Emerging arboviruses in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Chikungunya and Zika outbreaks, 2014-2016.

QUESTIONS INVESTIGATED: The recent emergence of arboviruses such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil has posed a threat to human health and to the country's economy. Outbreaks occur mainly in tropical areas; however, increasing number of cases have been observed in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state; therefore, surveillance of these arboviruses is essential for public health measures. DESIGN: In this study, we analyzed 1276 samples from patients with clinically suspected arboviral diseases between 2014 and 2016. Demographic and clinical data were collected and described; cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were analyzed. ESSENTIAL FINDINGS: Results show that CHIKV and ZIKV entered RS in 2014 and 2015, respectively, with imported cases confirmed. Autochthonous infections occurred in 2016 for both viruses, with a total of 5 autochthonous cases for CHIKV and 44 for ZIKV. Most patients were older than 21 years; the main symptoms were fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and headache; rash, conjunctivitis, and pruritus were also reported in ZIKV cases. Three cases of congenital Zika syndrome were confirmed in our study, while another 20 cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were confirmed (10 positive for syphilis, 6 for toxoplasmosis and 4 for cytomegalovirus). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Considering co-circulation of different arbovirus in RS, including Dengue virus, CHIKV, and ZIKV, and the presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the area, surveillance of patients infected by these viruses contributes to the control and prevention of such diseases. Practical difficulties in diagnosing these infections are discussed.

Risk factors for death from pandemic (H1N1) 2009, southern Brazil.

To identify risk factors for death from pandemic (H1N1) 2009, we obtained data for 157 hospitalized patients with confirmed cases of this disease. Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes and class III obesity were associated with death. These findings helped define priority vaccination groups in Brazil.

Overview of snakebite in Brazil: Possible drivers and a tool for risk mapping.

Snakebite envenoming affects close to 2.7 million people globally every year. In Brazil, snakebites are reported to the Ministry of Health surveillance system and cases receive antivenom free of charge. There is an urgent need to identify higher risk areas for antivenom distribution, and to develop prevention activities. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiological situation of snakebite envenoming in Brazil and explore possible drivers; as well as to create a flowchart tool to support decision-makers identify higher risk areas. An ecological-type study was carried out using data by municipality (2013-2017). Study parts: 1) Create a geocoded database and perform a descriptive and cluster analysis; 2) Statistical analysis to measure the association of snakebite and possible environmental and socioeconomic drivers; 3) Develop a flowchart to support decision-makers and the application of this tool in one state (Rio Grande do Sul) as an example. An average of 27,120 snakebite cases per year were reported at the country level. Clusters of municipalities with high numbers of snakebites are mostly found in the Amazon Legal Region. The negative binomial regression model showed association with the snakebite case count: the type of major habitat, tropical or non-tropical; temperature; percentage of urbanization; precipitation; elevation; GDP per capita; a weaker relation with forest loss; and with venomous snake richness. The state where the instrument was applied reported 4,227 snakebites in the period. Most municipalities were considered as medium risk and 56/496 as high risk according to the tool created. Snakebite cases are distributed across the entire country with the highest concentration in the Legal Amazon Region. This creates a complex situation both for better understanding of the association of environmental and socioeconomic factors with snakebites and for the distribution and maintenance of antivenom to remote areas. Research into types of antivenom with a longer shelf life without the need for refrigeration is needed.

Prevalence and causes of congenital microcephaly in the absence of a Zika virus outbreak in southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the causes of congenital microcephaly in Rio Grande do Sul, a state in southern Brazil, where no ZIKV outbreak was detected, from December 2015 to December 2016, which was the period when ZIKV infection was at its peak in northeast Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study where all notifications of congenital microcephaly in the state of Rio Grande do Sul were included for analysis. Evaluation of cases followed the guidelines of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Dysmorphological and neurological evaluations were performed by a specialized team, and genetic tests and neuroimaging were performed when clinically indicated. STORCH infections were diagnosed using standard tests. ZIKV infection was diagnosed through maternal serum RT-PCR and/or neuroimaging associated with clinical/epidemiological criteria. RESULTS: From 153744 registered live births in the study period, 148 cases were notified, but 90 (60.8%) of those were later excluded as "non-confirmed" microcephaly. In the 58 confirmed cases of microcephaly (prevalence = 3.8/10000 live births), congenital infections (syphilis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, and ZIKV) constituted the predominant etiology (50.0%), followed by isolated CNS (15.5%), and genetic syndromes (10.3%). Congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS) with typical phenotype was diagnosed in three cases (5.2% of all confirmed microcephaly cases or 10.4% of all congenital infections). CONCLUSION: In Rio Grande do Sul, where no outbreak of ZIKV infection was recorded, congenital infections were the leading cause of congenital microcephaly, and the attributable risk for CZS in the etiology of microcephaly was 5.2%.

