Elevated mercury exposure in bird communities inhabiting Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining landscapes of the southeastern Peruvian Amazon.

Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) represents a significant source of anthropogenic mercury emissions to the environment, with potentially severe implications for avian biodiversity. In the Madre de Dios department of the southern Peruvian Amazon, ASGM activities have created landscapes marred by deforestation and post-mining water bodies (mining ponds) with notable methylation potential. While data on Hg contamination in terrestrial wildlife remains limited, this study measures Hg exposure in several terrestrial bird species as bioindicators. Total Hg (THg) levels in feathers from birds near water bodies, including mining ponds associated with ASGM areas and oxbow lakes, were analyzed. Our results showed significantly higher Hg concentrations in birds from ASGM sites with mean ± SD of 3.14 ± 7.97 µg/g (range: 0.27 to 72.75 µg/g, n = 312) compared to control sites with a mean of 0.47 ± 0.42 µg/g (range: 0.04 to 1.89 µg/g, n = 52). Factors such as trophic guilds, ASGM presence, and water body area significantly influenced feather Hg concentrations. Notably, piscivorous birds exhibited the highest Hg concentration (31.03 ± 25.25 µg/g, n = 12) exceeding known concentrations that affect reproductive success, where one measurement of Chloroceryle americana (Green kingfisher; 72.7 µg/g) is among the highest ever reported in South America. This research quantifies Hg exposure in avian communities in Amazonian regions affected by ASGM, highlighting potential risks to regional bird populations.

Functional, immunological characterization, and anticancer activity of BaMtx: A new Lys49- PLA2 homologue isolated from the venom of Peruvian Bothrops atrox snake (Serpentes: Viperidae).

Bothorps atrox is responsible for most of the ophidism cases in Perú. As part of the envenoming, myotoxicity is one of the most recurrent and destructive effects. In this study, a myotoxin, named BaMtx, was purified from B. atrox venom to elucidate its biological, immunological, and molecular characteristics. BaMtx was purified using CM-Sephadex-C-25 ion-exchange resin and SDS-PAGE analysis showed a unique protein band of 13 kDa or 24 kDa under reducing or non-reducing conditions, respectively. cDNA sequence codified a 122-aa mature protein with high homology with other Lys49-PLA2s; modeled structure showed a N-terminal helix, a ß-wing region, and a C-terminal random coil. This protein has a poor phospholipase A2 enzymatic activity. BaMtx has myotoxic (DMM = 12.30 ± 0.95 µg) and edema-forming (DEM = 26.00 ± 1.15 µg) activities. Rabbit immunization with purified enzyme produced anti-BaMtx antibodies that reduced 50.28 ± 10.15% of myotoxic activity and showed significant cross-reactivity against B. brazili and B pictus venoms. On the other hand, BaMtx exhibits mild anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects on breast cancer cells, affecting the ROS and NADH levels, which may reduce mitochondrial respiration. These results contribute to the understanding of B. atrox Lys49-PLA2 effects and establish the anticancer potential de BaMtx.

Anomalías cromosómicas en abortos espontáneos / Chromosomal abnormalities in spontan eous abortions

Introducción: El 15 a 20% de las gestaciones clínicas terminan en aborto espontáneo y 25% de las mujeres sufrirán un aborto a lo largo de su vida. En más del 50% de los casos de abortos espontáneos se puede identificar una o más anomalías cromosómicas. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de anomalías cromosómicas en restos de abortos espontáneos y su relación con edad materna y otros parámetros como la edad gestacional. Diseño: Estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, transversal sobre base de datos secundaria. Institución: Laboratorio de Citogenética del Instituto de Medicina Genética. Material: Muestras de abortos espontáneos. Métodos: Se realizó el análisis de base de datos de 2 319 muestras de abortos espontáneos recibidos en el periodo de enero 1996 a diciembre 2013. Principales medidas de resultados: Frecuencia de anomalías cromosómicas. Resultados: De todos los casos analizados (2 319), 1 595 muestras presentaron cariotipo anormal (68,8%). De las anomalías numéricas (1 395/1 595), el 83,2% correspondió a aneuploidías y 16,8% a poliploidías. Los cariotipos mosaicos estuvieron presentes en 5,5% (87/1 595) y las anomalías estructurales en 3,5% (56/1 595). Se encontró dependencia entre las trisomías y la edad materna (X² p<0,05). Conclusiones: El 68,8% de los abortos estudiados presentó alguna alteración cromosómica, siendo las aneuploidías las anomalías numéricas más frecuentes, con predominio de las trisomías (58,4%), las cuales estuvieron relacionadas con el incremento de la edad materna.

