[Hemoperitoneum from rupture of liver subcapsular hematoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy attributed to ketorolac. Report of a case]. / Emoperitoneo da rottura di ematoma subcapsulare epatico indotto dal ketorolac dopo colecistectomia laparoscopica. Caso clinico.

Ketorolac is one of the most common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to control postoperative pain. However, peri- and postoperative administration of ketorolac is associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding as described in the literature. Notwithstanding this event is not frequent, it can expose the patient to serious complications that should be quickly recognised and effectively treated. We present a report about a female patient with cholelithiasis who underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. After the operation, the patient had a haemorrhage that we attributed to surgery in a first time and then to administration of ketorolac.

Hyperplasia and impaired involution in the mammary gland of transgenic mice expressing human FGF4.

Fgf4, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, is frequently amplified in a variety of human cancers, however, its expression in neoplastic tissues is rarely detectable. This makes uncertain its involvement in tumour aetiology, although several in-vitro studies link Fgf4 overexpression to malignant transformation and metastatization of culture cells. We generated a transgenic mouse model in which the whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter directs expression of human Fgf4 to mammary tissues during late pregnancy and throughout lactation, with the purpose of studying the involvement of this growth factor in mammary tumorigenesis. Expression of the transgene was specifically detected in lobular-alveolar cells of lactating mammary glands that, by histological analysis, displayed hyperplastic areas and a disorganized structure. This was accompanied by an increased number of red blood cells and expression, in alveolar epithelial cells, of the vascular endothelial growth factor, which is absent in wild type controls. The most striking effect caused by FGF4 overexpression was on the remodelling of mammary tissue at the end of lactation. Indeed, transgenic animals showed a delayed involution of the gland due to a dramatic reduction in the overall number of apoptotic cells, which are normally present in the organ after weaning. Nevertheless, none of the animals examined developed neoplastic lesions of the mammary gland even after several pregnancies and at old age. Our work represents the first in-vivo demonstration of the anti-apoptotic and angiogenic properties of FGF4.

Intra-Operative Contrast Cholangiography in Living Donor Liver Transplantation: The ISMETT Experience.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the clinical impact of donor biliary anatomy discrepancies (DBAD) achieved by comparing pre-operative evaluation obtained with magnetic resonance (MR)/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) imaging, with intra-operative cholangiography (IOC) on the living related liver donor (LDLT) and recipient. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective study included 97 consecutive adult-to-adult (A2A) LDLT performed in our hospital in the last 12 years. Donor sex and age, living donors with biliary and/or vascular anomalies, recipient age, sex, primary etiology, re-transplantation, Model of End-Stage Liver Disease score, co-morbidities, arterial and biliary recipient complications assessed on the basis of clinical follow-up were collected and analyzed for significance through the use of a multivariate linear regression model. RESULTS: Biliary complications in the donor (DBC) were detected in 8 (8.2%) cases. Biliary complications in the recipients (RBC) were detected in 38 (39%) cases. DBADs were found in 32 (33%) cases and resulted strictly related to RBC (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for co-variables, results of the linear regression analysis confirmed that DBAD is an independent predictor of RBC, but it is not significantly associated with vascular complications or patient survival. We showed that RBCs after LDLT were influenced by DBAD.

Evolution of surgical technique in conventional open hepatectomy for living liver donation over a 12-year period in a single center.

We report details of the experience from the largest Italian program with hepatic living donation, focusing particularly on the use of intraoperative ultrasound in liver transplantation and living donation. During a 12-year period we changed our surgical technique in the conventional open procedures thanks to the experience gained into the laparoscopic setting. Intraoperative ultrasound has been implemented during these delicate procedures for ensuring a fast and safer detection of the accessory veins and final severing of the vascular stumps during liver transection.

Development of a standardized model for liver failure in pigs: anatomopathophysiologic findings after extended liver resection.

