Mutations in NOTCH2 in patients with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.

UNLABELLED: The Hajdu-Cheney syndrome is a very rare disease that affects several organ system, leading to severe osteoporosis and other abnormalities. We describe clinical and genetic findings of nine patients with this disease. INTRODUCTION: The Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by severe osteoporosis, acroosteolysis of the distal phalanges, renal cysts, and other abnormalities. Recently, heterozygous mutations in NOTCH2 were identified as the cause of HCS. METHODS: Nine patients with typical presentations of HCS took part in this study: five affected patients from two small families and four sporadic cases. Peripheral blood DNA was obtained and exome sequencing performed in one affected individual per family and in all four sporadic cases. Sanger sequencing confirmed mutations in all patients. RESULTS: One of the identified mutations was introduced in a plasmid encoding NOTCH2. Wild-type and mutant NOTCH2 were transiently expressed in HEK293 cells to assess intracellular localization after ligand activation. Deleterious heterozygous mutations in the last NOTCH2 exon were identified in all patients; five of the six mutations were novel. CONCLUSION: Consistent with previous reports, all mutations are predicted to result in a loss of the proline/glutamic acid/serine/threonine sequence, which harbors signals for degradation, therefore suggesting activating mutations. One of the six mutations furthermore predicted disruption of the second nuclear localization signal of NOTCH2, but the mutant revealed normal nuclear localization after transfection, which is consistent with the proposed gain-of-function mechanism as the cause of this autosomal dominant disease. Our findings confirm that heterozygous NOTCH2 mutations are the cause of HCS and expand the mutational spectrum of this disorder.

Targeted disruption of the biglycan gene leads to an osteoporosis-like phenotype in mice.

The resilience and strength of bone is due to the orderly mineralization of a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of type I collagen (90%) and a host of non-collagenous proteins that are, in general, also found in other tissues. Biglycan (encoded by the gene Bgn) is an ECM proteoglycan that is enriched in bone and other non-skeletal connective tissues. In vitro studies indicate that Bgn may function in connective tissue metabolism by binding to collagen fibrils and TGF-beta (refs 5,6), and may promote neuronal survival. To study the role of Bgn in vivo, we generated Bgn-deficient mice. Although apparently normal at birth, these mice display a phenotype characterized by a reduced growth rate and decreased bone mass due to the absence of Bgn. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which deficiency of a non-collagenous ECM protein leads to a skeletal phenotype that is marked by low bone mass that becomes more obvious with age. These mice may serve as an animal model to study the role of ECM proteins in osteoporosis.

Mutant DLX 3 disrupts odontoblast polarization and dentin formation.

Tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by abnormalities in the thickness and density of bones and teeth. A 4-bp deletion mutation in the Distal-Less 3 (DLX3) gene is etiologic for most cases of TDO. To investigate the in vivo role of mutant DLX3 (MT-DLX3) on dentin development, we generated transgenic (TG) mice expressing MT-DLX3 driven by a mouse 2.3 Col1A1 promoter. Dentin defects were radiographically evident in all teeth and the size of the nonmineralized pulp was enlarged in TG mice, consistent with clinical characteristics in patients with TDO. High-resolution radiography, microcomputed tomography, and SEM revealed a reduced zone of mineralized dentin with anomalies in the number and organization of dentinal tubules in MT-DLX3 TG mice. Histological and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the decreased dentin was accompanied by altered odontoblast cytology that included disruption of odontoblast polarization and reduced numbers of odontoblasts. TUNEL assays indicated enhanced odontoblast apoptosis. Expression levels of the apoptotic marker caspase-3 were increased in odontoblasts in TG mice as well as in odontoblastic-like MDPC-23 cells transfected with MT-DLX3 cDNA. Expression of Runx2, Wnt 10A, and TBC1D19 colocalized with DLX3 expression in odontoblasts, and MT-DLX3 significantly reduced expression of all three genes. TBC1D19 functions in cell polarity and decreased TBC1D19 expression may contribute to the observed disruption of odontoblast polarity and apoptosis. These data indicate that MT-DLX3 acts to disrupt odontoblast cytodifferentiation leading to odontoblast apoptosis, and aberrations of dentin tubule formation and dentin matrix production, resulting in decreased dentin and taurodontism. In summary, this TG model demonstrates that MT-DLX3 has differential effects on matrix production and mineralization in dentin and bone and provides a novel tool for the investigation of odontoblast biology.

