[RYR1 myopathies in childhood: phenotype-genotype correlation and incidence]. / Miopatías RYR1 en la infancia: correlación fenotipo-genotipo e incidencia.

INTRODUCTION: Ryanodine receptor type 1-related myopathies (RYR1-RM) represent the most prevalent category of congenital myopathies. The introduction of genetic techniques has shifted the diagnostic paradigm, suggesting the prioritization of molecular studies over biopsies. This study aims to explore the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with RYR1 gene variants in a tertiary pediatric hospital, intending to enhance the understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation in RYR1-RM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted on patients under 14 years old with myopathic symptoms and potentially pathogenic RYR1 gene variants from January 2013 to December 2023. Variables such as gender, age, motor development, genetic variants, inheritance pattern, and other manifestations were considered. All variables were tabulated against the genetic variant. RESULTS: Of the nine included patients, the estimated incidence was approximately 1 in 10,000 live births. The median age at diagnosis was six years, with significant phenotypic variability. Common symptoms such as weakness and delayed motor development were observed. Genetic variants affected the RYR1 gene diversely, including five previously undescribed variants. Muscle biopsy was performed in five patients, revealing central core myopathy in two, multiminicore in one, congenital fiber-type disproportion in one, and a nonspecific pattern in another. CONCLUSIONS: RYR1-RM in our series exhibited phenotypic and involvement variability, with an incidence in our area of around 1 in 10,000 live births. Most cases were male, with dominant missense variants. We contribute five previously undescribed genetic variants.

TITLE: Miopatías RYR1 en la infancia: correlación fenotipo-genotipo e incidencia.Introducción. Las miopatías relacionadas con el receptor de rianodina de tipo 1 (RYR1-RM) constituyen la categoría más frecuente de miopatías congénitas. La introducción de técnicas genéticas ha cambiado el paradigma diagnóstico y sugiere la prioridad de estudios moleculares sobre biopsias. Este estudio busca explorar las características clinicoepidemiológicas de pacientes con variantes del gen RYR1 en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel con el objetivo de ampliar la comprensión de la correlación genotipo-fenotipo en las RYR1-RM. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, de pacientes menores de 14 años con síntomas miopáticos y variantes potencialmente patógenas del gen RYR1 entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2023, considerando variables como sexo, edad, desarrollo motor, variantes genéticas, patrón de herencia y otras manifestaciones. Todas las variables fueron tabuladas frente a la variante genética. Resultados. De los nueve pacientes incluidos, la incidencia estimada fue de aproximadamente 1/10.000 nacidos vivos. La mediana en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 6 años, con una variabilidad fenotípica significativa. Se observaron síntomas comunes, como debilidad y retraso del desarrollo motor. Las variantes genéticas afectaron al gen RYR1 de manera diversa, y hubo cinco variantes previamente no descritas. La biopsia muscular se realizó en cinco pacientes, en dos de ellos de tipo miopatía central core; en uno, multiminicore; en uno, desproporción congénita de fibras; y en otro, de patrón inespecífico. Conclusiones. Las RYR1-MR de nuestra serie ofrecieron variabilidad fenotípica y de afectación, con una incidencia en nuestra área de en torno a 1/10.000 recién nacidos. La mayoría de los casos fueron varones, de variantes missense dominantes. Aportamos cinco variantes genéticas no descritas con anterioridad.

[KIF1A gene-associated neurological disease: the correlation between genotype and phenotype]. / Enfermedad neurológica asociada al gen KIF1A: correlación genotipo/fenotipo.

INTRODUCTION: KIF1A-associated-neurological-disorder (KAND) encephalopathy is a group of progressive neurodegenerative pathologies of varying severity caused by mutations in the KIF1A gene (Kinesin family member 1A) located on chromosome 2q37.3. This gene encodes a protein of the kinesin-3 family that participates in the ATP-dependent anterograde transport of presynaptic vesicles through neuronal microtubules. CASE REPORT: Four patients are described, aged 1-13 years, with a median onset of symptoms of 5 months (IQR 0-11 months), which represents an approximate prevalence of 1 per 64,000 children under 14 years of age for our pediatric population. Clinically, intellectual disability (ID), axial hypotonia and spastic paraparesis stood out in 4/4 and cerebellar symptoms in 2/4. Other manifestations were urinary incontinence, sensory-motor polyneuropathy, and behavioral alteration. In case 2, the alteration in the video-EEG stands out, which showed focal epilepsy with secondary generalization and right posterior occipito-parietal paroxysmal focality with contralateral transmission. She also showed instantaneous pluricotidian supraversion oculogyric seizures without EEG correlates. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, KAND encephalopathy had a predominant neurodegenerative disorder phenotype with global developmental delay, gait delay, and progressive spasticity of the lower limbs, cerebellar atrophy, and/or involvement of the visual cortex, which in one case was associated with sensory-motor polyneuropathy. The de novo missense mutation was more frequent and in three cases it is the first known description. One case showed focal epilepsy and nonepileptic oculogyric seizures.

