recruited from a symptomatic breast care clinic were scanned with a prototype design. The resultant three-dimensional images have been compared "blind" with available ultrasound and mammogram images to determine the detection rate. Images show the location of the strongest signal, and this corresponded in both older and younger women, with sensitivity of [Formula: see text], which was found to be maintained in dense breasts. The pathway from clinical prototype to clinical evaluation is outlined.
Asunto(s)
Revisión Ética , Comités de Ética en Investigación , Comités de Ética , Ética , Guías como Asunto , Experimentación Humana , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto , Adolescente , Formularios de Consentimiento , Humanos , Consentimiento Informado , Cooperación Internacional , Internacionalidad , Menores , Radiación , Consentimiento por Terceros , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Organ residence times were calculated for diagnostic intakes of (99m)Tc pertechnetate, 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA), hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HDP), macroaggregated albumin (MAA) and mercapto-acetyltriglycine (MAG(3)) during the 1st and 3rd stages of pregnancy and used with the MIRDOSE3 pregnant female phantoms for generation of dose estimates. At stage 3 individual foetal organ doses were estimated via a surrogate phantom based on that for the new-born but with mean dose/cumulated activity ( S) values scaled for compatibility with foetal whole body S. Stage 1 or 3 whole foetus doses ranged from 5.2 to 0.77 microGy MBq(-1) respectively, analogous to current ICRP estimates for these agents using similar in vivo biodistribution model databases. Most stage 3 maternal and foetal organ doses were similar within a factor of 3, being higher in the foetus than the mother with pertechnetate, DTPA and MAG(3), and lower with DMSA, HDP and MAA. Doses were more uniformly distributed among foetal organs than in the mother. Placental transfer was greatest with pertechnetate, where dose to the stage 3 foetal thyroid was 60-140 microGy MBq(-1). With each agent there was more placental transfer in stage 3 than in stage 1, but doses to stage 1 whole foetus were always higher, with the contribution from the mother dominant. For DMSA, HDP and MAG(3) the maternal contribution to total foetal body dose exceeded 93% for both stages.