Characterisation of ovine bone marrow-derived stromal cells (oBMSC) and evaluation of chondrogenically induced micro-pellets for cartilage tissue repair in vivo.

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) show promise in cartilage repair, and sheep are the most common large animal pre-clinical model. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterise ovine BMSC (oBMSC) in vitro, and to evaluate the capacity of chondrogenic micro-pellets manufactured from oBMSC or ovine articular chondrocytes (oACh) to repair osteochondral defects in sheep. DESIGN: oBMSC were characterised for surface marker expression using flow cytometry and evaluated for tri-lineage differentiation capacity. oBMSC micro-pellets were manufactured in a microwell platform, and chondrogenesis was compared at 2%, 5%, and 20% O2. The capacity of cartilage micro-pellets manufactured from oBMSC or oACh to repair osteochondral defects in adult sheep was evaluated in an 8-week pilot study. RESULTS: Expanded oBMSC were positive for CD44 and CD146 and negative for CD45. The common adipogenic induction ingredient, 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), was toxic to oBMSC, but adipogenesis could be restored by excluding IBMX from the medium. BMSC chondrogenesis was optimal in a 2% O2 atmosphere. Micro-pellets formed from oBMSC or oACh appeared morphologically similar, but hypertrophic genes were elevated in oBMSC micro-pellets. While oACh micro-pellets formed cartilage-like repair tissue in sheep, oBMSC micro-pellets did not. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of oBMSC, compared to human BMSC, to IBMX in standard adipogenic assays highlights species-associated differences. Micro-pellets manufactured from oACh were more effective than micro-pellets manufactured from oBMSC in the repair of osteochondral defects in sheep. While oBMSC can be driven to form cartilage-like tissue in vitro, the effective use of these cells in cartilage repair will depend on the successful mitigation of hypertrophy and tissue integration.

Thrombospondin is an osteoblast-derived component of mineralized extracellular matrix.

Thrombospondin, the most abundant protein of platelet alpha granules, is a biosynthetic product of a variety of connective tissue cells and a component of many extracellular matrices. In this study, thrombospondin distribution in bone was investigated using a monoclonal antibody specific for the human protein. Thrombospondin was localized in osteoid of undemineralized, frozen sections of fetal subperiosteal bone, and identified as a component of mineralized bone matrix of neonatal and/or young (growing) bone of many animal species by Western blot analysis. Adult human bone cells were demonstrated to contain mRNA for thrombospondin by hybridization of a cDNA thrombospondin probe to a 6.1 kb mRNA. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the protein was synthesized and the majority was secreted from osteoblastic cells. Treatment of the cells with TGF-beta (0.01-10 ng/ml) slightly decreased total thrombospondin synthesis, but caused an increase in the retention on newly synthesized thrombospondin in the cell layer/matrix fraction. In cell attachment assays, thrombospondin mediated adhesion, but not spreading of adult human bone cells.

Fetal bovine bone cells synthesize bone-specific matrix proteins.

We isolated cells from both calvaria and the outer cortices of long bones from 3- to 5-mo bovine fetuses. The cells were identified as functional osteoblasts by indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies against three bone-specific, noncollagenous matrix proteins (osteonectin, the bone proteoglycan, and the bone sialoprotein) and against type 1 collagen. In separate experiments, confluent cultures of the cells were radiolabeled and shown to synthesize and secrete osteonectin, the bone proteoglycan and the bone sialoprotein by immunoprecipitation and fluorography of SDS polyacrylamide gels. Analysis of the radiolabeled collagens synthesized by the cultures showed that they produced predominantly (approximately 94%) type I collagen, with small amounts of types III and V collagens. In agreement with previous investigators who have employed the rodent bone cell system, we confirmed in bovine bone cells that (a) there was a typical cyclic AMP response to parathyroid hormone, (b) freshly isolated cells possessed high levels of alkaline phosphatase, which diminished during culture but returned to normal levels in mineralizing cultures, and (c) cells grown in the presence of ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate rapidly produced and mineralized an extracellular matrix containing largely type I collagen. These results show that antibodies directed against bone-specific, noncollagenous proteins can be used to clearly identify bone cells in vitro.

Circulating skeletal stem cells.