TITLE: Enfermedad neurológica asociada al gen KIF1A: correlación genotipo/fenotipo.Introducción. La encefalopatía KIF1A-associated-neurological-disorder (KAND) es un grupo de patologías neurodegenerativas progresivas de diversa gravedad ocasionadas por mutaciones en el gen KIF1A (kinesin family member 1A) situado en el cromosoma 2q37.3. Dicho gen codifica una proteína de la familia de las cinesinas 3 que participa en el transporte anterógrado de las vesículas presinápticas dependientes del trifosfato de adenosina a través de microtúbulos neuronales. Casos clínicos. Se describen cuatro pacientes, con edades entre 1 y 13 años, con mediana de inicio de los síntomas de cinco meses (rango intercuartílico: 0-11 meses), lo que supone una prevalencia aproximada de 1 de cada 64.000 menores de 14 años para nuestra población pediátrica. Clínicamente, destacaron discapacidad intelectual, hipotonía axial y paraparesia espástica en 4/4, y síntomas cerebelosos en 2/4. Otras manifestaciones fueron incontinencia urinaria, polineuropatía sensitivomotora y alteración conductual. Destaca, en el caso 2, la alteración en el videoelectroencefalograma, que mostraba epilepsia focal con generalización secundaria y focalidad paroxística occipitoparietal posterior derecha con transmisión contralateral. También mostraba crisis oculógiras en supraversión instantáneas pluricotidianas sin correlato electroencefalográfico. Conclusiones. En nuestra serie, la encefalopatía KAND, fenotipo trastorno neurodegenerativo con retraso global del desarrollo, de la marcha y espasticidad progresiva de los miembros inferiores, atrofia cerebelosa y/o afectación de la corteza visual, fue predominante, y en uno de los casos asoció polineuropatía sensitivomotora. La mutación de novo missense fue más frecuente y en tres casos es la primera descripción conocida. Un caso mostraba epilepsia focal y crisis oculógiras no epilépticas.

[Congenital myotonia. Incidence and presentation of a series of cases]. / Miotonía congénita. Incidencia y presentación de una serie de casos.

INTRODUCTION: Myotonia congenita is the most common form of genetic myotonia and is caused by mutations in the CLCN1 gene. It can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner. We present a series of cases to update its incidence in our environment, to describe its phenotype in relation to the genotype found, and we also review the mutations found, among which we provide a new, undescribed alteration. CASES REPORT: The medical records of patients with a diagnosis of congenital myotonia studied and followed up in the pediatric neurology section in a tertiary hospital between the years 2015-2020 were reviewed. Demographic variables (age, sex), disease course (age of onset, symptoms and signs, time elapsed until diagnosis, clinical evolution), family history and evaluation of response to treatment were collected. Five cases with a clinical diagnosis of myotonia congenita were identified (three with Becker's disease and two with Thomsen's disease). The incidence in relation to the number of births is estimated at 1:15,000 newborns for cases with the Becker phenotype and 1:21,000 newborns for the Thomsen phenotypes. We found a probably pathogenic mutation not previously described (CLCN1: c.824T> C). CONCLUSIONS: the approximate incidence in our environment was higher than previously known and we describe a new, undescribed mutation: c.824T> C with pathogenicity predictors that behaved like a Becker recessive phenotype but with an earlier debut.

TITLE: Miotonía congénita. Incidencia y presentación de una serie de casos.Introducción. La miotonía congénita es la forma más común de miotonía de causa genética y se produce por mutaciones en el gen CLCN1. Puede heredarse de manera autosómica dominante o recesiva. Presentamos una serie de casos para actualizar su incidencia en nuestro medio, para describir su fenotipo en relación con el genotipo encontrado y, además, revisamos las mutaciones encontradas, entre las que aportamos una nueva alteración no descrita. Casos clínicos. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de miotonía congénita estudiados y seguidos en la consulta de neurología pediátrica en un hospital de tercer nivel entre los años 2015 y 2020. Se recogieron variables demográficas (edad y sexo), curso de la enfermedad (edad de inicio, síntomas y signos, tiempo transcurrido hasta el diagnóstico y evolución clínica), antecedentes familiares y evaluación de la respuesta al tratamiento. Se identificaron cinco casos con diagnóstico clínico de miotonía congénita (tres con enfermedad de Becker y dos con enfermedad de Thomsen). La incidencia en relación con el número de nacimientos la estimamos en 1:15.000 recién nacidos para los casos con fenotipo Becker y en 1:21.000 recién nacidos para los fenotipos Thomsen. Hallamos una mutación probablemente patogénica no descrita previamente (CLCN1: c.824T>C). Conclusiones. La incidencia aproximada en nuestro medio fue superior a la previamente conocida y describimos una nueva mutación no descrita: c.824T>C, con predictores de patogenicidad, que se comportó como un fenotipo recesivo Becker, pero con inicio más temprano.

[Joubert syndrome: incidence and clinicoradiological description of a genotyped series of seven cases]. / Síndrome de Joubert: incidencia y descripción clinicorradiológica de una serie genotipada de siete casos.

