Development of Electrochemiluminescent Serology Assays to Measure the Humoral Response to Antigens of Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Sensitive and precise serology assays are needed to measure the humoral response to antigens of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) following natural infection or vaccination. We developed and evaluated a collection of electrochemiluminescent (ECL) serology assays using four RSV antigens (F, N, Ga and Gb). To assess the merits of ECL technology, the four ECL serology assays were evaluated using a well-characterized "gold standard" panel of acute and convalescent serum samples from fifty-nine RSV-positive and thirty RSV-negative elderly subjects (≥65 years old). The combined results from the four ECL assays demonstrated good concordance to the "gold standard" diagnosis, reaching 95% diagnostic sensitivity and 100% diagnostic specificity. Additionally, a combination of ECL assays provided higher diagnostic sensitivity than a commercially available diagnostic ELISA or cell-based microneutralization assay. In summary, these data demonstrate the advantages of using ECL-based serology assays and highlight their use as a sensitive diagnostic approach to detect recent RSV infection in an elderly population.

A novel respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F subunit vaccine adjuvanted with GLA-SE elicits robust protective TH1-type humoral and cellular immunity in rodent models.

BACKGROUND: Illness associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) remains an unmet medical need in both full-term infants and older adults. The fusion glycoprotein (F) of RSV, which plays a key role in RSV infection and is a target of neutralizing antibodies, is an attractive vaccine target for inducing RSV-specific immunity. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: BALB/c mice and cotton rats, two well-characterized rodent models of RSV infection, were used to evaluate the immunogenicity of intramuscularly administered RSV vaccine candidates consisting of purified soluble F (sF) protein formulated with TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA), stable emulsion (SE), GLA-SE, or alum adjuvants. Protection from RSV challenge, serum RSV neutralizing responses, and anti-F IgG responses were induced by all of the tested adjuvanted RSV sF vaccine formulations. However, only RSV sF + GLA-SE induced robust F-specific TH1-biased humoral and cellular responses. In mice, these F-specific cellular responses include both CD4 and CD8 T cells, with F-specific polyfunctional CD8 T cells that traffic to the mouse lung following RSV challenge. This RSV sF + GLA-SE vaccine formulation can also induce robust RSV neutralizing titers and prime IFNγ-producing T cell responses in Sprague Dawley rats. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These studies indicate that a protein subunit vaccine consisting of RSV sF + GLA-SE can induce robust neutralizing antibody and T cell responses to RSV, enhancing viral clearance via a TH1 immune-mediated mechanism. This vaccine may benefit older populations at risk for RSV disease.

Identification of the critical attribute(s) of EBV gp350 antigen required for elicitation of a neutralizing antibody response in vivo.

Vaccine prophylaxis with EBV glycoprotein 350 (gp350) subunit plus adjuvant has been demonstrated clinically to protect individuals against infectious mononucleosis (IM), but the specifications of the antigen required to elicit this protection has remained largely theoretical. Previous studies have shown that antibodies to gp350 comprise the principle component of EBV-neutralizing sera. Further, a murine monoclonal antibody against gp350 (clone 72A1) is able to prevent infection by the virus both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we identify the 72A1 epitope on recombinant gp350 antigen as the site required for binding to CD21 on human B cells. We also identify the need for conformational-dependence of the antigen to generate EBV-neutralizing antibodies in vivo. Further, we have characterized the glycosylation status and antigenicity profiles of both native and denatured CHO-produced soluble gp350 as well as non-glycosylated protein produced in Escherichia coli. Collectively our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate the requirement for a conformationally accessible 72A1 epitope on gp350 to elicit EBV-neutralizing responses, and establish this as a critical attribute of this vaccine antigen. These data provide direction for commercial vaccine development, as the absence of this epitope on either E. coli-expressed or denatured gp350, may limit production and purification options for the antigen.