Prospective evaluation of pregnant women vaccinated against rubella in southern Brazil.

The rubella virus is a potent human teratogen. The highest risk of this infection occurs during pregnancy, as the virus may cause fetal damage known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Since the rubella vaccine is made with attenuated live virus, there is a high level of anxiety concerning exposure during pregnancy. Although no case of CRS has been proved in children of immunized susceptible pregnant women, a risk below 1.6% cannot be ruled out. Our main purpose was to evaluate the occurrence of CRS in women who were vaccinated against rubella and did not know that they were pregnant, or became pregnant within 30 days after vaccination. We collected, prospectively, data on 171 pregnant women who were susceptible at the time of vaccination and compared them with data on the total population of pregnant women in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. A serologic sample was collected in 149 infants of susceptible mothers. A total of 10 infants (6.7%) had anti-rubella antibodies. When these were compared with the results obtained in the total population of births in RS, no difference was found in mean birth weight, low birth weight and sex. None of the ten infants with IgM(+) presented congenital defects involving CRS, during the physical examinations performed at the time of birth and at 3 months of age. Our study allows the safety of rubella vaccination to be extended to pregnant women.

Epidemiological investigation reveals local transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineage P. 1 in Southern Brazil / Investigação epidemiológica revela transmissão local da variante P. 1 do SARS-CoV-2 no Sul do Brasil / Una investigación epidemiológica revela la transmisión local de la variante P. 1 del SARS-CoV-2 en el sur de Brasil

Since its detection in December of 2020, the SARS-CoV2 lineage P.1, descendent of B.1.1.28 lineage, has been identified in several places in Brazil and abroad. This Variant of Concern was considered highly prevalent in Northern Brazil and now is rapidly widening its geographical range. Here, we present epidemiological and genomic information of the first case of P1 lineage in Rio Grande do Sul state, in a patient without reported travel history and a tracked transmission chain. These findings occurred in a tourist destination representing an important hub receiving tourists from diverse places.(AU)

Desde a sua detecção em dezembro de 2020, a linhagem P.1 do SARS-CoV2, descendente da linhagem B.1.1.28, foi identificada em diversos locais no Brasil e no mundo. Essa variante de preocupação era considerada altamente frequente no Norte do Brasil e agora está ampliando rapidamente sua distribuição geográfica. Aqui, apresentamos informações epidemiológicas e genômicas do primeiro caso da linhagem P.1 no Rio Grande do Sul em um paciente sem histórico de viagens relatado e com cadeia de transmissão identificada. Esses achados ocorreram em um destino turístico que representa um importante pólo de recepção de turistas de diversas localidades.(AU)

Desde su detección en diciembre de 2020, del linaje P.1 del SARS-CoV2, derivada de la B.1.1.28, hay sido ampliamente identificada en Brasil y en todo el mundo. Esta variante preocupante es muy frecuente en el norte de Brasil y ahora está ampliando rápidamente su distribución geográfica. Aquí, presentamos información epidemiológica y genómica del primer caso de P.1 en Rio Grande do Sul en un paciente sin antecedentes de viaje y con una cadena de transmisión identificada. Estos datos se han obtenido en un destino turístico que representa un importante centro de acogida de turistas de diferentes lugares.(AU)

Prevalence and causes of congenital microcephaly in the absence of a Zika virus outbreak in southern Brazil / Prevalência e causas da microcefalia congênita sem a presença do surto do vírus Zika no Sul do Brasil

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the causes of congenital microcephaly in Rio Grande do Sul, a state in southern Brazil, where no ZIKV outbreak was detected, from December 2015 to December 2016, which was the period when ZIKV infection was at its peak in northeast Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study where all notifications of congenital microcephaly in the state of Rio Grande do Sul were included for analysis. Evaluation of cases followed the guidelines of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Dysmorphological and neurological evaluations were performed by a specialized team, and genetic tests and neuroimaging were performed when clinically indicated. STORCH infections were diagnosed using standard tests. ZIKV infection was diagnosed through maternal serum RT-PCR and/or neuroimaging associated with clinical/epidemiological criteria. Results: From 153 744 registered live births in the study period, 148 cases were notified, but 90 (60.8%) of those were later excluded as "non-confirmed" microcephaly. In the 58 confirmed cases of microcephaly (prevalence = 3.8/10 000 live births), congenital infections (syphilis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, and ZIKV) constituted the predominant etiology (50.0%), followed by isolated CNS (15.5%), and genetic syndromes (10.3%). Congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS) with typical phenotype was diagnosed in three cases (5.2% of all confirmed microcephaly cases or 10.4% of all congenital infections). Conclusion: In Rio Grande do Sul, where no outbreak of ZIKV infection was recorded, congenital infections were the leading cause of congenital microcephaly, and the attributable risk for CZS in the etiology of microcephaly was 5.2%.