INTRODUCTION: Joubert syndrome is produced by an alteration of the ciliary proteins essential for the structure and function of neurons and organs such as the kidneys, liver, sight, and hearing. Some 34 mutations are currently known. OBJECTIVE: Calculate the incidence / prevalence, describe the phenotype / genotype and radiological alterations of this ciliopathy in our health area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records with a diagnosis of Joubert Syndrome in the last 10 years to collect phenotype, radiological characteristics, and extra-neurological manifestations in relation to the genetic alteration detected. RESULTS: 7 cases were included: 5 children (6 -17 years). They had 6 different mutations. Hypotonia, thin / long fingers and delayed psychomotor development were constant. They presented dysmorphic features, mental retardation, ocular apraxia, and nystagmus indistinctly in 3/7; Neonatal apnea/hyperpnea 2/7; hypoplasia of vermis 7/7; Molar syndrome was evident in 6/7 and in 2/7 there was elongation-thinning of cerebellar peduncles. Pontomesencephalic junction tightness 6/7; fastigium of the IV ventricle high in 4/7. Among the somatic complications, retinopathy 2/7, retinal coloboma 1/7, liver fibrosis 1/7, nephronoptysis 1/7 and renal cyst 1/7. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of Joubert syndrome was at least 1 / 20,000 newborns / year. The pontomesencephalic and peduncular radiological alterations were constant. Hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and thin / long fingers affected all cases.

TITLE: Síndrome de Joubert: incidencia y descripción clinicorradiológica de una serie genotipada de siete casos.Introducción. El síndrome de Joubert se produce por una alteración de las proteínas ciliares esenciales para la estructura y la función de neuronas y órganos como los riñones, el hígado, la retina y el oído. Se conocen unas 34 mutaciones en la actualidad. Objetivo. Calcular la incidencia/prevalencia y describir el fenotipo/genotipo y las alteraciones clinicorradiológicas de esta ciliopatía en nuestra área de salud. Pacientes y métodos. Revisamos las historias clínicas con diagnóstico de síndrome de Joubert en los últimos 10 años para recoger el fenotipo, las características radiológicas y las manifestaciones extraneurológicas en relación con la alteración genética detectada. Resultados. Se incluyeron siete casos, de los cuales cinco eran varones (6-17 años). Presentaban seis mutaciones diferentes. Fue constante la hipotonía, los dedos finos/largos y el retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor. Presentaban rasgos dismórficos, retraso mental, apraxia ocular y nistagmo indistintamente, 3/7; apnea/hiperpnea neonatal, 2/7; hipoplasia de vermis, 7/7; síndrome del molar, 6/7; elongación-adelgazamiento de los pedúnculos cerebelosos, 2/7; estrechez en la unión pontomesencefálica, 6/7, y fastigio del IV ventrículo alto, 4/7. Entre las complicaciones somáticas había: retinopatía, 2/7; coloboma retiniano, 1/7; fibrosis hepática, 1/7; nefronoptisis, 1/7, y quiste renal 1/7. Conclusiones. La incidencia del síndrome de Joubert fue de al menos 1/20.000 recién nacidos/año. Las alteraciones radiológicas pontomesencefálicas y pedunculares fueron constantes. La hipotonía, el retraso psicomotor y los dedos finos/largos afectaron a todos los casos.

[Epileptic status in paediatric patients: its developmental consequences and an epidemiological update]. / Estado epiléptico en pacientes pediátricos: consecuencias evolutivas y actualización epidemiológica.

INTRODUCTION: Epileptic status represents the most frequent neurological emergency in pediatrics. Prolonged febrile seizures represent the most common etiology. Our objective is to update its epidemiology and analyze its evolutionary consequences. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational analytical study of retrospective cohorts of children seen in the emergency department with epileptic status between January-2014 and December-2018. Demographic variables, personal history, clinical characteristics, complementary tests and the etiology of the epileptic status followed in our hospital were collected. The evolutionary consequences in terms of neurodevelopment and subsequent epilepsy were analyzed. RESULTS: Of a total of 525,000 emergencies attended during the study, epileptic status cases were 79 in 68 patients (16 cases/100,000 children/year). The symptomatic etiology was the most frequent (35.4%). 20.6% of the patients had a history of prematurity, 30.8% had a deficit of previous neurodevelopment, this being more frequent in case of symptomatic etiology, and 44% were diagnosed with epilepsy. The median duration of seizures was 50 minutes. An acute brain trigger was identified in seven patients. The subsequent neurodevelopmental deficit attributable to epileptic status was 9.1% of patients related to symptomatic etiology and/or a history of prematurity. The development of epilepsy occurred in 10.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The neurodevelopmental disorder attributable to epileptic status affects one in 11 cases. Prematurity was a risk factor per se. Post-epileptic status epilepsy developed in one in 10 cases.