We report the isolation of adherent, clonogenic, fibroblast-like cells with osteogenic and adipogenic potential from the blood of four mammalian species. These cells phenotypically resemble but are distinguishable from skeletal stem cells found in bone marrow (stromal stem cells, "mesenchymal stem cells"). The osteogenic potential of the blood-borne cells was proven by an in vivo transplantation assay in which either polyclonal or single colony-derived strains were transplanted into the subcutis of immunocompromised mice, and the donor origin of the fully differentiated bone cells was proven using species-specific probes. This is the first definitive proof of the existence of circulating skeletal stem cells in mammals.

Osteoblasts synthesize and respond to transforming growth factor-type beta (TGF-beta) in vitro.

Transforming growth factor-type beta (TGF-beta) has been identified as a constituent of bone matrix (Seyedin, S. M., A. Y. Thompson, H. Bentz, D. M. Rosen, J. M. McPherson, A. Conti, N. R. Siegel, G. R. Gallupi, and K. A. Piez, 1986, J. Biol. Chem. 261:5693-5695). We used both developing bone and bone-forming cells in vitro to demonstrate the cellular origin of this peptide. TGF-beta mRNA was detected by Northern analysis in both developing bone tissue and fetal bovine bone-forming cells using human cDNA probes. TGF-beta was shown to be synthesized and secreted by metabolically labeled bone cell cultures by immunoprecipitation from the medium. Further, TGF-beta activity was demonstrated in conditioned media from these cultures by competitive radioreceptor and growth promotion assays. Fetal bovine bone cells (FBBC) were found to have relatively few TGF-beta receptors (5,800/cell) with an extremely low Kd of 2.2 pM (high binding affinity). In contrast to its inhibitory effects on the growth of many cell types including osteosarcoma cell lines, TGF-beta stimulated the growth of subconfluent cultures of FBBC; it had little effect on the production of collagen by these cells. We conclude that bone-forming cells are a source for the TGF-beta that is found in bone, and that these cells may be modulated by this factor in an autocrine fashion.

Development of craniofacial structures in transgenic mice with constitutively active PTH/PTHrP receptor.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) regulate calcium homeostasis, and PTHrP further regulates growth and development. A transgenic mouse carrying the constitutively active PTH/PTHrP receptor (HKrk-H223R) under the control of the mouse bone and odontoblast-specific alpha1(I) collagen promoter (Col1-caPPR) has been developed to demonstrate the complex actions of this mutant receptor in hard tissue formation. We have further characterized Col1-caPPR mice abnormalities in the craniofacial region as a function of development. Col1-caPPR mice exhibited a delay in embryonic bone formation, followed by expansion of a number of craniofacial bones including the maxilla and mandible, delay in tooth eruption and teratosis, and a disrupted temporomandibular joint (TMJ). These findings suggest that the Col1-caPPR mouse is a useful model for characterization of the downstream effects of the constitutively active receptor during development and growth, and as a model for development of treatments of human diseases with similar characteristics.

Reproduction of human fibrous dysplasia of bone in immunocompromised mice by transplanted mosaics of normal and Gsalpha-mutated skeletal progenitor cells.

We have isolated progenitor cells from the stromal system of the fibrous dysplastic marrow of patients with McCune-Albright Syndrome. Analysis of the Gsalpha gene from individual colonies provided direct evidence for the presence of two different genotypes within single fibrous dysplastic lesions: marrow stromal cells containing two normal Gsalpha alleles, and those containing one normal allele and an allele with an activating mutation. Transplantation of clonal populations of normal cells into the subcutis of immunocompromised mice resulted in normal ossicle formation. In contrast, transplantation of clonal populations of mutant cells always led to the loss of transplanted cells from the transplantation site and no ossicle formation. However, transplantation of a mixture of normal and mutant cells reproduced an abnormal ectopic ossicle recapitulating human fibrous dysplasia and providing an in vivo cellular model of this disease. These results provide experimental evidence for the necessity of both normal and mutant cells in the development of McCune-Albright Syndrome fibrous dysplastic lesions in bone.

Bone sialoprotein peptides are potent inhibitors of breast cancer cell adhesion to bone.