Resumo: Objetivo: Identificar as causas da microcefalia congênita no Rio Grande do Sul, Região Sul do Brasil, onde não foi detectado surto de ZIKV, de dezembro de 2015 a dezembro de 2016. Esse foi o período em que a infecção por ZIKV estava em seu auge no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal no qual todas as notificações de microcefalia congênita no estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram incluídas para análise. A avaliação dos casos seguiu as orientações do Ministério da Saúde. A avaliação dismorfológica e neurológica foi feita por uma equipe especializada e os testes genéticos e as neuroimagens foram feitos quando indicado clinicamente. As infecções STORCH (Sífilis, Toxoplasmose, Rubéola, Citomegalovírus e Herpes simples) foram diagnosticadas utilizando testes padrão. A infecção por ZIKV foi diagnosticada por meio da transcriptase reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) no soro materno e/ou neuroimagem associada a critérios clínicos/epidemiológicos. Resultados: De 153.744 nascidos vivos registrados no período do estudo, 148 bebês foram casos notificados, porém 90 (60,8%) casos foram excluídos posteriormente como microcefalia "não confirmada". Nos 58 casos confirmados de microcefalia (prevalência = 3,8/10.000 nascidos vivos), as infecções congênitas (sífilis, toxoplasmose, citomegalovírus e ZIKV) constituíram a etiologia predominante (50,0%), seguidas de doenças ligadas ao SNC isolado (15,5%) e síndromes genéticas (10,3%). A síndrome congênita do ZIKV (SCZ) com fenótipo típico foi diagnosticada em três casos (5,2% de todos os casos confirmados de microcefalia ou 10,4% de todas as infecções congênitas). Conclusão: No Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, onde não foi registrado surto de infecção por ZIKV, a principal causa de microcefalia congênita foram infecções congênitas e o risco atribuível para SCZ na etiologia de microcefalia foi de 5,2%.

Impact on pregnancies in south Brazil from the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic: cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The emergence of a new subtype of the influenza virus in 2009 generated interest in the international medical community, the media, and the general population. Pregnant women are considered to be a group at risk of serious complications related to the H1N1 influenza virus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes and teratogenic effects of pregnancies exposed to the H1N1 virus during the Influenza A epidemic that occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2009. METHODS: This is an uncontrolled prospective cohort study of pregnant women with suspected symptoms of Influenza A who were reported in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases-Influenza (SINAN-Influenza) during the epidemic of 2009 (database from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). There were 589 cases of pregnant women with suspected infection. Among these, 243 were tested by PCR and included in the analysis. The main outcome measures were: maternal deaths, pregnancy outcome, stillbirths, premature births, low birth weight, congenital malformations, and odds ratios for H1N1+ and non-H1N1 pregnant women. RESULTS: There were one hundred and sixty-three (67%) confirmed cases of H1N1, 34 cases (14%) of seasonal Influenza A and 46 (19%) who were negative for Influenza A. There was no difference between the three groups in clinical parameters of the disease. There were 24 maternal deaths--18 of them had H1N1. There were 8 stillbirths--5 were children of H1N1 infected mothers. There were no differences in perinatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The present data do not indicate an increase in teratogenic risk from exposure to the influenza A (H1N1) virus. These results will help to strengthen the data and clarify the health issues that arose after the pandemic.

Surveillance for yellow Fever virus in non-human primates in southern Brazil, 2001-2011: a tool for prioritizing human populations for vaccination.

In Brazil, epizootics among New World monkey species may indicate circulation of yellow fever (YF) virus and provide early warning of risk to humans. Between 1999 and 2001, the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul initiated surveillance for epizootics of YF in non-human primates to inform vaccination of human populations. Following a YF outbreak, we analyzed epizootic surveillance data and assessed YF vaccine coverage, timeliness of implementation of vaccination in unvaccinated human populations. From October 2008 through June 2009, circulation of YF virus was confirmed in 67 municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul State; vaccination was recommended in 23 (34%) prior to the outbreak and in 16 (24%) within two weeks of first epizootic report. In 28 (42%) municipalities, vaccination began more than two weeks after first epizootic report. Eleven (52%) of 21 laboratory-confirmed human YF cases occurred in two municipalities with delayed vaccination. By 2010, municipalities with confirmed YF epizootics reported higher vaccine coverage than other municipalities that began vaccination. In unvaccinated human populations timely response to epizootic events is critical to prevent human yellow fever cases.