TITLE: Estado epiléptico en pacientes pediátricos: consecuencias evolutivas y actualización epidemiológica.Introducción. El estado epiléptico representa la emergencia neurológica más frecuente en pediatría. Las convulsiones febriles prolongadas representan la etiología más frecuente. Nuestro objetivo es actualizar su epidemiología y analizar sus consecuencias evolutivas. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional analítico de cohortes retrospectivas de niños atendidos en urgencias con estado epiléptico entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2018. Se recogieron las variables demográficas, los antecedentes personales, las características clínicas, las pruebas complementarias y la etiología de los estados epilépticos seguidos en nuestro hospital. Se analizaron las consecuencias evolutivas en cuanto a neurodesarrollo y epilepsia ulterior. Resultados. De un total de 525.000 urgencias atendidas durante el estudio, los casos de estado epiléptico fueron 79 en 68 pacientes (16 casos/100.000 niños/año). La etiología sintomática fue la más frecuente (35,4%). El 20,6% de los pacientes presentaba antecedente de prematuridad; el 30,8%, un déficit del neurodesarrollo previo, más frecuente en caso de etiología sintomática, y el 44% estaba diagnosticado de epilepsia. La duración mediana de las crisis fue de 50 minutos. En siete pacientes se identificó un desencadenante cerebral agudo. El déficit del neurodesarrollo ulterior achacable al estado epiléptico fue del 9,1%, y se relacionó con la etiología sintomática o antecedentes de prematuridad. El desarrollo de epilepsia ocurrió en el 10,7%. Conclusiones. La alteración del neurodesarrollo achacable al estado epiléptico afecta a uno de cada 11 casos. La prematuridad fue un factor de riesgo por sí misma. La epilepsia posterior a un estado epiléptico se desarrolló en uno de cada 10 casos.

[ADCY5-associated dyskinesia in young children: a case report of a family and an updated review]. / Discinesia asociada a ADCY5 en la infancia: a propósito de una familia y revisión actualizada.

INTRODUCTION: Dyskinesia of the ADCY5 mutation is a rare movement-onset disorder in childhood. It is characterized by isolated chorea movements or associated with myoclonus and dystonia affecting the limbs, neck and face. The low number of patients and families still does not allow an adequate genotype-phenotype relationship. AIMS: The case of a child with movement disorders of early onset is presented in a family with three generations of affected members. An updated review of the casuistry and management of this rare disease is made. CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old boy referred for language delay and hyperactivity. After six months of follow-up he begins to show chorea movements of predominantly facial and limb roots, especially when waking up. At one year of follow-up, generalized chorea at rest with orofacial involvement and awkward gait begins to show. His family history includes his mother, grandfather, maternal uncle and cousin, who were diagnosed with Meige's syndrome (oromandibular dystonia and periorbital muscles) with choreiform-like movement disorders without affiliation since childhood. The brain study by MRI showed no alterations. A clinical exome targeting movement disorders was performed that discovered the pathogenic mutation in the ADCY5 gene causing autosomal familial dyskinesia. CONCLUSION: The c.1126G>A p.A376T mutation shows a natural history with a non-progressive clinical phenotype in three generations of affected members, with childhood debut and response to guanfacine treatment.

TITLE: Discinesia asociada a ADCY5 en la infancia: a propósito de una familia y revisión actualizada.Introducción. La discinesia de la mutación ADCY5 es un raro trastorno del movimiento de inicio en la infancia. Se caracteriza por movimientos coreicos aislados o asociados a mioclonías y distonías que afectan a las extremidades, el cuello y la cara. El escaso número de pacientes y familias no permite aún una adecuada relación genotipo-fenotipo. Objetivos. Presentar el caso de un niño con trastornos del movimiento de inicio precoz en el seno de una familia con tres generaciones de afectados, y realizar una revisión actualizada de la casuística y el tratamiento de esta rara enfermedad. Caso clínico. Varón de 6 años, remitido por retraso del lenguaje e hiperactividad. Tras seis meses de seguimiento, comenzó a presentar movimientos coreicos de predominio facial y de la raíz de los miembros, especialmente al despertar. Al año de seguimiento, se evidenció corea generalizado en reposo con afectación orofacial y torpeza en la marcha. Como antecedentes familiares destacaban su madre, abuelo, tío y prima maternos, que fueron diagnosticados de síndrome de Meige (distonía oromandibular y músculos periorbitarios) con trastornos del movimiento de tipo coreiforme sin filiar desde la infancia. El estudio cerebral por resonancia magnética no presentó alteraciones. Se realizó un exoma clínico dirigido a trastornos del movimiento que descubrió la mutación patógena en el gen ADCY5 causante de la discinesia familiar autosómica. Conclusión. La mutación c.1126G>A p.A376T muestra una historia natural con un fenotipo clínico no progresivo en tres generaciones de afectados, con inicio en la infancia y respuesta al tratamiento con guanfacina.

[Debut and evolution MRI images of a child with a new genetic variant of vanishing white matter leukodystrophy]. / Imágenes de resonancia magnética de inicio y evolución de un niño con nueva variante genética de leucodistrofia evanescente.

TITLE: Imágenes de resonancia magnética de inicio y evolución de un niño con nueva variante genética de leucodistrofia evanescente.

