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1.
Behav Brain Sci ; 46: e14, 2023 02 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36799043

RESUMEN

Heintz & Scott-Phillips's hypothesis that the topic range and type diversity of human expressive communication gains support from consilience with prior accounts of market exchange as fundamental to unique human niche construction, and of mindshaping as much more important than mindreading. The productivity of the idea is illustrated by the light it might shed on why elephants seem to engage in continuous social communication for little evident purpose.


Asunto(s)
Elefantes , Animales , Humanos , Comunicación
2.
Methods ; 195: 103-112, 2021 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33838269

RESUMEN

Subjective belief elicitation about uncertain events has a long lineage in the economics and statistics literatures. Recent developments in the experimental elicitation and statistical estimation of subjective belief distributions allow inferences about whether these beliefs are biased relative to expert opinion, and the confidence with which they are held. Beliefs about COVID-19 prevalence and mortality interact with risk management efforts, so it is important to understand relationships between these beliefs and publicly disseminated statistics, particularly those based on evolving epidemiological models. The pandemic provides a unique setting over which to bracket the range of possible COVID-19 prevalence and mortality outcomes given the proliferation of estimates from epidemiological models. We rely on the epidemiological model produced by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation together with the set of epidemiological models summarised by FiveThirtyEight to bound prevalence and mortality outcomes for one-month, and December 1, 2020 time horizons. We develop a new method to partition these bounds into intervals, and ask subjects to place bets on these intervals, thereby revealing their beliefs. The intervals are constructed such that if beliefs are consistent with epidemiological models, subjects are best off betting the same amount on every interval. We use an incentivised experiment to elicit beliefs about COVID-19 prevalence and mortality from 598 students at Georgia State University, using six temporally-spaced waves between May and November 2020. We find that beliefs differ markedly from epidemiological models, which has implications for public health communication about the risks posed by the virus.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19/mortalidad , COVID-19/psicología , Cultura , Toma de Decisiones , Modelo de Creencias sobre la Salud , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , COVID-19/epidemiología , Toma de Decisiones/fisiología , Humanos , Mortalidad/tendencias , Prevalencia
3.
Behav Brain Sci ; 45: e29, 2022 02 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35139932

RESUMEN

The most plausible of Yarkoni's paths to recovery for psychology is the least radical one: psychologists need truly quantitative methods that exploit the informational power of variance and heterogeneity in multiple variables. If they drop ambitions to explain entire behaviors, they could find a box full of design and econometric tools in the parts of experimental economics that don't ape psychology.


Asunto(s)
Aprendizaje , Humanos
4.
Behav Brain Sci ; 44: e52, 2021 04 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33899706

RESUMEN

Ainslie insightfully refines the concept of willpower by emphasizing low-effort applications of resolve. However, he gives undue weight to intertemporal discounting as the problem that willpower is needed to overcome. Nonhumans typically don't encounter choices that differ only in the time of consumption. Humans learn to transform uncertainty into problems they can solve using culturally evolved mechanisms for quantifying risk.

5.
J Gambl Stud ; 36(4): 1133-1159, 2020 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31628592

RESUMEN

We examine the manner in which the population prevalence of disordered gambling has usually been estimated, on the basis of surveys that suffer from a potential sample selection bias. General population surveys screen respondents using seemingly innocuous "trigger," "gateway" or "diagnostic stem" questions, applied before they ask the actual questions about gambling behavior and attitudes. Modeling the latent sample selection behavior generated by these trigger questions using up-to-date econometrics for sample selection bias correction leads to dramatically different inferences about population prevalence and comorbidities with other psychiatric disorders. The population prevalence of problem or pathological gambling in the United States is inferred to be 7.7%, rather than 1.3% when this behavioral response is ignored. Comorbidities are inferred to be much smaller than the received wisdom, particularly when considering the marginal association with other mental health problems rather than the total association. The issues identified here apply, in principle, to every psychiatric disorder covered by standard mental health surveys, and not just gambling disorder. We discuss ways in which these behavioral biases can be mitigated in future surveys.