Investigação de surto de doença meningocócica do grupo C no município de Cachoeirinha/Rio Grande do Sul, 2015 / Investigation of meningococcal disease outbreak of group c in the municipality of Cachoeirinha/Rio Grande do Sul, 2015

Confirmar a ocorrência do surto, descrever suas características epidemiológicas e desencadear medidas de controle. (AU)

Emerging arboviruses in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: chikungunya and zika outbreaks, 2014­2016

Questions investigated: The recent emergence of arboviruses such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil has posed a threat to human health and to the country's economy. Outbreaks occur mainly in tropical areas; however, increasing number of cases have been observed in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state; therefore, surveillance of these arboviruses is essential for public health measures. Design: In this study, we analyzed 1276 samples from patients with clinically suspected arboviral diseases between 2014 and 2016. Demographic and clinical data were collected and described; cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were analyzed. Essential findings: Results show that CHIKV and ZIKV entered RS in 2014 and 2015, respectively, with imported cases confirmed. Autochthonous infections occurred in 2016 for both viruses, with a total of 5 autochthonous cases for CHIKV and 44 for ZIKV. Most patients were older than 21 years; the main symptoms were fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and headache; rash, conjunctivitis, and pruritus were also reported in ZIKV cases. Three cases of congenital Zika syndrome were confirmed in our study, while another 20 cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were confirmed (10 positive for syphilis, 6 for toxoplasmosis and 4 for cytomegalovirus). Main conclusions: Considering co­circulation of different arbovirus in RS, including Dengue virus, CHIKV, and ZIKV, and the presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the area, surveillance of patients infected by these viruses contributes to the control and prevention of such diseases. Practical difficulties in diagnosing these infections are discussed. (AU)

Shifting susceptibility to hepatitis A among children and adolescents over the past decade.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) antibodies in serum samples from children and adolescents obtained at two clinical pathology laboratories in the city of Porto Alegre, south of Brazil, and to compare findings to those of a study carried out in the 1990s. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted between 2007 and 2008, 465 serum samples obtained from subjects aged 1-19 years were consecutively tested to determine the prevalence of total anti-HAV antibodies. Samples were provided by a public laboratory (group 1) that serves the Unified Health System exclusively, meant to represent the lowest socioeconomic strata, and by a private laboratory (group 2), meant to represent the higher socioeconomic classes. Tests were performed at a single laboratory using commercially available electrochemiluminescence kits. Antibody levels ≥ 20 UI/L were considered positive. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of anti-HAV in Group 1 was 37.6%. The percentage of anti-HAV reactivity increased from 19.4% in the 1-to-4 group to 54.1% in the 15-to-19 group. In Group 2, overall anti-HAV positivity was 46.1% and was inversely correlated with age, declining from roughly 50% in the youngest groups to 29.1% in the 15-to-19 group. Comparison of sample findings to those reported in a 1990s study showed a significant reduction in anti-HAV prevalence among 5-to-9-year-olds in group 1 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the endemicity of hepatitis A in Porto Alegre has been declining over the past decade, and that children and adolescents, particularly those in the lowest socioeconomic strata, are more susceptible to the disease.

Doenças em eliminação no Rio Grande do Sul / Diseases being eliminated in Rio Grande do Sul

Este estudo trata das doenças imunopreveníveis em eliminação nas Américas: sarampo, rubéola e Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita (SRC), poliomielite e tétano neonatal. A proposta de eliminação autóctone dessas doenças, no continente, aconteceu em períodos diferentes, por decisão dos países-membros da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde (OPAS), órgão da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), em suas conferências anuais. O Brasil, como membro da OPAS/OMS, participou dessa decisão, implantou estratégias e atingiu a eliminação autóctone da poliomielite em 1994; do sarampo, em 2000; da rubéola e SRC em 2008. O tétano neonatal é considerado eliminado no país, uma vez que tem havido menos de 1 caso para cada 100.000 nascidos vivos. O Rio Grande do Sul atingiu a eliminação de todas essas doenças e mantém estratégias para sua manutenção. Para eliminação dessas doenças é recomendado implantar uma vigilância robusta e oportuna, manter altas coberturas vacinais na rotina e em campanhas e dispor de uma rede de laboratórios que permita o dignóstico e identificação de genótipos circulantes no país. Portanto, o objetivo desta publicação é descrever a experiência, os resultados alcançados e as perspectivas da vigilância epidemiológica no estado. (AU)

Mudança na suscetibilidade à hepatite A em crianças e adolescentes na última década / Shifting susceptibility to hepatitis A among children and adolescents over the past decade