Eighteen pigs weighing a mean 19 ± 4 kg, were divided into group 1 (n = 2), that underwent resection of the left lateral lobe, group 2 (n = 2), resection of the left median and right median lobes; and group 3 (n = 18), resection of the left lateral, left median, right median, and right lateral lobes. All animals were followed for 5 days. Liver failure (n = 8) leading to animal death within 3 days after surgery was observed in 65% of group 3, whereas no group 1 or 2 animal experienced liver insufficiency. Multivariate analysis revealed that the extent of liver resection expressed as a percentage of total body weight <2.3%, international normalized ratio > 1.6 as postoperative day 2, serum bilirubin > 4.2 on postoperative day 2, and serum lactates > 9 mmol/L after resection were independent predictors of liver failure (P < .05). The number of resected liver lobes was not a good predictor of liver failure in swine, whereas the extent of resection expressed as a percentage of total body weight was an independent predictor of early liver failure. A resected liver-to-body weight ratio >2.3% was associated with a 65% probability of developing liver insufficiency. This parameter may be useful when developing a model of liver failure after extended liver resection in swine.

Laparoscopic approach for an intra-abdominal kidney allograft nephrectomy after pediatric transplantation: a case report.

We report a case of minimally invasive nephrectomy of a kidney transplanted into the abdominal cavity in a child. A 15-year-old girl underwent transplantation with a cadaveric donor kidney due to congenital pyelonephritis, vesicoureteral reflux, and secondary bladder atrophy. The transplant was complicated by hyperacute rejection, cytomegalovirus infection, and anastomotic stenosis of the Bricker neobladder. After recurrent urinary tract infections, the patient was reintroduced to hemodialysis in 2010. After pneumo-peritoneum, we placed 2 10-mm trocars in the hypochondrium and left side and 2 5-mm in the left iliac fossa and right upper quadrant. The transplanted kidney was skeletonized, the artery and vein were cut to the end-to-side anastomoses to the juxta-renal aorta and cava using an automatic 35-mm, stapler, and the ureter was dissected and closed with clips. Via a Pfannestiel minilaparotomy we extracted the allograft. The patient was discharged on the third postoperative day. After 4 months of follow-up, she is alive an on dialysis. Laparoscopic nephrectomy of a kidney transplanted into the abdominal cavity is feasible and safe in centers with skilled minimally invasive techniques.

A recipe for unconventional evenness measures.

The degree to which abundances are evenly divided among the species of a given community is a basic property of any biological community. Several evenness indices have thus far been proposed in ecological literature. However, despite their vast potential applicability in ecological research, none seems to be generally preferred. In this paper, I first summarize the basic requirements that evenness measures should meet to adequately behave in ecological studies. Then, I discuss the major drawbacks of these requirements and propose an alternative family of measures that are based on the notion of specificity used in fuzzy set theory for measuring the uncertainty associated with a fuzzy set.

An information-theoretical measure of taxonomic diversity.

Traditional diversity indices are computed from the abundances of species present and are insensitive to taxonomic differences between species. However, a community in which most species belong to the same genus is intuitively less diverse than another community with a similar number of species distributed more evenly between genera. In this paper, we propose an information-theoretical measure of taxonomic diversity that reflects both the abundances and taxonomic distinctness of the species. Unlike previous measures of taxonomic diversity, such as Rao's quadratic entropy, in this new measure the analyzed taxonomic properties are associated with the single species instead of species pairs.

On the information-theoretical meaning of Hill's parametric evenness.

The degree to which abundances are divided equitably among community species or evenness is a basic property of any biological community. Several evenness indices have been proposed to summarize community structure. However, despite their potential applicability in ecological research, none seems to be generally preferred. In this paper we show that, unlike other evenness indices without any clear information-theoretical meaning, Hill's parametric diversity measure E(alpha,0) has an immediate relation to Rényi's generalized information. Therefore, E(alpha,0) might be adequate for summarizing community structure within the context of a general theoretical framework of diversity analysis based on information theory.