Miopatías RYR1 en la infancia: correlación fenotipo-genotipo e incidencia / RYR1 myopathies in childhood: phenotype-genotype correlation and incidence

Introducción: Las miopatías relacionadas con el receptor de rianodina de tipo 1 (RYR1-RM) constituyen la categoría más frecuente de miopatías congénitas. La introducción de técnicas genéticas ha cambiado el paradigma diagnóstico y sugiere la prioridad de estudios moleculares sobre biopsias. Este estudio busca explorar las características clinicoepidemiológicas de pacientes con variantes del gen RYR1 en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel con el objetivo de ampliar la comprensión de la correlación genotipo-fenotipo en las RYR1-RM. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, de pacientes menores de 14 años con síntomas miopáticos y variantes potencialmente patógenas del gen RYR1 entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2023, considerando variables como sexo, edad, desarrollo motor, variantes genéticas, patrón de herencia y otras manifestaciones. Todas las variables fueron tabuladas frente a la variante genética. Resultados: De los nueve pacientes incluidos, la incidencia estimada fue de aproximadamente 1/10.000 nacidos vivos. La mediana en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 6 años, con una variabilidad fenotípica significativa. Se observaron síntomas comunes, como debilidad y retraso del desarrollo motor. Las variantes genéticas afectaron al gen RYR1 de manera diversa, y hubo cinco variantes previamente no descritas. La biopsia muscular se realizó en cinco pacientes, en dos de ellos de tipo miopatía central core; en uno, multiminicore; en uno, desproporción congénita de fibras; y en otro, de patrón inespecífico. Conclusiones: Las RYR1-MR de nuestra serie ofrecieron variabilidad fenotípica y de afectación, con una incidencia en nuestra área de en torno a 1/10.000 recién nacidos. La mayoría de los casos fueron varones, de variantes missense dominantes. Aportamos cinco variantes genéticas no descritas con anterioridad.(AU)

Introduction: Ryanodine receptor type 1-related myopathies (RYR1-RM) represent the most prevalent category of congenital myopathies. The introduction of genetic techniques has shifted the diagnostic paradigm, suggesting the prioritization of molecular studies over biopsies. This study aims to explore the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with RYR1 gene variants in a tertiary pediatric hospital, intending to enhance the understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation in RYR1-RM. Patients and methods: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted on patients under 14 years old with myopathic symptoms and potentially pathogenic RYR1 gene variants from January 2013 to December 2023. Variables such as gender, age, motor development, genetic variants, inheritance pattern, and other manifestations were considered. All variables were tabulated against the genetic variant. Results: Of the nine included patients, the estimated incidence was approximately 1 in 10,000 live births. The median age at diagnosis was six years, with significant phenotypic variability. Common symptoms such as weakness and delayed motor development were observed. Genetic variants affected the RYR1 gene diversely, including five previously undescribed variants. Muscle biopsy was performed in five patients, revealing central core myopathy in two, multiminicore in one, congenital fiber-type disproportion in one, and a nonspecific pattern in another.(AU)

Enfermedad neurológica asociada al gen KIF1A: correlación genotipo/fenotipo / KIF1A gene-associated neurological disease: the correlation between genotype and phenotype

Introducción: La encefalopatía KIF1A-associated-neurological-disorder (KAND) es un grupo de patologías neurodegenerativas progresivas de diversa gravedad ocasionadas por mutaciones en el gen KIF1A (kinesin family member 1A) situado en el cromosoma 2q37.3. Dicho gen codifica una proteína de la familia de las cinesinas 3 que participa en el transporte anterógrado de las vesículas presinápticas dependientes del trifosfato de adenosina a través de microtúbulos neuronales. Casos clínicos: Se describen cuatro pacientes, con edades entre 1 y 13 años, con mediana de inicio de los síntomas de cinco meses (rango intercuartílico: 0-11 meses), lo que supone una prevalencia aproximada de 1 de cada 64.000 menores de 14 años para nuestra población pediátrica. Clínicamente, destacaron discapacidad intelectual, hipotonía axial y paraparesia espástica en 4/4, y síntomas cerebelosos en 2/4. Otras manifestaciones fueron incontinencia urinaria, polineuropatía sensitivomotora y alteración conductual. Destaca, en el caso 2, la alteración en el videoelectroencefalograma, que mostraba epilepsia focal con generalización secundaria y focalidad paroxística occipitoparietal posterior derecha con transmisión contralateral. También mostraba crisis oculógiras en supraversión instantáneas pluricotidianas sin correlato electroencefalográfico. Conclusiones: En nuestra serie, la encefalopatía KAND, fenotipo trastorno neurodegenerativo con retraso global del desarrollo, de la marcha y espasticidad progresiva de los miembros inferiores, atrofia cerebelosa y/o afectación de la corteza visual, fue predominante, y en uno de los casos asoció polineuropatía sensitivomotora. La mutación de novo missense fue más frecuente y en tres casos es la primera descripción conocida. Un caso mostraba epilepsia focal y crisis oculógiras no epilépticas.(AU)