OBJETIVOS: Estimar a prevalência de anticorpos contra hepatite A (anti-VHA) em grupo de crianças e adolescentes de laboratório público e privado em Porto Alegre e comparar com estudo realizado na década anterior. MÉTODOS: Entre 2007 e 2008 foi realizado estudo transversal onde foram incluídas, consecutivamente, 465 amostras de soros de crianças e adolescentes entre 1 e 19 anos de idade para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-VHA total. As amostras foram fornecidas por laboratório público (grupo 1), que atende somente Sistema Único de Saúde, e por laboratório privado (grupo 2), representando os estratos socioeconômicos mais baixo e mais alto, respectivamente. O teste foi realizado em único laboratório (eletroquimioluminescência, Roche Diagnostics). Resultados > 20 UI/L foram considerados positivos. RESULTADOS: A soroprevalência de anti-VHA no grupo 1 foi de 37,6 por cento e o percentual de positividade aumentou conforme a idade, variando de 19,4 por cento entre 1-4 anos a 54,1 por cento entre 15-19 anos. No grupo 2, a frequência de anti-VHA foi de 46,1 por cento e foi inversamente relacionada à idade, caindo de cerca de 50,0 por cento nas faixas etárias menores para 29,1 por cento aos 15-19 anos. Houve diminuição significativa na prevalência do anti-VHA nas crianças de 5-9 anos do grupo 1 (p = 0,03), quando comparadas com estudo realizado na década de 1990. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem queda na endemicidade da hepatite A em Porto Alegre na última década e indicam maior suscetibilidade à doença em crianças e adolescentes, principalmente no estrato socioeconômico mais baixo.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) antibodies in serum samples from children and adolescents obtained at two clinical pathology laboratories in the city of Porto Alegre, south of Brazil, and to compare findings to those of a study carried out in the 1990s. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted between 2007 and 2008, 465 serum samples obtained from subjects aged 1-19 years were consecutively tested to determine the prevalence of total anti-HAV antibodies. Samples were provided by a public laboratory (group 1) that serves the Unified Health System exclusively, meant to represent the lowest socioeconomic strata, and by a private laboratory (group 2), meant to represent the higher socioeconomic classes. Tests were performed at a single laboratory using commercially available electrochemiluminescence kits. Antibody levels > 20 UI/L were considered positive. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of anti-HAV in Group 1 was 37.6 percent. The percentage of anti-HAV reactivity increased from 19.4 percent in the 1-to-4 group to 54.1 percent in the 15-to-19 group. In Group 2, overall anti-HAV positivity was 46.1 percent and was inversely correlated with age, declining from roughly 50 percent in the youngest groups to 29.1 percent in the 15-to-19 group. Comparison of sample findings to those reported in a 1990s study showed a significant reduction in anti-HAV prevalence among 5-to-9-year-olds in group 1 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the endemicity of hepatitis A in Porto Alegre has been declining over the past decade, and that children and adolescents, particularly those in the lowest socioeconomic strata, are more susceptible to the disease.

Prevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella before and after vaccination of school-age children with three different triple combined viral vaccines, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1996.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the seroprevalence for measles, mumps, and rubella in school-age children (6-12 years old) before and after the administration of three triple combined viral vaccines. METHODS: In two municipal schools of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 692 blood samples were collected before vaccination and 636 samples 21 to 30 days after vaccination during 1996. IgG antibody seropositivity was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (measles and mumps with Enzygnost [Behring, Marburg, Germany]; rubella with Rubenostika [Organon Teknica, Boxtel, the Netherlands]). The vaccines compared were: A: E-Zagreb, L-Zagreb, and Wistar RA 27/3 (Tresivac); B: Moraten, J-Lynn, and Wistar RA 27/3 (M-M-R II); and C: Schwarz, Urabe AM-9, and Wistar RA 27/3 (Trimovax). RESULTS: Before vaccination, 79.2% [95% confidence interval (CI)=76.0%-82.2%] of the samples were positive for measles, 69.4% (95% CI=65.8%-72.8%) for mumps, and 55.4% (95% CI=51.6%-59.2%) for rubella. After vaccination with the A, B, and C vaccines, seropositivity was 100.0%, 99.5%, and 100.0%, respectively for measles; 99.5%, 94.5%, and 92.0% for mumps; and 92.6%, 91.3%, and 88.6% for rubella. CONCLUSIONS: About one-fifth (20.8%) of the schoolchildren who could have been vaccinated against measles at age 9 months had levels of antibodies insufficient for protection. In the sample of schoolchildren without previous vaccination against mumps and rubella, high proportions of susceptible levels were found. All vaccines were immunogenic, but vaccine A yielded a seroconversion rate of 99.5% for the mumps component, which was significantly higher than the other two vaccines (P<0.01).

