Automated calculation of the right ventricle to left ventricle ratio on CT for the risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility and reliability of the use of artificial intelligence post-processing to calculate the RV:LV diameter ratio on computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and to investigate its prognostic value in patients with acute PE. METHODS: Single-centre, retrospective study of 101 consecutive patients with CTPA-proven acute PE. RV and LV volumes were segmented on 1-mm contrast-enhanced axial slices and maximal ventricular diameters were derived for RV:LV ratio using automated post-processing software (IMBIO LLC, USA) and compared to manual analysis in two observers, via intraclass coefficient correlation analysis. Each CTPA report was analysed for mention of the RV:LV ratio and compared to the automated RV:LV ratio. Thirty-day all-cause mortality post-CTPA was recorded. RESULTS: Automated RV:LV analysis was feasible in 87% (n = 88). RV:LV ratios ranged from 0.67 to 2.43, with 64% (n = 65) > 1.0. There was very strong agreement between manual and automated RV:LV ratios (ICC = 0.83, 0.77-0.88). The use of automated analysis led to a change in risk stratification in 45% of patients (n = 40). The AUC of the automated measurement for the prediction of all-cause 30-day mortality was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62-0.99). CONCLUSION: The RV:LV ratio on CTPA can be reliably measured automatically in the majority of real-world cases of acute PE, with perfect reproducibility. The routine use of this automated analysis in clinical practice would add important prognostic information in patients with acute PE. KEY POINTS: • Automated calculation of the right ventricle to left ventricle ratio was feasible in the majority of patients and demonstrated perfect intraobserver variability. • Automated analysis would have added important prognostic information and altered risk stratification in the majority of patients. • The optimal cut-off value for the automated right ventricle to left ventricle ratio was 1.18, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 54% for the prediction of 30-day mortality.

Simultaneous cryo X-ray ptychographic and fluorescence microscopy of green algae.

Trace metals play important roles in normal and in disease-causing biological functions. X-ray fluorescence microscopy reveals trace elements with no dependence on binding affinities (unlike with visible light fluorophores) and with improved sensitivity relative to electron probes. However, X-ray fluorescence is not very sensitive for showing the light elements that comprise the majority of cellular material. Here we show that X-ray ptychography can be combined with fluorescence to image both cellular structure and trace element distribution in frozen-hydrated cells at cryogenic temperatures, with high structural and chemical fidelity. Ptychographic reconstruction algorithms deliver phase and absorption contrast images at a resolution beyond that of the illuminating lens or beam size. Using 5.2-keV X-rays, we have obtained sub-30-nm resolution structural images and ∼90-nm-resolution fluorescence images of several elements in frozen-hydrated green algae. This combined approach offers a way to study the role of trace elements in their structural context.

Continuous motion scan ptychography: characterization for increased speed in coherent x-ray imaging.

Ptychography is a coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) method for extended objects in which diffraction patterns are acquired sequentially from overlapping coherent illumination spots. The object's complex transmission function can be reconstructed from those diffraction patterns at a spatial resolution limited only by the scattering strength of the object and the detector geometry. Most experiments to date have positioned the illumination spots on the sample using a move-settle-measure sequence in which the move and settle steps can take longer to complete than the measure step. We describe here the use of a continuous "fly-scan" mode for ptychographic data collection in which the sample is moved continuously, so that the experiment resembles one of integrating the diffraction patterns from multiple probe positions. This allows one to use multiple probe mode reconstruction methods to obtain an image of the object and also of the illumination function. We show in simulations, and in x-ray imaging experiments, some of the characteristics of fly-scan ptychography, including a factor of 25 reduction in the data acquisition time. This approach will become increasingly important as brighter x-ray sources are developed, such as diffraction limited storage rings.

Parallel ptychographic reconstruction.