Introduction: KIF1A-associated-neurological-disorder (KAND) encephalopathy is a group of progressive neurodegenerative pathologies of varying severity caused by mutations in the KIF1A gene (Kinesin family member 1A) located on chromosome 2q37.3. This gene encodes a protein of the kinesin-3 family that participates in the ATP-dependent anterograde transport of presynaptic vesicles through neuronal microtubules. Case report: Four patients are described, aged 1-13 years, with a median onset of symptoms of 5 months (IQR 0-11 months), which represents an approximate prevalence of 1 per 64,000 children under 14 years of age for our pediatric population. Clinically, intellectual disability (ID), axial hypotonia and spastic paraparesis stood out in 4/4 and cerebellar symptoms in 2/4. Other manifestations were urinary incontinence, sensory-motor polyneuropathy, and behavioral alteration. In case 2, the alteration in the video-EEG stands out, which showed focal epilepsy with secondary generalization and right posterior occipito-parietal paroxysmal focality with contralateral transmission. She also showed instantaneous pluricotidian supraversion oculogyric seizures without EEG correlates. Conclusions: In our series, KAND encephalopathy had a predominant neurodegenerative disorder phenotype with global developmental delay, gait delay, and progressive spasticity of the lower limbs, cerebellar atrophy, and/or involvement of the visual cortex, which in one case was associated with sensory-motor polyneuropathy. The de novo missense mutation was more frequent and in three cases it is the first known description. One case showed focal epilepsy and nonepileptic oculogyric seizures.(AU)

Miotonía congénita. Incidencia y presentación de una serie de casos / Congenital myotonia. Incidence and presentation of a series of cases

Introducción: La miotonía congénita es la forma más común de miotonía de causa genética y se produce por mutaciones en el gen CLCN1. Puede heredarse de manera autosómica dominante o recesiva. Presentamos una serie de casos para actualizar su incidencia en nuestro medio, para describir su fenotipo en relación con el genotipo encontrado y, además, revisamos las mutaciones encontradas, entre las que aportamos una nueva alteración no descrita. Casos clínicos. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de miotonía congénita estudiados y seguidos en la consulta de neurología pediátrica en un hospital de tercer nivel entre los años 2015 y 2020. Se recogieron variables demográficas (edad y sexo), curso de la enfermedad (edad de inicio, síntomas y signos, tiempo transcurrido hasta el diagnóstico y evolución clínica), antecedentes familiares y evaluación de la respuesta al tratamiento. Se identificaron cinco casos con diagnóstico clínico de miotonía congénita (tres con enfermedad de Becker y dos con enfermedad de Thomsen). La incidencia en relación con el número de nacimientos la estimamos en 1:15.000 recién nacidos para los casos con fenotipo Becker y en 1:21.000 recién nacidos para los fenotipos Thomsen. Hallamos una mutación probablemente patogénica no descrita previamente (CLCN1: c.824T>C). Conclusiones: La incidencia aproximada en nuestro medio fue superior a la previamente conocida y describimos una nueva mutación no descrita: c.824T>C, con predictores de patogenicidad, que se comportó como un fenotipo recesivo Becker, pero con inicio más temprano.(AU)

Introduction: Myotonia congenita is the most common form of genetic myotonia and is caused by mutations in the CLCN1 gene. It can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner. We present a series of cases to update its incidence in our environment, to describe its phenotype in relation to the genotype found, and we also review the mutations found, among which we provide a new, undescribed alteration. Cases report: The medical records of patients with a diagnosis of congenital myotonia studied and followed up in the pediatric neurology section in a tertiary hospital between the years 2015-2020 were reviewed. Demographic variables (age, sex), disease course (age of onset, symptoms and signs, time elapsed until diagnosis, clinical evolution), family history and evaluation of response to treatment were collected. Five cases with a clinical diagnosis of myotonia congenita were identified (three with Becker’s disease and two with Thomsen’s disease). The incidence in relation to the number of births is estimated at 1:15,000 newborns for cases with the Becker phenotype and 1:21,000 newborns for the Thomsen phenotypes. We found a probably pathogenic mutation not previously described (CLCN1: c.824T> C). Conclusions: the approximate incidence in our environment was higher than previously known and we describe a new, undescribed mutation: c.824T> C with pathogenicity predictors that behaved like a Becker recessive phenotype but with an earlier debut.(AU)

Síndrome de Joubert: incidencia y descripción clinicorradiológica de una serie genotipada de siete casos / Joubert syndrome: incidence and clinicoradiological description of a genotyped series of seven cases