Tuberculose infantil: estudo retrospectivo / Tuberculosis in childhood: retrospective study

Introdução: a tuberculose (TB) infantil permanece como uma das doenças mais prevalentes e preocupantes no mundo, sobretudo em nações em desenvolvimento, onde as taxas são ainda mais elevadas e os casos descritos subestimados pela dificuldade em se estabelecer um diagnóstico definitivo. Dessa forma, este estudo tem como objetivo descrever o perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos pacientes com TB infantil pulmonar e extrapulmonar.Métodos: foram avaliados retrospectivamente, através de questionário, pacientes com idade de até 15 anos, internados no Serviço de Pediatria do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), no período de janeiro de 2002 a setembro de 2007. Resultados: dos 52 pacientes incluídos, 63% apresentavam TB pulmonar. Das formas extra-pulmonares, a meningoencefalite foi a mais prevalente (22%). Comorbidades foram detectadas em 31 (60%) pacientes, dos quais 15 (29%) apresentavam desnutrição grave, 9 (18%) HIV positivo e 7 (13%) pneumopatia crônica. Das manifestações clínicas, febre e tosse estavam presentes na maioria dos pacientes. O padrão radiológico predominante foi o de consolidação pulmonar (51%). A maioria dos pacientes referia história de contato com paciente bacilífero (64%). Conclusão: a TB pulmonar representa a principal forma de apresentação clínica da TB, sendo o diagnóstico feito de forma presuntiva na maioria dos casos. Os resultados do nosso estudo reforçam a importância da anamnese (história epidemiológica e vacinal) e achados clínicos e radiológicos para o diagnóstico de TB infantil. Tendo em vista que a TB em crianças é considerada um “evento sentinela”, indicando recente transmissão a partir de um adulto infectado, além da maior gravidade da doença nesta população, torna-se imperativo uma maior ênfase na prevenção e diagnóstico precoces.

Background: tuberculosis (TB) in childhood remains one of the most prevalent and disturbing diseases worldwide. This is especially true in developing countries, where TB rates are even higher and the number of cases is underestimated because of the difficulty to establish definitive diagnosis. Aim: the present study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of children with pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. Methods: we used a questionnaire to retrospectively evaluate patients aged up to 15 years admitted to the Pediatric Unit of HCPA from January 2002 to September 2007. Results: of the 52 patients included in the study, 63% had pulmonary TB. Among the extrapulmonary forms, meningoencephalitis was the most prevalent (22%). Comorbidities were detected in 31 (60%) patients, and 15 (29%) of them had severe malnutrition, 9 (18%) were positive for HIV, and 7 (13%) had chronic lung disease. Among the clinical manifestations, fever and cough were present in most patients. The predominant radiological pattern was pulmonary consolidation (51%). Most patients reported a history of contact with contagious TB patients (64%). Conclusion: pulmonary TB is the main clinical presentation of TB, and most patients receive a presumptive diagnosis. Our results reinforce the importance of anamnesis (epidemiological and vaccination history) and clinical and radiological findings to establish the diagnosis of TB in childhood. Considering that TB in children is a “sentinel event”, indicating recent transmission from an infected adult, and because of the greater severity of the disease in this population, it is crucial to emphasize prevention and early diagnosis.

An evaluation of the adverse reaction potential of three measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccines.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of adverse events following the administration of three commercially available measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) combination vaccines. METHODS: A randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed in 1996 that involved a total of 10 142 students 6-12 years of age in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. An MMR vaccine containing the Edmonston-Zagreb, Leningrad-Zagreb, and RA 27/3 strains ("vaccine A") was administered to 2 226 students (21.9% of the total); an MMR vaccine with the Moraten, Jeryl Lynn, and Wistar 27/3 strains ("vaccine B") was administered to 2 216 children (21.8%); and an MMR vaccine containing the Schwartz, Urabe AM-9, and Wistar 27/3 strains ("vaccine C") was given to 2 179 students (21.5%). A control group of 3 521 students (34.7%) was not vaccinated. Both the vaccinated subjects and the control subjects were followed daily for 30 days to detect any clinical manifestations. RESULTS: Adverse events were more frequent in the vaccinated children than in the control group (P < 0.01). In terms of causing parotitis, vaccine A had a relative risk (RR) of 5.72 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.11-10.54) when compared with vaccine B, and an RR of 2.33 (95% CI = 1.52-3.58) when compared with vaccine C. Vaccine A was also associated with an increased risk of lymphadenopathy when compared with vaccine B (RR = 3.11; 95% CI = 1.78-5.45) and with vaccine C (RR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.35-3.66). Vaccine C was associated with an increased risk of parotitis when compared with vaccine B (RR = 2.46; 95% CI = 1.26-4.80). Three cases of aseptic meningitis were detected among the children in the study group, but only one case of vaccine-related aseptic meningitis was identified, among the children receiving vaccine A. CONCLUSIONS: The three MMR vaccines that we studied are associated with different risks of adverse events. We found vaccine A to cause more reactions than the two other vaccines, especially vaccine B. In addition, vaccine A presented both a temporal and a cause-and-effect association with one case of aseptic meningitis. We hope that this study will contribute information that can be used in choosing MMR vaccines with safe and effective strains, especially for mass vaccination strategies.

