RESUMEN
Left superior vena cava (LSVC) is the most common congenital thoracic venous anomaly which commonly drains into the right atrium via the coronary sinus. Various clinical implications are associated with LSVC and is commonly diagnosed with saline contrast echocardiography. In this case we discuss the importance of a modified bi-caval view over the mid-oesophageal four-chamber view in diagnosing LSVC with the large left innominate vein.
Asunto(s)
Vena Cava Superior Izquierda Persistente/diagnóstico por imagen , Venas Braquiocefálicas/anomalías , Venas Braquiocefálicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Preescolar , Medios de Contraste , Ecocardiografía Transesofágica/métodos , Atrios Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Masculino , Solución Salina/administración & dosificación , Vena Cava Superior/anomalías , Vena Cava Superior/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Children with hearing impairment (CHI) have poor oral health and extensive unmet treatment needs. This could be attributed to their inability to cooperate with dental treatment and lack of oral health awareness due to communication barriers. AIM: The aim of this study was to verify the impact of visual instruction on oral hygiene status of CHI. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective triple blind interventional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Oral hygiene status of 372 institutionalized CHI aged 6-16 years, divided into study (180) and control groups (192) was evaluated using Loe and Silness Gingival index and Silness and Loe Plaque index. Motivation in the form of visual instruction was done in the study group every weekend for 12 weeks and control group was followed without motivation. Oral hygiene status was re-assessed and analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Paired t-test was used to compare the scores before and after the instructions. Unpaired t-test was used for intergroup comparison between the study and control groups. RESULTS: There was a significant mean reduction of plaque (0.37) and gingival scores (0.39) in the study group, but only marginal reduction of plaque (0.08) and gingival scores (0.1) observed in the control group. Significant gender and age variations were observed. CONCLUSION: Visual instruction was found to be an effective oral health education tool in CHI.