Asunto(s)
Juego de Azar/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Riesgo , Sesgo de Selección , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos/epidemiología
6.
Behav Brain Sci ; 43: e20, 2020 03 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32159467

RESUMEN

Leider and Griffiths clarify the basis for unification between mechanism-driven and solution-driven disciplines and methodologies in cognitive science. But, two outstanding issues arise for their model of resource-rationality: human brains co-process information with their environments, rather than merely adapt to them; and this is expressed in methodological differences between disciplines that complicate Leider and Griffiths' proposed structural unification.


Asunto(s)
Cognición , Comprensión , Ciencia Cognitiva , Humanos , Medio Social
7.
Behav Brain Sci ; 42: e25, 2019 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30940234

RESUMEN

Use of network models to identify causal structure typically blocks reduction across the sciences. Entanglement of mental processes with environmental and intentional relationships, as Borsboom et al. argue, makes reduction of psychology to neuroscience particularly implausible. However, in psychiatry, a mental disorder can involve no brain disorder at all, even when the former crucially depends on aspects of brain structure. Gambling addiction constitutes an example.


Asunto(s)
Encefalopatías , Trastornos Mentales , Neurociencias , Psiquiatría , Humanos , Psicopatología
8.
Cogn Process ; 20(2): 261-267, 2019 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30915666

RESUMEN

An article by Alexandra Kirsch accepted for publication in Cognitive Processing occasioned debate among reviewers about broad methodological issues in cognitive science. One of these issues is the proper place of Popperian falsificationism in the interdisciplinary cluster. Another is the tension between abstract models and theories that apply to wide classes of cognitive systems, and models of more restricted scope intended to predict specifically human patterns of thought and behavior. The lead editorial in a Commentary debate invited by the journal's editors considers these issues from the perspective of a pragmatist philosophy of science inspired by Herbert Simon's classic (The sciences of the artificial (2nd edition 1981; 3rd edition 1996), MIT Press, Cambridge, 1969) reflections on the blurring of the distinction between science and engineering in cognitive science.


Asunto(s)
Ciencia Cognitiva , Empirismo , Humanos , Procesos Mentales , Filosofía
9.
J Gambl Stud ; 34(1): 225-253, 2018 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28707140

RESUMEN

We study Danish adult gambling behavior with an emphasis on discovering patterns relevant to public health forecasting and economic welfare assessment of policy. Methodological innovations include measurement of formative in addition to reflective constructs, estimation of prospective risk for developing gambling disorder rather than risk of being falsely negatively diagnosed, analysis with attention to sample weights and correction for sample selection bias, estimation of the impact of trigger questions on prevalence estimates and sample characteristics, and distinguishing between total and marginal effects of risk-indicating factors. The most significant novelty in our design is that nobody was excluded on the basis of their response to a 'trigger' or 'gateway' question about previous gambling history. Our sample consists of 8405 adult Danes. We administered the Focal Adult Gambling Screen to all subjects and estimate prospective risk for disordered gambling. We find that 87.6% of the population is indicated for no detectable risk, 5.4% is indicated for early risk, 1.7% is indicated for intermediate risk, 2.6% is indicated for advanced risk, and 2.6% is indicated for disordered gambling. Correcting for sample weights and controlling for sample selection has a significant effect on prevalence rates. Although these estimates of the 'at risk' fraction of the population are significantly higher than conventionally reported, we infer a significant decrease in overall prevalence rates of detectable risk with these corrections, since gambling behavior is positively correlated with the decision to participate in gambling surveys. We also find that imposing a threshold gambling history leads to underestimation of the prevalence of gambling problems.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva/epidemiología , Juego de Azar/epidemiología , Adulto , Conducta Adictiva/psicología , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Femenino , Juego de Azar/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Salud Pública , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
10.
Behav Brain Sci ; 41: e111, 2018 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31064476

RESUMEN

Stanford casts original light on the question of why humans moralize some preferences. However, his account leaves some ambiguity around the relationship between the evolutionary function of moralization and the dynamics of tribal formation. Does the model govern these dynamics, or only explain why there are moralizing dispositions that more conventional modeling of the dynamics can exploit?


