Identification and characterization of a novel mouse gene encoding a Ras-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor: expression in macrophages and myocarditis elicited by Trypanosoma cruzi parasites.

The ability of Trypanosoma cruzi to activate macrophages is, at least in part, attributed to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins (GPI-mucins) expressed in the surface of the trypomastigote stage of the parasite. The differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the reverse Northern blot were used to study modulation of gene expression in murine macrophages exposed to GPI-mucins and in cardiac tissues from mice infected with T. cruzi. Among several cDNAs that were more abundant in lanes corresponding to macrophages stimulated with GPI-mucins as compared with resting cells, we confirmed the differential expression of A1, interleukin-18, and GPIgamma4. Some of these genes were also shown to have enhanced expression in the cardiac tissue (DAP-12, A1, and GPIgamma4) from infected animals. The expression of GPIgamma4 was also enhanced in human monocytes stimulated with GPI-mucins or bacterial lipopolysaccharides. The complete sequence of the GPIgamma4 transcript and its gene including the 5' upstream region was defined. GPIgamma4 was encoded by a novel, single copy gene present in mouse as well as human genomes and showed conserved homology to different members of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor family.

Desenvolvimento de inibidores do fator VIII na hemofilia A / Development of factor VIII inhibitors in hemophilia A

A hemofilia A é uma coagulopatia genética com herança recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X que afeta 1-2 a cada 10 mil indivíduos do sexo masculino nascidos vivos. Estes indivíduos têm baixas concentrações ou ausência do fator VIII (FVIII) da coagulação no plasma e apresentam quadros hemorrágicos leves, moderados e graves, dependendo da atividade de FVIII circulante. Estes pacientes necessitam de constante reposição proteica e aproximadamente 30 por cento deles desenvolvem aloanticorpos contra a proteína exógena. A síntese dos anticorpos anti-FVIII é iniciada quando o FVIII exógeno é endocitado por células apresentadoras de antígeno, degradado e apresentado às células T CD4+ na forma de peptídeos ligados a moléculas do complexo maior de histocompatibilidade (MHC) de classe II. Alguns fatores de risco (paciente/tratamento) podem ser relacionados ao desenvolvimento desta resposta imune. Neste contexto, as mutações no gene do FVIII e polimorfismos em genes envolvidos na resposta imune são candidatos moleculares como determinantes imunogenéticos na predisposição para o desenvolvimento de inibidores. Por não ser completamente entendido e controlado, o desenvolvimento desta resposta imune contra o FVIII constitui o maior problema decorrente do tratamento de indivíduos portadores de hemofilia A e faz-se necessária busca de opções que visem minimizar suas ações deletérias. Algumas alternativas de tratamento têm se mostrado eficazes no tratamento (anti-CD20, plasmaférese, concentrado de complexo protrombínico (PCCs), concentrado de complexo protrombínico ativado (APCCs), fator VII humano ativado), mas a retirada ou neutralização específica dos inibidores de FVIII ainda não foram alcançadas.

Hemophilia A, which affects 1-2:10,000 live-born male neonates, is a genetic coagulopathy with recessive inheritance linked to the X chromosome. These individuals have low concentrations or no coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) in the plasma and suffer from mild, moderate and severe bleeding depending on the circulating FVIII activity. These patients need frequent protein infusions and approximately 30 percent of them develop alloantibodies against the exogenous protein. Anti-FVIII antibody synthesis initiates when the exogenous FVIII is internalized by antigen presenter cells, degraded and presented to CD4+ T-cells as peptides associated to the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Some risk factors (patient/treatment) may be related to the development of this immune response. Thus, FVIII gene mutations and polymorphisms of genes involved in immune response are molecular candidates of immunogenic determinants in the predisposition for inhibitor development. As it is not fully understood and controlled, the development of immune response against FVIII constitutes a major problem in the treatment of hemophilia A which aims at minimizing the deleterious consequences. Some therapeutic alternatives have been effective (anti-CD20, plasmapheresis, prothrombin complex concentrates, activated prothrombin complex concentrates, human activated factor VII), but removal or neutralization of specific anti-FVIII inhibitors has not been achieved yet.

Role of cytokines and major histocompatibility complex restriction in mouse resistance to infection with a natural recombinant strain (type I-III) of Toxoplasma gondii.

Herein we characterized various genetic markers and the biological behavior of a natural recombinant strain of Toxoplasma gondii (P-Br). From nine genetic markers analyzed, three (B1, ROP1, and SAG1) and three (cS10-A6, GRA6, and SAG3) markers belong to parasites from the type I and type III lineages, respectively. The SAG2 and L363 loci were shown to be type I-III chimera alleles. The cB2l-4 microsatellite marker showed a unique haplotype. The P-Br strain presented low virulence in the acute phase of infection and was cystogenic during the chronic infection. The interleukin 12/gamma interferon axis and inducible nitric oxide synthase were main determinants of resistance during the acute infection with the P-Br strain. As opposed to infection with the type II strain of T. gondii (ME-49), peroral infection with the P-Br strain led only to a light inflammatory infiltrate and no major lesions in the intestine of the C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the BALB/c (resistant to ME-49) and C57BL/6 (susceptible to ME-49) mice were shown, respectively, to be more susceptible and more resistant to cyst formation and toxoplasmic encephalitis when infected with the P-Br strain. Further, the C57BL/KsJ and DBA2/J congenic strains containing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype "d" were more resistant than the parental strains (C57BL/6 and DBA1/J), when infected with the ME-49 but not with the P-Br strain. Together, our results indicate that resistance to cyst formation and toxoplasmic encephalitis induced during infection with P-Br is not primarily controlled by the MHC haplotype d, as previously reported for type II strains of T. gondii.

Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tryptophan degradation, and kynurenine formation during in vivo infection with Toxoplasma gondii: induction by endogenous gamma interferon and requirement of interferon regulatory factor 1.

The induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (INDO) expression and the tryptophan (Trp)-kynurenine (Kyn) metabolic pathway during in vivo infection with Toxoplasma gondii was investigated. Decreased levels of Trp and increased formation of Kyn were observed in the lungs, brain, and serum from mice infected with T. gondii. Maximal INDO mRNA expression and enzyme activity were detected in the lungs at 10 to 20 days postinfection. Further, the induction of INDO mRNA expression, Trp degradation and Kyn formation were completely absent in tissues from mice deficient in IFN-gamma (IFN-gamma(-/-)) or IFN regulatory factor -1 (IRF-1(-/-)). These findings indicate the important role of endogenous IFN-gamma and IRF-1 in the in vivo induction of the Trp-Kyn metabolic pathway during acute infection with T. gondii. In contrast, expression of INDO mRNA and its activity was preserved in the tissues of TNF-receptor p55- or inducible nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice infected with T. gondii. Together with the results showing the extreme susceptibility of the IFN-gamma(-/-) and the IRF-1(-/-) mice to infection with T. gondii, our results indicate a possible involvement of INDO and Trp degradation in host resistance to early infection with this parasite.