Bone and bone marrow are important sites of metastasis formation in breast cancer. Extracellular matrix proteins with attachment properties are generally believed to play a key role in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. We have investigated whether mammary carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) can recognize constructs of the fairly bone-specific human bone sialoprotein, which encompass the RGD sequence (EPRGD-NYR). Exogenously added bone sialoprotein peptides with this amino acid sequence in their backbone structure, but not the more common fibronectin-derived GRGDS peptide, strongly inhibited breast cancer cell adhesion to extracellular bone matrix at micromolar concentrations. Most cyclic derivatives with the EPRGDNYR sequence were more effective inhibitors of tumor cell adhesion to bone than their linear equivalents. Furthermore, changes in the RGD-tripeptide of the backbone structure of the constructs, removal of the NYR flanking sequence, or a different tertiary cyclic structure significantly decreased their inhibitory potencies. In addition, the RGE-analogue EPRGENYR was capable of inhibiting breast cancer cell adhesion to bone, albeit to a lesser extent. We conclude therefore, that the inhibitory potency of the bone sialoprotein-derived peptides on breast cancer cell adhesion to bone is not solely due to a properly positioned RGD-motif alone but is also determined by its flanking regions, together with the tertiary structure of the EPRGDNYR peptide. Synthetic cyclic constructs with the EPRGDNYR sequence may, therefore, be potentially useful as antiadhesive agents for cancer cells to bone in vivo.

Identification of differentially expressed genes between osteoarthritic and normal trabecular bone from the intertrochanteric region of the proximal femur using cDNA microarray analysis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common age-related joint disease resulting in progressive degenerative damage to articular cartilage. The etiology of primary OA has not yet been determined. However, there is evidence supporting the hypothesis that primary OA is a disease affecting bone remodeling in addition to articular cartilage. In this study, we have used cDNA microarray analysis to compare gene expression in bone between normal (CTL) and OA individuals. Trabecular bone was sampled from the intertrochanteric region of the proximal femur, a site distal to the diseased hip joint. Total RNA was extracted from three pairs of age- and sex-matched CTL and OA bone samples, reverse-transcribed and radioactively labeled to generate cDNA probes, before hybridization with the Research Genetics GF211 human gene microarray filter. The CTL and OA samples were found to have similar levels of gene expression for more than 4000 known human genes. However, forty-one genes were identified that were differentially expressed, twofold or more, between all three CTL-OA sample pairs. Using semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, three genes, fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT1), plexin B1 (PLXNB1), and small inducible cytokine A2 (SCYA2), were confirmed to be consistently expressed at lower levels in OA, in a majority of twenty age- and sex-matched CTL-OA bone sample pairs tested. FLT1, PLXNB1, and SCYA2 have known or potential roles in angiogenesis and bone remodeling. Down-regulation of these genes is consistent with a role for bone in the pathogenesis of OA.

Bone matrix RGD glycoproteins: immunolocalization and interaction with human primary osteoblastic bone cells in vitro.

The interaction of cells with extracellular matrix is essential for their anchorage, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In bone matrix there are multiple glycoproteins that contain the integrin-binding RGD sequence: fibronectin (FN), thrombospondin (TSP), osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), type I collagen (COLL I), and vitronectin (VN). In this study, the localization of TSP, FN, VN, and several integrins within developing human long bone using immunohistochemical methods was examined, as was the effect of all bone RGD proteins on the adhesion of human osteoblastic cells. Thrombospondin, fibronectin, and vitronectin showed distinct localization patterns within bone tissue. TSP was found mainly in osteoid and the periosteum; VN appeared to be present mainly in mature bone matrix. FN was present in the periosteum as well as within both mature and immature bone matrix. Using a panel of antiintegrin antibodies we found that bone cells in vivo and in vitro express alpha 4, alpha v, alpha 5 beta 1, alpha v beta 3, and beta 3/beta 5 integrins, and these receptors are for the most part expressed on all bone cells at different stages of maturation with quantitative rather than qualitative variations, with the exception of alpha 4, which is expressed mainly by osteoblasts. Cell attachment assays were performed using primary human cells of the osteoblastic lineage under serum-free conditions. COLL I, TSP, VN, FN, OPN, and BSP promoted bone cell attachment in a dose-dependent manner and were equivalent in action when used in equimolar concentrations. In the presence of GRGDS peptide in the medium, the adhesion to BSP, OPN, and VN was almost completely blocked (10, 10, and 15% of control, respectively), and attachment to FN, COLL I, and TSP was only slightly decreased (80, 75, and 55%, respectively). These results suggest that human bone cells may use RGD-independent mechanisms for attachment to the latter glycoproteins.

Sodium fluoride lacks mitogenic activity for fetal human bone cells in vitro.