Introducción: El síndrome de Joubert se produce por una alteración de las proteínas ciliares esenciales para la estructura y la función de neuronas y órganos como los riñones, el hígado, la retina y el oído. Se conocen unas 34 mutaciones en la actualidad. Objetivo: Calcular la incidencia/prevalencia y describir el fenotipo/genotipo y las alteraciones clinicorradiológicas de esta ciliopatía en nuestra área de salud. Pacientes y métodos: Revisamos las historias clínicas con diagnóstico de síndrome de Joubert en los últimos 10 años para recoger el fenotipo, las características radiológicas y las manifestaciones extraneurológicas en relación con la alteración genética detectada. Resultados: Se incluyeron siete casos, de los cuales cinco eran varones (6-17 años). Presentaban seis mutaciones diferentes. Fue constante la hipotonía, los dedos finos/largos y el retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor. Presentaban rasgos dismórficos, retraso mental, apraxia ocular y nistagmo indistintamente, 3/7; apnea/hiperpnea neonatal, 2/7; hipoplasia de vermis, 7/7; síndrome del molar, 6/7; elongación-adelgazamiento de los pedúnculos cerebelosos, 2/7; estrechez en la unión pontomesencefálica, 6/7, y fastigio del IV ventrículo alto, 4/7. Entre las complicaciones somáticas había: retinopatía, 2/7; coloboma retiniano, 1/7; fibrosis hepática, 1/7; nefronoptisis, 1/7, y quiste renal 1/7. Conclusiones: La incidencia del síndrome de Joubert fue de al menos 1/20.000 recién nacidos/año. Las alteraciones radiológicas pontomesencefálicas y pedunculares fueron constantes. La hipotonía, el retraso psicomotor y los dedos finos/largos afectaron a todos los casos.(AU)

Introduction: Joubert syndrome is produced by an alteration of the ciliary proteins essential for the structure and function of neurons and organs such as the kidneys, liver, sight, and hearing. Some 34 mutations are currently known. Objective: Calculate the incidence / prevalence, describe the phenotype / genotype and radiological alterations of this ciliopathy in our health area. Patients and methods: We reviewed the medical records with a diagnosis of Joubert Syndrome in the last 10 years to collect phenotype, radiological characteristics, and extra-neurological manifestations in relation to the genetic alteration detected. Results: 7 cases were included: 5 children (6 -17 years). They had 6 different mutations. Hypotonia, thin / long fingers and delayed psychomotor development were constant. They presented dysmorphic features, mental retardation, ocular apraxia, and nystagmus indistinctly in 3/7; Neonatal apnea/hyperpnea 2/7; hypoplasia of vermis 7/7; Molar syndrome was evident in 6/7 and in 2/7 there was elongation-thinning of cerebellar peduncles. Pontomesencephalic junction tightness 6/7; fastigium of the IV ventricle high in 4/7. Among the somatic complications, retinopathy 2/7, retinal coloboma 1/7, liver fibrosis 1/7, nephronoptysis 1/7 and renal cyst 1/7. Conclusions: The incidence of Joubert syndrome was at least 1 / 20,000 newborns / year. The pontomesencephalic and peduncular radiological alterations were constant. Hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and thin / long fingers affected all cases.(AU)

Chemiluminescence determination of amikacin based on the inhibition of the luminol reaction catalyzed by copper.

A simple and sensitive method has been proposed for the amikacin sulphate determination. It is based on the inhibition of the chemiluminescence (CL) emission generated from the oxidation of luminol in alkaline medium by H2O2 catalyzed by Cu(II), due to the interaction caused by amikacin, which forms a robust complex with the catalyst. The optimization of the experimental and instrumental variables affecting this CL inhibition effect has been carried out using statistical models, based on the application of two-level full factorial and Box-Behnken designs. The performance characteristics of the proposed method have been established, showing that the method is efficient to determine amikacin sulphate in the linear range of 9.89-20 mg/L with a detection limit of 2.97 mg/L. It has been successfully applied to the amikacin sulphate determination in pharmaceutical formulations.

[Infantile spinal atrophy: our experience in the last 25 years]. / Atrofia muscular espinal: revisión de nuestra casuística en los últimos 25 años.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in our study population and genetic distribution and epidemiological and clinical characteristics and to analyze the level of care and development. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective descriptive study of patients treated in our hospital in the past 25 years (from 1987 to early 2013), with a clinical and neurophysiological diagnosis of SMA. RESULTS: A total of 37 patients were found, representing an incidence for our reference population and year of 1 case per 10,000 live births. Males predominated (male/female ratio: 1.6/1). The type of SMA diagnosed more frequently was, type i (26 cases), followed by type ii (9 cases), one case with SMA type iii, and one case of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1). The most frequent genetic alteration was homozygous deletion of exons 7 and 8 of SMN1 gene in 31 cases, while five patients had atypical genetics. The median survival for type i was 8.0 months and 15.8 years for type ii. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence in our population remains stable at around 1/10.000. Most cases presented with, predominantly male, typical genetics. In approximately 1/10 patients the genetic alteration was different from the classical one to the SMN gene. The prevalence of AME unrelated SMN gene was 1/37. The level of care has increased in line with social and welfare demands in recent years.

[Type II lissencephaly: presentation of intermediate form]. / Lisencefalia tipo II: forma intermedia de presentación.