Asunto(s)
Helados , Nacionalsocialismo , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Principios Morales
11.
Behav Brain Sci ; 41: e184, 2018 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31064522

RESUMEN

Evidence for an EEA-derived domain-specific inference system must point to an active, latent representational structure. Otherwise we need to hypothesize only passive, virtual belief not over-ridden on the basis of the individual's experience. The folk economic beliefs identified by Boyer & Petersen (B&P), being with one exception about macroeconomics, might be virtual beliefs that people extrapolate across the micro-macro scale shift based on their experiences with markets.


Asunto(s)
Evolución Biológica , Cognición , Sesgo
12.
Behav Brain Sci ; 39: e111, 2016 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27562123

RESUMEN

Gowdy & Krall (G&K) essentially recapitulate Malthus's classic argument for ecological pessimism in modern biological dress. Their reasoning also reproduces Malthus's blindness to the implications of technological innovation. Agriculture might have suppressed human individualism as G&K insist, but technology has tended to foster it. This complicates human ecological prospects in a non-Malthusian way, and it might additionally provide the resources for deliverance from disaster.


Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Ecología , Evolución Biológica , Demografía , Desastres , Humanos , Dinámica Poblacional , Ciencias Sociales
13.
J Gambl Stud ; 31(3): 679-94, 2015 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24927870

RESUMEN

We investigate the extent to which problem gambling in a recent South African sample, as measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), is comorbid with depression, anxiety and substance abuse. Data are from the 2010 South African National Urban Prevalence Study of Gambling Behavior. A representative sample of the urban adult population in South Africa (N = 3,000). Responses to the 9-item PGSI and ratings on the Beck Depression Index, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Tool (WHO ASSIST). Cross tabulations and Chi square analyses along with logistic regression analyses with and without controls for socio-demographic and/or socio-economic variables were used to identify comorbidities. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, alcohol and substance use were clearly higher among the sample at risk for problem gambling. Black African racial status and living in areas characterized by migrant mining workers was associated with increased risk of problem gambling and comorbidities. There is strong evidence that findings of comorbidities between pathological gambling and depression, anxiety and substance abuse in developed countries generalize to the developing country of South Africa. Historical context, however, gives those comorbidities a unique demographic distribution.


Asunto(s)
Ansiedad/psicología , Depresión/psicología , Juego de Azar/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/epidemiología , Femenino , Juego de Azar/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Adulto Joven
14.
Behav Brain Sci ; 37(1): 98-9, 2014 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24572239

RESUMEN

Bentley et al. say that economics is the science of their map's northwest quadrant, where choice is individual and transparent. This accepts the picture of the discipline common among behavioral economists who aim to drag economics southward but not eastward. In fact, leading economics journals regularly publish models located in all four quadrants, and the prominence of work from the eastern zone is increasing.


Asunto(s)
Recolección de Datos , Toma de Decisiones , Conducta Social , Red Social , Humanos
15.
J Gambl Stud ; 29(3): 417-33, 2013 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22872466

RESUMEN

Poor South Africans are significantly poorer and have lower employment rates than the subjects of most published research on gambling prevalence and problem gambling. Some existing work suggests relationships between gambling activity (including severity of risk for problem gambling), income, employment status and casino proximity. The objective of the study reported here is to establish the prevalence of gambling, including at risk and pathological gambling, and the profile of gambling activities in two samples of poor South African adults living in a rural and a peri-urban community. A total of 300 (150 male, 150 female) adults in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in communities selected using census data, completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index and a survey of socioeconomic and household information, and of gambling knowledge and activity. It was found that gambling was common, and-except for lottery participation-mostly informal or unlicensed. Significant differences between rural and peri-urban populations were found. Peri-urban subjects were slightly less poor, and gambled more and on a different and wider range of activities. Problem and at risk gamblers were disproportionately represented among the more urbanised. Casino proximity appeared largely irrelevant to gambling activity.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva/epidemiología , Juego de Azar/epidemiología , Juego de Azar/psicología , Pobreza , Población Rural , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Población Urbana , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Recolección de Datos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven
16.
J Gambl Stud ; 29(3): 377-92, 2013 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22711182