Sodium fluoride has been shown to be effective therapy for some patients with vertebral osteoporosis. Data from histomorphometric studies in patients and animals suggest that at least part of this effect may be a consequence of a proliferative effect of fluoride, either direct or indirect, on the osteoblast or on an osteoblastic precursor cell. Experiments with osteoblastic cells derived from embryonic chick calvaria have demonstrated a mitogenic effect of fluoride. The present study examined whether fluoride affects in a similar way fetal human bone cells derived from femur or calvaria. Under a variety of culture conditions, including medium supplemented with serum and in serum-free medium, fluoride did not alter the proliferative rate of human bone cells as measured by thymidine incorporation and direct cell counting.

Extracellular matrix stoichiometry in osteoblasts from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.

In previous work, we compared the steady-state levels of specific matrix components in human bone cells derived from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) to those of age-matched controls. A remarkable finding was the observation that there was a reduction not only in the total levels of collagen, but also in osteonectin and three proteoglycans (a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, biglycan, and decorin). This pattern was observed in patients with and without detectable collagen defects. More recent analysis of extracellular matrix composition have yielded that, compared with age-matched controls, bone cells from OI patients produced higher steady-state levels of fibronectin and thrombospondin. The percentage of these two proteins incorporated into the cell layer pool was also higher in OI than in age-matched controls. In addition, the steady-state levels of hyaluronan and a heparan sulfate proteoglycan were analyzed in both OI and age-matched controls. Although the total (medium + cell layer) steady-state levels of hyaluronan were reduced by 1/3, the percentage of the hyaluronan in the cell layer pool of patients with OI increased between 100-250% of age-matched control. Thus the matrix elaborated by human OI bone cells is not only quantitatively different but also qualitatively distinct from that of age-matched controls. Not only have specific bone cell matrix components (collagen, osteonectin, the large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, biglycan, and decorin) been found to be present in reduced levels in OI bone cells, but some matrix components (thrombospondin, fibronectin, and hyaluronan) have also been found to be present in elevated levels in the matrix of OI cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Extracellular matrix formation by osteoblasts from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.

Extracellular matrix proteins synthesized by bone cells isolated from 16 patients with different forms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) were analyzed in vitro. Specific components of the extracellular matrix by OI and age-matched cultures were investigated by steady-state radiolabeling followed by quantitation of label into specific proteins and comparison of OI cultures to those of age-matched controls. The in vitro proliferation of OI bone cells was found to be lower than that of control cells. In seven patients, abnormalities of the alpha 1(I) and/or alpha 2(I) chains of type I collagen were detected by gel electrophoresis. In two of these patients, the mutations in the COLIA1 and COLIA2 genes have been previously identified. Although the amount of total protein synthesized by the cells in culture was the same for OI bone cells and age-matched control cells, OI bone cells showed a significantly reduced synthesis of not only collagen but also other bone matrix glycoproteins. The synthesis of osteonectin (SPARC/BM40) and three proteoglycans [a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, biglycan (PGI), and decorin (PGII)] was found to be decreased in OI cells. The reduction was most pronounced at the developmental age at which these macromolecules reach maximal levels during normal development.

Normal human cementum-derived cells: isolation, clonal expansion, and in vitro and in vivo characterization.

Cultures of primary human cementum-derived cells (HCDCs) were established from healthy premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. Cementum was manually dissected, fragmented, and digested twice with collagenase. Following a thorough wash to remove liberated cells, the remaining cementum fragments were plated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Discrete colonies that contained cells exhibiting fibroblast-like morphology were visible after 14-21 days of culture. When the colonies became sufficiently large, cells from individual colonies were isolated and subcultured. Cementum-derived cells exhibited low levels or no alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized in vitro to a lesser degree than human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and human bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) cultures. To study differentiation capacities of HCDCs, cells were attached to hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate ceramic and transplanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. The transplants were harvested 3, 6, and 8 weeks after transplantation and evaluated histologically. In human BMSC transplants, new bone tissue was formed with a prominent osteoblastic layer and osteocytes embedded in mineralized bone matrix. No osseous tissue was formed by PDL cells. Of six single colony-derived strains of HCDCs tested, three formed a bone-like tissue that featured osteocyte/cementocyte-like cells embedded within a mineralized matrix and which was lined with a layer of cells, although they were somewhat more elongated than osteoblasts. These results show that cells from normal human cementum can be isolated and expanded in vitro. Furthermore, these cells are capable of differentiating and forming mineralized tissue when transplanted into immunodeficient mice.