CLINICAL CASE: A 35-week new born with cerebral dysplasia (type II lissencephaly) and muscular dystrophy is reported. The central nervous system (CNS) findings were typical of those previously described in lissencephalic cerebromuscular disorders, and were characterized by global lissencephaly, hydrocephalus, and cerebral cortical dysplasia. The eyes appeared normal on examination and no encephalocele was found. The changes in the CNS in Walker-Warburg syndrome are similar to, but more severe than those found in Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, and both represent a failure of constraint of neuronal migration. Whether the syndromes characterized by cerebro-ocular dysplasia and muscular dystrophy are genetically heterogeneous or allelic variations is controversial. Our case is a form of presentation between Fukuyama and Walker-Warburg syndrome in a family with fourth affected children. CONCLUSION: In our opinion, cases as the ours supports the theory that Fukuyama and Walker-Warburg could be genetically allelic.

[Neonatal sciatic palsy: etiology and outcome of 21 cases]. / Parálisis ciática neonatal: etiología y seguimiento a propósito de 21 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Sciatic nerve paralysis is a rare entity in the newborn. Few reference in specialized tests indicate that in the majority of cases the sciatic palsy has been observed after misplaced injections into the buttocks. The prognosis is variable and appears to be better after umbilical vessel catheterization for injection of medications than after misplaced muscular injections. In case of recovery it takes place within 3 to 12 months. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to know the evolution of neonatal sciatic palsy and to determine their injury noxe in regard to perinatal factors, and their relationship with long-time outcome, and to look for prognostic clues of clinical utility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated perinatal factors of newborn children with sciatic nerve paralysis, followed for more than 18 months of clinical evolution, in a neuropediatric centre. RESULTS: Twenty one newborn with such criteria were evaluated. Gestational age was within 32 and 42 weeks (median 38.2). The birth weight was between 2,100 and 4,100 g (median 2,973). The majority of cases obtained total recovery (16 of 21). The time of recovery was 4 to 14 months (median 8.8). Free ambulation was obtained by all cases (at 10 to 24 months). No apparent cause was observed in the majority of cases. Cesarean delivery was more frequent specially in cases with permanent consequences. CONCLUSION: Long-time prognostic of neonatal sciatic palsy is generally good. In our series all the cases with consequences were associated to cesarean delivery. The duration of cesarean intervention and the anesthesic hypotony of the newborn could be implicated in the sciatic nerve injury of poor outcome.

[Response to high dose corticosteroids in a girl with bilateral optic neuritis]. / Respuesta a altas dosis de corticosteroides en una niña con neuritis óptica bilateral.

INTRODUCTION: Optic neuritis is rare in childhood. Frequently (35-52% of all cases depending on the series) they have, during their clinical course, foci of demyelination leading to the clinical picture of multiple sclerosis (MS). Since 1993, the optic neuritis study group has recommended treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, since this seemed to stop progression, improve long-term results and delay the appearance of MS. The course of our patient was better than we expected. CLINICAL CASE: A 10 year old prepubertal girl complained of progressive loss of vision and slight pain in the right eye for 26 days before admission to hospital. On examination there was obvious papillitis of the right ocular fundus with total loss of the pupillary light reflex, together with consensual hyporeflexia of the left eye. Study of the visual evoked potentials (VEP) showed that there was marked delay of the P-100 wave, and a lower amplitude in the right eye. Magnetic resonance imaging did not show any demyelinated focus. Serological testing for neurotropic viruses was negative. CONCLUSIONS: After the initial phase of intravenous treatment (third day) there was subjective recovery of vision and the pupillary light reflex returned. VEP studies showed marked recovery. Thirty days after treatment was started there was almost complete subjective and VEP recovery. This rapid progress, as compared to that of other paediatric cases published, suggests a mechanism involving decompression of the optic nerve.

[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: epidemiological, clinical, and outcome analysis in 16 patients]. / Encefalomielitis aguda diseminada: análisis epidemiológico, clínico, analítico y evolutivo en 16 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare paediatric disease of autoimmune origin. The aim of this study is to estimate its impact in our area over the past 10 years and to analyse the clinical, laboratory and radiological presentation, as well as study the response to treatment and outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of cases diagnosed with current ADEM criteria. The age and month of the year at onset, sex, family history of demyelination, initial symptoms, disease or previous vaccination, CSF features, serology, PCR for herpes virus group in blood and CSF, oligoclonal bands in CSF, EEG and neuroimaging features of the skull by MRI, the type of treatment received and the response were recorded on each of the patients diagnosed. RESULTS: There were 16 patients, with a mean age of 5.6 years. Male/female: 11/5, with a dominant debut in the colder months of the year, predominantly gait disorder, changes in consciousness and seizures. The radiology by MRI showed a predominance of multiple lesions in the same T2 stage, in deep white matter and lesions in deep grey matter. There were no in blood parameters and the CSF was normal in half of the cases. The origin was determined in 7 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The annual incidence in children under 14 years was estimated at 0.64/100,000. The clinical and radiological findings were the basis of diagnosis. The human herpes virus 6 was involved in 4 cases. Most patients recovered completely.