RESUMEN

We investigate the question whether problem gambling (PG) in a recent South African sample, as measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), is dimensional or categorical. We use two taxometric procedures, Mean Above Minus Below A Cut (MAMBAC) and Maxim Covariance (MAXCOV), to investigate the taxonic structure of PG as constructed by the PGSI. Data are from the 2010 South African National Urban Prevalence Study of Gambling Behavior. A representative sample of the urban adult population in South Africa (N = 3,000). Responses are to the 9 item PGSI. MAMBAC provided positive but modest evidence that PG as measured by the PGSI was taxonic. MAXCOV pointed more strongly to the same conclusion. These analyses also provide evidence that a PGSI cutoff score of 10 rather than the standard 8 may be called for. PG as constructed by the PGSI may best be thought of as categorical, but further studies with more theory based measurements are needed to determine whether this holds in a wider range of samples and for other screens. A higher cutoff score may be called for on the PGSI when it is used for research purposes to avoid false positives.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva/clasificación , Juego de Azar/clasificación , Juego de Azar/psicología , Población Urbana , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Sudáfrica
17.
Behav Brain Sci ; 36(1): 35-6, 2013 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23211412

RESUMEN

McCullough et al. recognize that revenge and forgiveness jointly constitute a functional strategic complex. However, they model the halves of the complex as outputs of modules selected for regulating dyadic relationships. This is backwards. Forgiveness is a culturally evolved institution that can be exapted for use in dyadic contexts; it would be cheap talk among dyads were it not for the shadow of society.


Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Agresión/psicología , Cognición , Perdón , Motivación , Humanos
18.
Behav Brain Sci ; 36(3): 225-6, 2013 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23663479

RESUMEN

Clark expresses reservations about Friston's reductive interpretation of action-oriented predictive processing (AOPP) models of cognition, but he doesn't link these reservations to specific alternatives. Neuroeconomic models of sub-cognitive reward valuation, which, like AOPP, integrate attention with action based on prediction error, are such an alternative. They interpret reward valuation as an input to neocortical processing instead of reducing it.


Asunto(s)
Atención/fisiología , Encéfalo/fisiología , Cognición/fisiología , Ciencia Cognitiva/tendencias , Percepción/fisiología , Humanos
19.
Behav Brain Sci ; 36(3): 305-6, 2013 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23673052

RESUMEN

Classical probability models of incentive response are inadequate in "large worlds," where the dimensions of relative risk and the dimensions of similarity in outcome comparisons typically differ. Quantum probability models for choice in large worlds may be motivated pragmatically - there is no third theory - or metaphysically: statistical processing in the brain adapts to the true scale-relative structure of the universe.


Asunto(s)
Cognición , Modelos Psicológicos , Teoría de la Probabilidad , Teoría Cuántica , Humanos
20.
Behav Brain Sci ; 35(1): 37-8, 2012 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22289327

RESUMEN

Guala notes that low-cost punishment is the main mechanism that deters free-riding in small human communities. This mechanism is complemented by unusual human vulnerability to gossip. Defenders of an evolutionary discontinuity supporting human sociality might seize on this as an alternative to enjoyment of moralistic aggression as a special adaptation. However, the more basic adaptation of language likely suffices.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Cooperativa , Teoría del Juego , Modelos Psicológicos , Castigo/psicología , Conducta Social , Humanos
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