[Life cycle of Triatoma dimidiata latreille, 1811 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions: production of nymphs for biological tests]. / Ciclo de vida de Triatoma dimidiata Latreille, 1811 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) en condiciones de laboratorio: producción de ninfas para ensayos biológicos.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the importance of Triatoma dimidiata as a vector of Chagas disease, little is known of its life cycle and the efficient production of these insects for biological tests. OBJECTIVE: Life cycle characteristics in the laboratory were described and optimum nutritional conditions were established for the efficient production of nymphs V stage for biological tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined the time of development of the nymphal stage under controlled laboratory conditions until reaching the adult stage. In a massive rearing of stage V nymphs, fed and weighted after varying periods of fasting, distributed in weight ranges to obtain the largest proportion of individuals. RESULTS: The time mean from egg to adult was 269 days, with a wide range of duration (174 to 598 days) and the times required for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th stage development was 33, 37, 41, 61 and 69 days, respectively, with a mortality of 22%. The optimum treatment was 22 days of fasting, in which 76% of the nymphs reached stage V with a weight range from 201 to 300 mg. CONCLUSION: Triatoma dimidiata presented development time with broad range for some individuals, possibly due to the irregularity in the food availability. A homogenous weight range was attained with a regime of 22 days of fasting with an optimum production of stage V nymphs.

[Toxic effect of beta-cipermethrin, deltamethrin and fenitrothion in colonies of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) and Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)]. / Efecto tóxico de beta-cipermetrina, deltametrina y fenitrotión en cepas de Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) y Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).

INTRODUCTION: The susceptibility to insecticides of triatomine species must be evaluated because of their involvement in the transmission of the Chagas disease. In each region with Chagas endemicity, evaluation of insecticide response is necessary to predict the success of the control campaigns. OBJECTIVE: The baseline susceptibility was determined for the active principles deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin and fenitrothion in nymphs of first and fifth instar of Triatoma dimidiata and nymphs of first instar of Triatoma maculata. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The insecticide activity in triatomines was evaluated by the technique of topical application. RESULTS: The values of the LD50 in nymphs of first instar for T. maculata, expressed in nanograms per insect (ng/i), were 0.07, 0.05 and 4.12 for deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin and fenitrothion respectively. The corresponding LD99 values were 1.08, 0.37 and 17.89 ng/i. In T. dimidiata, the LD50 values were 0.44, 0.46 and 16.45 ng/i; the LD99 values were 2.22, 1.97 and 36.07 ng/i. In nymphs of fifth instar T. dimidiata, the LD50 values were 510.7, 1623.6 and 838.9 ng/i; the LD99 values were 9607.5, 11,717.9 and 1525.0 ng/i, respectively. CONCLUSION: In first instar nymphs of T. dimidiata and T. maculata, the pyrethroid insecticides were more effective; in fifth instar nymphs of T. dimidiata, the effectiveness of the pyrethroids and the organophosphate differed in the LD50 comparison--the nymphs required much higher doses compared with the other triatomines and suggested a low susceptibility. The LD99 for the organophosphate (fenitrothion) was significantly lower and may indicate its greater effectiveness in field. Studies of synergistic effects amonst insecticides are important to clarify the role of biochemical mechanisms that determine tolerance to the pyrethroids. Insecticide tolerance represents a new challenge for control campaigns in the Andean and Central American countries where Chagas disease is endemic.

[Risk of transmission of Chagas disease by intrusion of triatomines and wild mammals in Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia].

INTRODUCTION: Notice of triatomines in dwellings of some neighborhoods in Bucaramanga motivated the realization of this study.Objetive: To evaluate the intrusion of triatomines and mammals, as well as some risk factors in urban dwellings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Triatomines were collected in a neighborhood in Bucaramanga, Santander, on a monthly basis during one year with participation of the community. Collection included manual search in lamp posts, use of light traps, animal bait, and chemical attractants in nearby forests. Reservoirs were collected with bait traps. Insects and mammals were identified and examined in order to determine their natural infection. Risk factors in homes were assessed by means of a social-environmental survey. RESULTS: Eleven adult specimens of Pastrongylus geniculatus, as well as 63 of Rhodnius pallescens were collected in the forest, recreational peridomiciliary areas, and houses. Even two females and 21 nymphs of R. pallescens were found in bedrooms. Two specimens of Didelphis marsupialis were captured in neighboring forests. Out of the eleven P. geniculatus captured, nine were examined. Of these, five were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi. It was not possible to establish a significant risk factor;however, the dwellings with report of triatomines were located nearer to the adjacent forest. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of intrusive triatominae species and mammals with T. cruzi in intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary areas and periurban forests prove the potential risk to acquire infection from these populations that dwell in urban housing adjacent to these ecotopes where the sylvan cycle is kept.