Introduction: 15 to 20% of clinical pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion and 25% of women will have an abortion during her life. Over 50% of cases of spontaneous abortions carry one or more chromosomal abnormalities. Objectives: To determine the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions and its relationship with maternal age and other parameters like gestational age. Design: Transversal, descriptive study on secondary database. Setting: Cytogenetic Laboratory of the Instituto de Medicina Genética. Material: Samples of spontaneous abortions. Methods: Database analysis of 2 319 samples of spontaneous abortions received between January 1996 and December 2013. Main outcome measures: Frequency of chromosomal abnormalities. Results: Of the 2 319 samples analyzed 1 595 showed abnormal karyotype (68.8%). Of all the numerical abnormalities (1 395/1 595) described, 83.2% consisted in aneuploidy and 16.8% polyploidy. Mosaicisms were present in 5.5% (87/1 595) and structural anomalies in 3.5% (56/1 595). Dependence was found between maternal age and trisomies (X² p<0.05). Conclusions: 68.8% of abortions showed a chromosomal alteration; the aneuploidies were the most common numerical abnormalities with predominance of trisomies (58.4%) which were associated with increased maternal age.

Estudio cromosómico en el aborto espontáneo y su aplicación clínica / Chromosome study in spontaneous abortion, clinical application

OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia de anomalías cromosómicas en los abortos espontáneos, la influencia de la edad materna y la edad gestacional, y analizar la aplicación clínica de estos datos en la práctica obstétrica y en el manejo de futuras gestaciones de la paciente. DISEÑO: Estudio descriptivo transversal. LUGAR: Instituto de Medicina Genética, Lima, Perú. MATERIALES: Muestras de abortos espontáneos recibidos para estudio, entre los años 1995 y 2007. INTERVENCIONES: Se obtuvo los datos de 1088 muestras de abortos espontáneos, analizando el cariotipo, la edad materna y la edad gestacional. PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADOS: Normalidad o anormalidad del cariotipo, edad materna. RESULTADOS: De las 1088 muestras de abortos espontáneos, 332 (30,5 por ciento) tuvieron cariotipos normales y 756 (69,5 por ciento) cariotipos anormales. En el grupo de anomalías cromosómicas, las triploidías tuvieron una frecuencia de 60,3 por ciento, la poliploidía, 16,4 por ciento, y la monosomía de X, 9,5 por ciento. A mayor edad materna, la prevalencia de aneuplodías aumentó. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio citogenético del aborto espontáneo permite determinar la causa de la pérdida gestacional, establecer un diagnóstico, planificar el manejo de futuras gestaciones e informar a la pareja sobre el pronóstico de estas.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of chromosome anomalies in spontaneous abortions, the influence of maternal and gestational age, and the application of this knowledge in obstetrical practice, and in future pregnancies management. DESIGN: Descriptive transversal study. SETTING: Genetics Medical Institute, Lima, Peru. MATERIALS: Spontaneous abortions samples recieved for study between 1995 and 2007. INTERVENTIONS: Data of 1088 spontaneous abortions samples were obtained and karyotype, maternal age and gestational age were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Karyotype normality or abnormality, maternal age. RESULTS: Karyotype was normal in 332 (30,5 per cent) of the 1088 samples and abnormal in 756 (69,5 per cent). Among chromosomal anomalies, aneuploidy showed a frequency of 60,3 per cent, polyploidy, 16,4 per cent, and X monosomy, 9,5 per cent. Prevalence of aneuploidy rose with maternal age. CONCLUSIONS: Cytogenetic study of spontaneous abortion is useful to determine gestational loss cause and diagnosis, plan future pregnancies and inform the couple on prognosis.