RESUMEN
The insecticide activity of piperine, cinamoil amide, and tetrahydropiperine against Lucilia cuprina and Musca domestica adults were conducted at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. Chemicals were topically applied on thoracic areas of the flies and the toxicity was determined after 24 and 48 hr post treatment and LD50 were calculated using Probit Analysis. Tetrahydropiperine (THP amide) was the only substance which demonstrated insecticide activity against both species of flies. LD50 against L. cuprina and M. domestica were 16.25 and 7.65 microg/fly, respectively, after 24 hr of treatment. Similar results were observed after 48 hr post treatment because the LD50's were 18.03 and 6.57 microg/fly, respectively. Males of L. cuprina were more resistant to tetrahydropiperine than females. However females of M. domestica were more resistant to the insecticide than males.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides , Benzodioxoles , Moscas Domésticas , Insecticidas , Piper nigrum , Piperidinas , Alcamidas Poliinsaturadas , Animales , DípterosRESUMEN
O propósito deste trabalho foi verificar o desempenho de um novo clorofilometro portátil, em parcelas experimentais vegetadas com o capim-Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). Para tal, foi utilizado um experimento de curta duração, em que três doses de N (0,75 e 150kg de N ha-1) foram combinadas com quatro datas de amostragem (8, 16, 24 e 28 dias após um corte de uniformização). As análises foram feitas em lâminas da folha mais nova totalmente expandida. Os teores das clorofilas a, b e a+b foram quantificados espectrofotometricamente após a extração com acetona 80%, enquanto que o clorofilômetro forneceu os correspondentes valores de Índice de Clorofila Falker (ICF). As leituras do aparelho foram sensíveis tanto às doses de N quanto às datas de amostragem. Foram obtidas correlações positivas entre ambos os métodos de quantificação (clorofila a: r=0,646; b: r=0,797; e total: r=0,721), que evidenciaram a utilidade desse novo clorofilometro na determinação indireta dos teores de clorofila foliar no capim-Tifton 85.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the performance of a new portable chlorophyll meter in the indirect determination of chlorophyll contents in Tifton 85 bermudagrass leaves. In a field trial of short duration, three N doses (0, 75 and 150kg ha-1) were combined with four sampling dates (8, 16, 24 e 28 days after a cut for sward uniformity) in completely randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a split-plot design. Analyses were performed in the youngest fully expanded leaf blade. Contents of chlorophylls a, b and total were quantified spectrophotometrically, after extraction with acetone 80%, while chlorophyll meter readings, expressed as Falker Chlorophyll Index (FCI) units, provided the same information. Chlorophyll meter readings were sensitive to both N rates and sampling dates. It were obtained significant positive correlations between both methods (chlorophyll a: r=0.646, chlorophyll b: r=0.797 and for total chlorophyll: r=0.721). It was concluded that this new chlorophyll meter constitutes an appropriate tool for the indirect determination of foliar chlorophyll contents in Tifton 85 pastures.
RESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar qual é o melhor protocolo para extração das clorofilas a, b e total (a + b) a ser aplicado em estudos com a gramínea forrageira Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). Os resultados revelaram que os melhores extratores, tomando-se como base os teores de clorofila total (a + b), foram o N,N-dimetilformamida, o dimetilsulfóxido e a acetona 80 por cento (com as equações propostas por ARNON, 1949). A variação temporal dos teores das clorofilas a, b e total ajustaram-se a um modelo hiperbólico comum a todos os solventes, sendo o período de 48 horas considerado suficiente para uma adequada extração.
This study aimed to assess which is the most appropriate protocol for extraction of chlorophylls a, b and total (a + b) to be applied in studies with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) forage grass. Results revealed that, based on total (a + b) chlorophyll contents, the best extractors were N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and acetone 80 percent (using the equations proposed by ARNON, 1949). Temporal changes in the concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and total were well described by a hyperbolic model common to all solvents, being the period of 48 hours considered sufficient for an appropriate extraction.