Riesgo de transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas por intrusión de triatominos y mamíferos silvestres en Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia / Risk of transmission of Chagas disease by intrusion of triatomines and wild mammals in Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia

Introducción: La notificación de triatominos en las viviendas de algunos barrios de Bucaramanga motivó la realización de este estudio. Objetivo: Evaluar la intrusión de triatominos y mamíferos, así como algunos factores de riesgo para la enfermedad de Chagas en viviendas urbanas. Materiales y métodos: En un barrio de Bucaramanga, Santander, se recolectaron triatominos mensualmente durante un año con participación comunitaria mediante búsqueda manual en el alumbrado público, y el uso de trampas de luz, cebo animal y atrayentes químicos en el bosque cercano. Los reservorios se recolectaron con trampas cebadas. Los insectos y mamíferos se determinaron y examinaron para establecer su infección natural. Los factores de riesgo de las viviendas se midieron mediante una encuesta sobre factores sociales y ambientales. Resultados: Se recolectaron 11 adultos de Panstrongylus geniculatus y 63 de Rhodnius pallescens en el bosque, en zonas de recreación en el peridomicilio y en el domicilio, incluidas dos hembras y 21 ninfas de R. pallescens en dormitorios. Se capturaron dos ejemplares de Didelphis marsupialis en el bosques adyacente. De los 11 individuos de P. geniculatus capturados, se examinaron nueve, de los cuales cinco fueron positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi (56 %); de los 63 individuos de R. pallescens capturados, se examinaron ocho, cuatro de los cuales fueron positivos para T. cruzi (50 %). De dos especímenes de D. marsupiales capturados, uno fue examinado y se encontró que era positivo para T. cruzi. No se pudo establecer un factor de riesgo significativo, sin embargo, las viviendas con reporte de triatominos se encontraban más cerca del bosque adyacente. Conclusiones: El hallazgo de especies de triatominos intrusivas y de mamíferos con T. cruzi en el domicilio y el peridomicilio, así como en los bosques periurbanos, demuestra el riesgo de infección en las poblaciones que habitan en viviendas urbanas adyacentes a los ecótopos donde se mantiene el ciclo silvestre.

Abstract Introduction: Notice of triatomines in dwellings of some neighborhoods in Bucaramanga motivated the realization of this study. Objetive: To evaluate the intrusion of triatomines and mammals, as well as some risk factors in urban dwellings. Materials and methods: Triatomines were collected in a neighborhood in Bucaramanga, Santander, on a monthly basis during one year with participation of the community. Collection included manual search in lamp posts, use of light traps, animal bait, and chemical attractants in nearby forests. Reservoirs were collected with bait traps. Insects and mammals were identified and examined in order to determine their natural infection. Risk factors in homes were assessed by means of a social-environmental survey. Results: Eleven adult specimens of Pastrongylus geniculatus, as well as 63 of Rhodnius pallescens were collected in the forest, recreational peridomiciliary areas, and houses. Even two females and 21 nymphs of R. pallescens were found in bedrooms. Two specimens of Didelphis marsupialis were captured in neighboring forests. Out of the eleven P. geniculatus captured, nine were examined. Of these, five were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi. It was not possible to establish a significant risk factor; however, the dwellings with report of triatomines were located nearer to the adjacent forest. Conclusions: The finding of intrusive triatominae species and mammals with T. cruzi in intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary areas and periurban forests prove the potential risk to acquire infection from these populations that dwell in urban housing adjacent to these ecotopes where the sylvan cycle is kept.

Ciclo de vida de Triatoma dimidiata Latreille, 1811 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) en condiciones de laboratorio: producción de ninfas para ensayos biológicos / Life cycle of Triatoma dimidiata Latreille, 1811 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions: production of nymphs for biological tests

Introducción. A pesar de la importancia de Triatoma dimidiata como vector de la enfermedad de Chagas, poco se conoce de su ciclo biológico y de la producción eficiente de insectos disponibles para ensayos biológicos. Objetivo. Determinar las características del ciclo de vida en el laboratorio y establecer las condiciones del estado nutricional para la producción eficiente de ninfas de V estadio para ensayos biológicos. Materiales y métodos. Se determinaron los tiempos de desarrollo de los estadios de ninfa en condiciones controladas de laboratorio hasta alcanzar la fase adulta. Se llevó a cabo una cría masiva de ninfas de V estadio, alimentadas y pesadas después de diferentes periodos de ayuno, distribuidas en rangos de peso para obtener la mayor proporción de individuos. Resultados. El tiempo medio de paso de huevo a adulto fue de 269 días, con un amplio rango de duración (174 a 598 días) y, para los estadios I, II, II, IV y V, fue de 33, 37, 41, 61 y 69 días, respectivamente, con una mortalidad de 22%. Se obtuvo una eficiencia de 76% en ninfas de V estadio, alimentadas después de 22 días de ayuno, en el rango de 201 a 300 mg de peso. Conclusión. T. dimidiata presentó un tiempo de desarrollo intermedio entre los triatominos con amplio rango para algunos individuos, posiblemente debido a la irregularidad en su alimentación. La identificación de un rango de peso homogéneo después de 22 días de ayuno con gran producción de ninfas de V estadio, facilita la aplicación de protocolos estandarizados para establecer criterios de selección de compuestos insecticidas utilizables en los programas de control.