Avaliação prospectica de gestantes vacinadas contra rubéola no sul do Brasil / Prospective evaluation of pregnant women that received rubella vaccine in south

Objetivos: Avaliar a ocorrência de Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita em mulheres que foram vacinadas contra rubéola e que não sabiam que estavam grávidas, ou que engravidaram até 30 dias após a vacinação. Métodos: foram coletados, prospectivamente, dados de 171 gestantes que se encontravam suscetíveis no momento da vacinação. No momento do parto foi colhido sangue dos recém-nascidos para exames. Todos os bebês com IgM anti rubéola positiva foram clinicamente avaliados conforme protocolo para detecção de sequelas da síndrome da rubéola congênita. Foi realizada a coleta de secreção nasofaríngea para isolamento e identificação viral. Resultados: foi coletada amostra sorológica de 152 bebês, filhos de mãe suscetíveis. Um total de 10 bebês (6,3%) apresentou presença de anticorpos IgM anti-rubéola, ou seja, foram infectados pelo vírus vacinal durante a gestação. Nenhum deles apresentou defeitos congênitos relacionados à rubéola. Conclusões: o estudo permite ampliar a segurança da vacinação para rubéola em mulheres grávidas.

Prevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella before and after vaccination of school-age children with three different triple combined viral vaccines, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1996 / Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra sarampión, paperas y rubéola en niños en edad escolar antes y después de la vacunación con tres vacunas triples antivirales combinadas diferentes, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 1996

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the seroprevalence for measles, mumps, and rubella in school-age children (6-12 years old) before and after the administration of three triple combined viral vaccines. METHODS: In two municipal schools of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 692 blood samples were collected before vaccination and 636 samples 21 to 30 days after vaccination during 1996. IgG antibody seropositivity was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (measles and mumps with Enzygnost [Behring, Marburg, Germany]; rubella with Rubenostika [Organon Teknica, Boxtel, the Netherlands]). The vaccines compared were: A: E-Zagreb, L-Zagreb, and Wistar RA 27/3 (Tresivac); B: Moraten, J-Lynn, and Wistar RA 27/3 (M-M-R II); and C: Schwarz, Urabe AM-9, and Wistar RA 27/3 (Trimovax). RESULTS: Before vaccination, 79.2 percent [95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 76.0 percent-82.2 percent] of the samples were positive for measles, 69.4 percent (95 percent CI = 65.8 percent-72.8 percent) for mumps, and 55.4 percent (95 percent CI = 51.6 percent-59.2 percent) for rubella. After vaccination with the A, B, and C vaccines, seropositivity was 100.0 percent, 99.5 percent, and 100.0 percent, respectively for measles; 99.5 percent, 94.5 percent, and 92.0 percent for mumps; and 92.6 percent, 91.3 percent, and 88.6 percent for rubella. CONCLUSIONS: About one-fifth (20.8 percent) of the schoolchildren who could have been vaccinated against measles at age 9 months had levels of antibodies insufficient for protection. In the sample of schoolchildren without previous vaccination against mumps and rubella, high proportions of susceptible levels were found. All vaccines were immunogenic, but vaccine A yielded a seroconversion rate of 99.5 percent for the mumps component, which was significantly higher than the other two vaccines (P < 0.01).

OBJETIVO: Se evaluó la seroprevalencia para sarampión, paperas y rubéola en niños en edad escolar (6-12 años) antes y después de la administración de tres vacunas triples antivirales combinadas. MÉTODOS: Se colectaron 692 muestras de sangre antes de la vacunación y 636 muestras entre 21 y 30 días después de la vacunación a niños de dos escuelas municipales de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, durante 1996. Se investigó la seropositividad de anticuerpos de la clase IgG mediante un ensayo de inmunoadsorción enzimática tipo ELISA (sarampión y paperas con Enzygnost [Behring, Marburgo, Alemania] y rubéola con Rubenostika [Organon Teknica, Boxtel, Países Bajos]). Las vacunas comparadas fueron: a) E-Zagreb, L-Zagreb y Wistar RA 27/3 (Tresivac); b) Moraten, J-Lynn y Wistar RA 27/3 (M-M-R II); y c) Schwarz, Urabe AM-9 y Wistar RA 27/3 (Trimovax). RESULTADOS: Antes de la vacunación, 79,2 por ciento (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 por ciento: 76,0 a 82,2) de las muestras fueron positivas para sarampión, 69,4 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 65,8 a 72,8) para paperas y 55,4 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 51,6 a 59,2) para rubéola. Después de la vacunación con las vacunas A, B y C, la seropositividad fue de 100 por ciento, 99,5 por ciento y 100 por ciento, respectivamente para sarampión; de 99,5 por ciento, 94,5 por ciento y 92,0 por ciento para paperas; y de 92,6 por ciento, 92,3 por ciento y 88,6 por ciento para rubéola. CONCLUSIONES: Alrededor de un quinto (20,8 por ciento) de los escolares que pudieron haber sido vacunados contra el sarampión a los 9 meses de edad tenían niveles de anticuerpos insuficientes para protegerlos. En la muestra de escolares sin vacunación previa contra paperas y rubéola se encontró una alta proporción de niños susceptibles. Todas las vacunas fueron inmunogénicas, pero la vacuna A produjo una tasa de seroconversión de 99,5 por ciento para el componente de paperas, significativamente mayor que la de las otras dos vacunas (P < 0,01).