Ptychography is an imaging method whereby a coherent beam is scanned across an object, and an image is obtained by iterative phasing of the set of diffraction patterns. It is able to be used to image extended objects at a resolution limited by scattering strength of the object and detector geometry, rather than at an optics-imposed limit. As technical advances allow larger fields to be imaged, computational challenges arise for reconstructing the correspondingly larger data volumes, yet at the same time there is also a need to deliver reconstructed images immediately so that one can evaluate the next steps to take in an experiment. Here we present a parallel method for real-time ptychographic phase retrieval. It uses a hybrid parallel strategy to divide the computation between multiple graphics processing units (GPUs) and then employs novel techniques to merge sub-datasets into a single complex phase and amplitude image. Results are shown on a simulated specimen and a real dataset from an X-ray experiment conducted at a synchrotron light source.

Computed tomography appearances of the lung parenchyma in pulmonary hypertension.

Computed tomography (CT) is a valuable tool in the workup of patients under investigation for pulmonary hypertension (PH) and may be the first test to suggest the diagnosis. CT parenchymal lung changes can help to differentiate the aetiology of PH. CT can demonstrate interstitial lung disease, emphysema associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, features of left heart failure (including interstitial oedema), and changes secondary to miscellaneous conditions such as sarcoidosis. CT also demonstrates parenchymal changes secondary to chronic thromboembolic disease and venous diseases such as pulmonary venous occlusive disease (PVOD) and pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis (PCH). It is important for the radiologist to be aware of the various manifestations of PH in the lung, to help facilitate an accurate and timely diagnosis. This pictorial review illustrates the parenchymal lung changes that can be seen in the various conditions causing PH.

Loss-of-Function ABCC8 Mutations in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pathological changes in pulmonary arterioles progressively raise pulmonary artery pressure and increase pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to right heart failure and high mortality rates. Recently, the first potassium channelopathy in PAH, because of mutations in KCNK3, was identified as a genetic cause and pharmacological target. METHODS: Exome sequencing was performed to identify novel genes in a cohort of 99 pediatric and 134 adult-onset group I PAH patients. Novel rare variants in the gene identified were independently identified in a cohort of 680 adult-onset patients. Variants were expressed in COS cells and function assessed by patch-clamp and rubidium flux analysis. RESULTS: We identified a de novo novel heterozygous predicted deleterious missense variant c.G2873A (p.R958H) in ABCC8 in a child with idiopathic PAH. We then evaluated all individuals in the original and a second cohort for rare or novel variants in ABCC8 and identified 11 additional heterozygous predicted damaging ABCC8 variants. ABCC8 encodes SUR1 (sulfonylurea receptor 1)-a regulatory subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel. We observed loss of ATP-sensitive potassium channel function for all ABCC8 variants evaluated and pharmacological rescue of all channel currents in vitro by the SUR1 activator, diazoxide. CONCLUSIONS: Novel and rare missense variants in ABCC8 are associated with PAH. Identified ABCC8 mutations decreased ATP-sensitive potassium channel function, which was pharmacologically recovered.

Who should be referred to a specialist pulmonary -hypertension centre - a referrer's guide.

The introduction of pulmonary hypertension (PH)-specific drugs has allowed certain forms of PH to become more treatable. However, patients with these diseases can present to a number of medical specialties and can be challenging to identify, particularly in a non-specialist setting. This article provides guidance on who should be investigated and referred on to a specialist centre, highlighting the potential pitfalls during assessment.

Opportunities and limitations for combined fly-scan ptychography and fluorescence microscopy.

X-ray fluorescence offers unparalleled sensitivity for imaging the nanoscale distribution of trace elements in micrometer thick samples, while x-ray ptychography offers an approach to image light element containing structures at a resolution beyond that of the x-ray lens used. These methods can be used in combination, and in continuous scan mode for rapid data acquisition when using multiple probe mode reconstruction methods. We discuss here the opportunities and limitations of making use of additional information provided by ptychography to improve x-ray fluorescence images in two ways: by using position-error-correction algorithms to correct for scan distortions in fluorescence scans, and by considering the signal-to-noise limits on previously-demonstrated ptychographic probe deconvolution methods. This highlights the advantages of using a combined approach.