Mesenchymal stromal cells and CAR-T cells in regenerative medicine: The homing procedure and their effective parameters.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are two core elements in cell therapy procedures. MSCs have significant immunomodulatory effects that alleviate inflammation in the tissue regeneration process, while administration of specific chemokines and adhesive molecules would primarily facilitate CAR-T cell trafficking into solid tumors. Multiple parameters affect cell homing, including the recipient's age, the number of cell passages, proper cell culture, and the delivery method. In addition, several chemokines are involved in the tumor microenvironment, affecting the homing procedure. This review discusses parameters that improve the efficiency of cell homing and significant cell therapy challenges. Emerging comprehensive mechanistic strategies such as non-systemic and systemic homing that revealed a significant role in cell therapy remodeling were also reviewed. Finally, the primary implications for the development of combination therapies that incorporate both MSCs and CAR-T cells for cancer treatment were discussed.

Immunodiagnosis and molecular validation of Toxoplasma gondii-recombinant dense granular (GRA) 5 protein for the detection of toxoplasmosis in hemodialysis patients.

Toxoplasmosis causes serious complications in immunocompromised and pregnant women. Serological tests for the detection of toxoplasmosis are often designed from parasitic tachyzoites antigens. The process of producing these antigens is very difficult. The purpose of this study was evaluation of T. gondii-rGRA5 for the immunodiagnosis and molecular detection of Toxoplasma infection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and LAMP methods in hemodialysis patients. The GRA5 gene was successfully expressed and purified by affinity chromatography assay and evaluated by western blot. Then it was used to design an ELISA assay. A total of 260 samples were tested for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit and designed ELISA kit. Finally, the LAMP method was used to evaluate the precision and reliability of the results obtained by commercial and designed ELISA kits. The consistency of the results of two methods was analyzed using the Kappa coefficient of agreement. The rGRA5 revealed higher immunoreactivity with 1:100 dilution of sera from toxoplasmosis patients. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were 93% and 96%, respectively. According to the Kappa coefficient, there was a substantial correlation between the results of ELISA and LAMP based on rGRA5 (≈98%, p < 0.001). Also it showed that rGRA5 protein can be used as an antigenic protein for designing sero-diagnostic tests to identify Toxoplasma infection especially in hemodialysis patients.

Simultaneous therapeutic and diagnostic applications of magnetic PLGA nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin in rabbit.

In this study, DOX (Doxorubicin) and Fe3O4 magnetic nanocrystals (SPIONs (Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals)) were encapsulated in the PLGA-PEG: poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles for theranostic purposes. The final prepared formulation which is called NPs (Nanoparticles) exhibited a particle size with a mean diameter of ~ 209 nm and a sufficient saturation magnetization value of 1.65 emu/g. The NPs showed faster DOX release at pH 5.5 compared to pH 7.4. Also, the cytotoxicity effect of NPs increased compared to Free-DOX alone in C6 glioma cancer cells. For in vivo investigations, the 2.2 Kg rabbits were injected with NPs formulations via a central articular anterior vein in their ears. Furthermore, the images of rabbit organs were depicted via MR (Magnetic resonance) and fluorescent imaging techniques. A negative contrast (dark signal) was observed in T2 (Relaxation Time) weighted MR images of IV (Intravenously)-injected rabbits with NPs compared to the control ones. The organ's florescent images of NPs-injected rabbits showed a high density of red color related to the accumulation of DOX in liver and kidney organs. These data showed that the NPs have no cytotoxicity effect on the heart. Also, the results of histopathological tests of different organs showed that the groups receiving NPs and Free-DOX were almost similar and no significant difference was seen, except for the cardiac tissue in which the pathological effects of NPs were significantly less than the Free-DOX. Additionally, pharmacokinetic studies were also conducted at the sera and whole bloods of IV-injected rabbits with NPs and Free-DOX. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that NPs could enhance the DOX retention in the serum compared to the Free-DOX. Altogether, we aimed to produce a powerful delivery nanosystem for its potential in dual therapeutic and diagnostic applications which are called theranostic agents.

Production of CFTR Mutant Gene Model by Homologous Recombination System.

OBJECTIVE: The most common mutation in cystic fibrosis (CF), (ΔF508-CFTR), results in impaired protein maturation, folding and transportation to the surface of the cell. As a consequence of impaired protein maturation and/or transport from the extracellular matrix to the cell, different systems are influenced, including gastrointestinal system and glandular system, reproductive system and respiratory systems. CF models are essential tools to provide further knowledge of CF pathophysiology. With this aim, we designed a transgenic CF model based on the homologous recombination (HR) system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, a specifically designed construct containing the CFTR gene with F508del was cloned into a PTZ57R cloning vector and then the construct was transformed into the male pronucleus by microinjection after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Then the rates of blastocyst formation and embryonic development at 72 hours after IVF, were evaluated using the inverted microscope and the insertion of the construct was approved by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS: The CFTR gene was successfully cloned into the PTZ57R cloning vector and overall, from 22 injected cells, 5 blastocysts were observed after pronuclear injection of the CFTR gene construct. PCR verification of the blastocyst with CFTR-specific primers represented complete recombination of CFTR into the mouse genome. CONCLUSION: For the first time we designed a unique genome construction that can be detected using a simple PCR method. The pronuclear injection was performed for the transformation of the genome construct into the male pronuclei using microinjection and the development of zygote to the blastocyst stage has been observed following transgenesis.