An evaluation of the adverse reaction potential of three measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccines / Evaluación del riesgo de reacciones adversas de tres vacunas combinadas contra el sarampión, la parotiditis y la rubéola Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Health 12(

Objective. To compare the incidence of adverse events following the administration of three commercially available measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) combination vaccines. Methods. A randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed in 1996 that involved a total of 10 142 students 6-12 years of age in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. An MMR vaccine containing the Edmonston-Zagreb, Leningrad-Zagreb, and RA 27/3 strains ("vaccine A") was administered to 2 226 students (21.9 percent of the total); an MMR vaccine with the Moraten, Jeryl Lynn, and Wistar 27/3 strains ("vaccine B") was administered to 2 216 children (21.8 percent); and an MMR vaccine containing the Schwartz, Urabe AM-9, and Wistar 27/3 strains ("vaccine C") was given to 2 179 students (21.5 percent). A control group of 3 521 students (34.7 percent) was not vaccinated. Both the vaccinated subjects and the control subjects were followed daily for 30 days to detect any clinical manifestations. Results. Adverse events were more frequent in the vaccinated children than in the control group (P < 0.01). In terms of causing parotitis, vaccine A had a relative risk (RR) of 5.72 (95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 3.11-10.54) when compared with vaccine B, and an RR of 2.33 (95 percent CI = 1.52-3.58) when compared with vaccine C. Vaccine A was also associated with an increased risk of lymphadenopathy when compared with vaccine B (RR = 3.11; 95 percent CI = 1.78-5.45) and with vaccine C (RR = 2.22; 95 percent CI = 1.35-3.66). Vaccine C was associated with an increased risk of parotitis when compared with vaccine B (RR = 2.46; 95 percent CI = 1.26-4.80). Three cases of aseptic meningitis were detected among the children in the study group, but only one case of vaccine-related aseptic meningitis was identified, among the children receiving vaccine A. Conclusions. The three MMR vaccines that we studied are associated with different risks of adverse events. We found vaccine A to cause more reactions than the two other vaccines, especially vaccine B. In addition, vaccine A presented both a temporal and a cause-and-effect association with one case of aseptic meningitis. We hope that this study will contribute information that can be used in choosing MMR vaccines with safe and effective strains, especially for mass vaccination strategies

Objetivos. Comparar la incidencia de acontecimientos adversos tras la administración de tres vacunas combinadas contra el sarampión, la parotiditis y la rubéola que ya están en el mercado. Métodos. En 1996 se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doblemente enmascarado, en el que participaron 10 142 estudiantes de 6 a 12 años del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Las vacunas utilizadas contenían: A) las cepas EdmonstonZagreb, Leningrado-Zagreb y RA 27/3A; B) las cepas Moraten, Jeryl Lynn y Wistar 27/3, y C) las cepas Schwartz, Urabe AM-9 y Wistar 27/3. La vacuna A se administró a 2 226 niños (21,9%), la B a 2 216 (21,8%), y la C a 2 179 (21,5%). El grupo de control lo formaron 3 521 niños (34,7%) no vacunados. Todos los participantes fueron observados diariamente durante 30 días para detectar posibles manifestaciones clínicas. Resultados. Los acontecimientos adversos fueron más frecuentes en los niños vacunados que en el grupo de control (P < 0,01). El riesgo relativo (RR) de tumefacción parotídea con la vacuna A fue de 5,72 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95]: 3,11 a 10,54) en comparación con la vacuna B, y de 2,33 (IC95: 1,52 a 3,58) en comparación con la vacuna C. La vacuna A también se asoció a un mayor riesgo de linfadenopatía que las vacunas B (RR = 3,11; IC95: 1,78 a 5,45) y C (RR = 2,22; IC95: 1,35 a 3,66). La vacuna C se asoció a un mayor riesgo de tumefacción parotídea que la vacuna B (RR = 2,46; IC95: 1,26 a 4,80). En los niños vacunados se detectaron tres casos de meningitis aséptica, pero solo uno, que recibió la vacuna A, se relacionó con la vacuna. Conclusiones. Las tres vacunas estudiadas se asociaron a diferentes riesgos de acontecimientos adversos. La vacuna A causó más reacciones que las otras dos, en particular más que la vacuna B. Además, la vacuna A presentó una asociación temporal y causal con un caso de meningitis aséptica. Este estudio aporta información que puede ser utilizada para elegir vacunas contra el sarampión, la parotiditis y la rubéola a base de cepas eficaces y seguras, especialmente para la vacunación en masa