Introduction. Despite the importance of Triatoma dimidiata as a vector of Chagas disease, little is known of its life cycle and the efficient production of these insects for biological tests. Objective. Life cycle characteristics in the laboratory were described and optimum nutritional conditions were established for the efficient production of nymphs V stage for biological tests. Materials and methods. We determined the time of development of the nymphal stage under controlled laboratory conditions until reaching the adult stage. In a massive rearing of stage V nymphs, fed and weighted after varying periods of fasting, distributed in weight ranges to obtain the largest proportion of individuals. Results. The time mean from egg to adult was 269 days, with a wide range of duration (174 to 598 days) and the times required for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th stage development was 33, 37, 41, 61 and 69 days, respectively, with a mortality of 22%. The optimum treatment was 22 days of fasting, in which 76% of the nymphs reached stage V with a weight range from 201 to 300 mg. Conclusion. Triatoma dimidiata presented development time with broad range for some individuals, possibly due to the irregularity in the food availability. A homogenous weight range was attained with a regime of 22 days of fasting with an optimum production of stage V nymphs. Production of similarly sized insects facilitate the application of standardized protocols to establish criteria for selecting compounds insecticides used in control programs.

Efecto tóxico de ß-cipermetrina, deltametrina y fenitrotión en cepas de Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) y Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) / Toxic effect of ß-cipermethrin, deltamethrin and fenitrothion in colonies of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) and Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

Introducción. La evaluación de la susceptibilidad a insecticidas de las diferentes especies de triatominos, involucrados en la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas de cada región, es indispensable para el éxito de las campañas de control.Objetivo. Determinar la línea base de susceptibilidad para los principios activos deltametrina, beta-cipermetrina y fenitrotión en ninfas de primer y quinto estadio de Triatoma dimidiata y en ninfas de primer estadio de Triatoma maculata.Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó el protocolo de evaluación de la actividad insecticida en triatominos (técnica de aplicación tópica) para las especies en estudio.Resultados. Los valores de DL50 en ninfas de primer estadio de T. maculata expresados en nanogramos/insecto (ng/i) fueron de: 0,07, 0,05 y 4,12. Las DL99 fueron de: 1,08, 0,37 y 17,89 para deltametrina, beta- cipermetrina y fenitrotión respectivamente. En T. dimidiata los valores de DL 50 fueron de: 0,44, 0,46 y 16,45. Las DL99 obtenidas fueron de: 2,22, 1,97 y 36,07 ng/i para deltametrina, beta- cipermetrina y fenitrotión respectivamente. En ninfas de quinto estadio de T. dimidiata las DL50 fueron de: 510,72, 1623,59 y 838,91. Las DL99 fueron de: 9607,50, 11717,91 y 1525 para deltametrina, beta- cipermetrina y fenitrotión respectivamente.Conclusión. En ninfas de primer estadio de T. dimidiata y T. maculata los insecticidas piretroides fueron mas efectivos; en ninfas de quinto estadio de T. dimidiata la efectividad de los piretroides y del organofosforado fue diferente con las DL50; las ninfas de este estadio requirieron dosis altas comparadas con las utilizadas para otros triatominos, lo cual sugiere una baja susceptibilidad. La DL99 para el organofosforado fue significativamente menor, lo que podría indicar una mayor efectividad en campo. Es importante realizar estudios de efectos sinergistas para mostrar el posible rol de mecanismos bioquímicos que determine su tolerancia a los piretroides, esto representa un nu...

Introduction. The susceptibility to insecticides of triatomine species must be evaluated because of their involvement in the transmission of the Chagas disease. In each region with Chagas endemicity, evaluation of insecticide response is necessary to predict the success of the control campaigns. Objective. The baseline susceptibility was determined for the active principles deltamethrin, b-cypermethrin and fenitrothion in nymphs of first and fifth instar of Triatoma dimidiata and nymphs of first instar of Triatoma maculata. Materials and methods. The insecticide activity in triatomines was evaluated by the technique of topical application. Results. The values of the LD50 in nymphs of first instar for T. maculata, expressed in nanograms per insect (ng/i), were 0.07, 0.05 and 4.12 for deltamethrin, b-cypermethrin and fenitrothion respectively. The corresponding LD99 values were 1.08, 0.37 and 17.89 ng/i. In T. dimidiata, the LD50 values were 0.44, 0.46 and 16.45 ng/i; the LD99 values were 2.22, 1.97 and 36.07 ng/i. In nymphs of fifth instar T. dimidiata, the LD50 values were 510.7, 1,623.6 and 838.9 ng/i; the LD99 values were 9,607.5, 11,717.9 and 1,525.0 ng/i, respectively. Conclusion. In first instar nymphs of T. dimidiata and T. maculata, the pyrethroid insecticides were more effective; in fifth instar nymphs of T. dimidiata, the effectiveness of the pyrethroids and the organophosphate differed in the LD50 comparison—the nymphs required much higher doses compared with the other triatomines and suggested a low susceptibility. The LD99 for the organophosphate (fenitrothion) was significantly lower and may indicate its greater effectiveness in field. Studies of synergistic effects amonst insecticides are important to clarify the role of biochemical mechanisms that determine tolerance to the pyrethroids. Insecticide tolerance represents a new challenge for control campaigns in the Andean and Central American countries where Chagas disease is endemic.