Expression of the osteonectin gene potentially controlled by multiple cis- and trans-acting factors in cultured bone cells.

The cis-acting regulatory elements of the osteonectin gene have been studied using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) promoter assay in osteonectin-expressing and nonexpressing cultured cells. When various stretches of the promoter were transiently transfected into fetal bovine bone cells, a positive element was detected in the DNA located between bases -504 and 11 (1 being the start of transcription) and a negative element between bases -900 and -504. The positive element of the promoter also conferred preferential expression of the gene, showing more activity in cells with higher levels of osteonectin mRNA expression. A 1.2 kb fragment of intron 1 displayed a negative effect on CAT expression when inserted 5' to the promoter. An additional regulatory element was found in DNA encoding exon 1, which significantly influenced expression of the gene in fetal bovine bone cells. Gel shift analysis using positive genomic elements located 5' to the start of transcription indicated that one of the nuclear proteins that interacts with the osteonectin promoter may be related to the transcription factor AP2.

Biosynthesis of bone sialoprotein by a human osteoclast-like cell line (FLG 29.1).

Biosynthesis of bone sialoprotein (BSP) by a human osteoclastic cell line (FLG 29.1) during its differentiation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) was studied using metabolic radiolabeling experiments. The FLG 29.1 cells were metabolically radiolabeled with [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulfate, and the labeled glycoproteins were analyzed by anion exchange chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoprecipitation experiments. One of the major glycoproteins synthesized by the TPA-treated FLG 29.1 cells was sulfated, had an identical electrophoretic mobility to purified BSP, and could be immunoprecipitated with a specific antibody against human BSP (LF 6). Thus, this glycoprotein was tentatively identified as the BSP. Furthermore, mRNA for BSP was also detected in TPA-treated FLG 29.1 cells by RNA-polymerase chain reaction. Most BSP synthesized by FLG 29.1 cells remained cell-associated, and this is in contrast with those synthesized by osteoblasts, where the protein is rapidly released into the extracellular matrix. Immunocytochemistry using an anti-BSP antibody showed a prominent paranuclear (suggestive of Golgi apparatus) localization of BSP in the TPA-treated FLG 29.1 cells after permeabilization, while untreated cells were not significantly immunostained. Localization of BSP at the plasma membrane was also demonstrated in the TPA-treated FLG 29.1 cells by the fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Since TPA has been demonstrated to induce expression of various osteoclastic characteristics in FLG 29.1 cells, induction of BSP expression by TPA suggests that the protein may play a role during the differentiation process of osteoclasts or in functions of differentiated osteoclasts.

Purification and fragmentation of nondenatured bone sialoprotein: evidence for a cryptic, RGD-resistant cell attachment domain.

Bone sialoprotein (BSP), a small (approximately 80,000 M(r)) integrin binding, RGD-containing bone matrix glycoprotein, has been purified in milligram quantities from the serum-free medium of the rat osteosarcoma cell line UMR-106-BSP using nondenaturing conditions. Routine protein purification without serine protease inhibitors or reducing agents consistently resulted in three major fragments. The largest fragment (E1) started at amino acid 117 and did not bind to antibodies made to the RGD region of the protein. Furthermore, the smallest fragment (E3), was shown by sequencing to contain the RGD region of the protein. Digestion of intact BSP with highly purified chymotrypsin also resulted in a large fragment (C1) with properties nearly identical to those of E1. The large, non-RGD-containing fragments, E1 and C1, as well as the intact BSP, supported attachment by normal human bone cells and human skin fibroblasts in vitro. Attachment to the intact BSP was totally blocked by 0.4 mM GRGDS peptide. Both preparations of skin fibroblasts and approximately half of the preparations of normal human bone cells, however, also would not attach to the E1 and C1 fragments in the presence of 0.4 mM GRGDS peptide. In contrast, half of the bone cell preparations had significant attachment activity to E1 (> 50%) and C1 (> 25%) in the presence of 0.4 mM GRGDS peptide. These data suggest that cleavage of the BSP results in either (1) the exposure of a previously unavailable or cryptic cell attachment site or (2) a conformational change that increases the affinity of the complex between a non-RGD-encoded binding region of the E1 and C1 fragments and at least one receptor. The possible homology of the second, non-RGD-suppressible site of BSP with the second cell attachment site on the gamma chain of fibrinogen is discussed.