Polyomavirus Hominis 1(BK virus) Infection in Prostatic Tissues: Cancer versus Hyperplasia.

PURPOSE: Polyomavirus hominis 1, better known as BK virus (BKV) infection might be a predisposing factor for prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of BK virus infection in pathological specimens of patients with PCa compared to patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2011 to June 2012, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of patients with PCa (60 specimens) and also with benign prostatic hyperplasia (60 specimens) were investigated. After DNA purification, existence of virus nucleic acid was assessed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Viral DNA was identified in 9 patients (15%) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 17 patients (28%) with PCa (P = .076). In patients with PCa, viral DNA was observed more often in those with lower total Gleason scores (P = .045). CONCLUSION: The frequency of BK virus infection in PCa patients was higher than BPH patients. BK virus was more often observed in patients with lower Gleason scores. Less detection of BK virus DNA in overt cancer may prove the activity of the virus which paves the way for tumorigenic transformation at early stages of PCa.

Efficacy of adding metformin to pegylated interferon and ribavirin in treatment naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that insulin resistance results in poor sustained viral response (SVR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic agent which improves insulin resistance. METHODS We sought to determine if the addition of metformin to the treatment regimen could improve SVR in treatment-naïve CHC patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. We randomized 140 consecutive CHC patients to receive either metformin 500 mg three times a day or placebo in addition to pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). Only treatment-naïve subjects aged between 15 and 65 years of age were included. SVR was defined as no detectable HCV RNA six months after the end of treatment.Subjects who received at least one dose of PEG-IFN were included in the finala nalysis. RESULTS The SVR rate in the metformin group was 75% versus 79% in controls (intention-to-treat) which was not significantly different. Also, the difference between the placebo and metformin group was not significant in subsets of different genotypes or those with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels greater than 2 or body mass index greater than 25. The most common complaint was gastrointestinal discomfort (13% in metformin group versus 4% in controls; p=0.002) that lead to discontinuation of metformin in 8 participants. CONCLUSION Although triple therapy with metformin, PEG-IFN and RBV is relatively well tolerated, the addition of metformin did not significantly improve viral response in CHC patients.

Hepatitis B viral DNA among HBs antigen negative healthy blood donors.

BACKGROUND: Presence of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) renders HBs antigen (HBsAg) undetectable by ELISA. Therefore it is valuable to evaluate the frequency of OBI among healthy blood donors to improve and perhaps change the strategies of blood screening to reduce the risk of HBV transmission. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the presence of HBcAb and HBV DNA among Iranian HBsAg negative healthy blood donors who donated their blood to the Tehran Blood Transfusion Center during 2011. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 1000 serum specimens negative for HBsAg, HCV antibody and HIV antibody were collected from healthy blood donors and tested for HBcAb. Presence of hepatitis B viral DNA was checked in HBcAb positive samples by nested PCR with two sets of primers to amplify part of HBV S gene. RESULTS: There were 64 women and 936 men in the population under study. The mean ± SD age of the donors was 38 ± 11 years. 80 out of 1000 samples (8%) were found to be positive for HBcAb. HBV DNA was detected in 50% of HBcAb positive specimens. The mean ± SD age of donors without HBV DNA was 37.7 ± 10.5 years and for donors with HBV DNA was 40.9 ± 11.2 years (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: OBI was prevalent among 50% of HBcAb positive healthy blood donors. The frequency of positive HBcAb among healthy HBsAg negative blood donors was comparable to previous studies reported from Iran. On the other hand, the frequency of HBV DNA in HBsAg negative blood donors was higher than previous reports.

Safety and efficacy of locally manufactured pegylated interferon in hepatitis C patients.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of locally produced pegylated interferon-alpha2a in treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS: All treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C who referred to two university based outpatient clinics in Tehran from December 2007 to May 2008 were enrolled. Exclusion criteria included the presence of a debilitating disease, decompensated cirrhosis, or refusal to participate in the study. Patients were treated with 180 microg pegylated interferon-alpha2a (Pegaferon) weekly and 800 - 1200 mg ribavirin daily for 24 or 48 weeks depending on genotype and weight. Viral and biochemical response and adverse drug reactions were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients were enrolled; 63 with genotype 1 and 45 with genotypes 2 and 3. The mean age of the patients was 39 years (range: 19 - 65). Ninety-seven patients completed the study and 76 achieved sustained viral response. The sustained viral response among patients completing the study was 67% for genotype 1 and 95% for genotypes 2 and 3. Adverse events were well tolerated and none led to discontinuation of treatment, however dose adjustment was necessitated in 16 patients. The most common adverse events were fatigue (73.5%), poor appetite (66.2%), and feverishness (57.4%). The mean hemoglobin drop was 2.9 g/dL. CONCLUSION: Locally produced PEG-IFN in Iran is safe and effective in treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis C.