South African Institute of Drug-Free Sport Position Statement on CBD (Cannabidiol) and THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol).

Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have become easily available to athletes over the years. Using these substances may inadvertently expose an athlete to the possibility of an adverse analytical finding (a "positive" test) and a sanction. Athletes need to understand the risk of an anti-doping rule violation or adverse analytical finding should these products be used, especially if no therapeutic use exemption exists. This position statement attempts to clarify the use of CBD and THC and their associated risks with Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) in the athletic population. The South African Sports Medicine Association supports this position statement.

Acetabular fracture after cycling related falls: High index of suspicion is required to avoid missing the injury on plain radiographs.

Cycling participation as a medium of transport and as a competitive sport has steadily increased in recent decades. Traumatic injuries secondary to falls and collisions occur relatively frequently. Fractures of the hip and pelvis are uncommon with no studies to date reporting their exact incidence in this sport. Injuries specific to the acetabulum are reported even less frequently. We present four cases that highlight the insidious nature of acetabular fractures in cyclists and document their management and recovery. The number of acetabular fractures following falls from bicycles directly onto the lateral hip result in a relatively high number of fractures. Many of these may be missed due to the absence of findings on plain x-ray imaging.It is therefore important to have a high index of suspicion for hip and pelvis fractures when treating cycling related traumatic injuries.

Hints of theta13>0 from global neutrino data analysis.

Nailing down the unknown neutrino mixing angle theta{13} is one of the most important goals in current lepton physics. In this context, we perform a global analysis of neutrino oscillation data, focusing on theta{13}, and including recent results [ (unpublished)]. We discuss two converging hints of theta{13}>0, each at the level of approximately 1sigma: an older one coming from atmospheric neutrino data, and a newer one coming from the combination of solar and long-baseline reactor neutrino data. Their combination provides the global estimate sin{2}theta{13}=0.016+/-0.010(1sigma), implying a preference for theta{13}>0 with non-negligible statistical significance ( approximately 90% C.L.). We discuss possible refinements of the experimental data analyses, which might sharpen such intriguing indications.

Critical fusion frequency in MS during mild induced hyperthermia.

By raising the body temperature of 0.5 degrees C the critical fusion frequency of a flickering light increases in normal subjects but decreases in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The change was present in 14 patients with definite MS and in 5 of 10 patients with probable MS. No clinical worsening was observed during the procedure or in the following hours.

Estudio comparativo de amplitud de ondas electrocardiográficas en perros en la estación y en decúbito lateral derecho / Electrocardiographic study in the dog of wave amplitude in standing position and in right lateral recumbency

El registro del trazado electrocardiográfico se dificulta en la posición del decúbito ya que habitualmente elpaciente se resiste a la maniobra por stress o compromiso respiratorio. En este ensayo se comparan los valoresde amplitud de ondas Q, R y S electrocardiográficos en perros sanos, obtenidos entre el decúbito lateral derechoy la estación de cada individuo consigo mismo. El objetivo fue demostrar que si bien la amplitud de estasondas puede variar con la posición del paciente, estas no son significativas clínicamente. Se trabajó con unapoblación de 36 perros, sanos, libres de colecciones pericárdicas, de ambos sexos y heterogéneos en cuanto araza y edad. A cada animal se le realizó un electrocardiograma (derivaciones estándar) en vigilia y en ambasposiciones. El estudio estadístico, por prueba t de Student para muestras dependientes, no revela diferenciassignificativas entre las medidas obtenidas en los electrocardiogramas registrados en ambas posiciones, con unnivel de significancia de 0,05 para una prueba de 2 colas. La ocurrencia de ruido eléctrico no puede impedirsetotalmente pero si atenuarse sensiblemente en condiciones basales de menor descarga adrenérgica. Estudiosprevios han comparado electrocardiogramas de perros clínicamente normales obtenidos en decúbito esternaly decúbito lateral derecho encontrando diferencias de amplitud significativas a los efectos de la investigación.Este trabajo no muestra evidencias que nos permitan determinar que alguno de los parámetros utilizados parainformar electrocardiogramas varíe significativamente, de una posición a otra. Evaluando los resultados desdeel punto de vista clínico, en ninguno de los casos la interpretación fue diferente, por lo que concluimos quelos electrocardiogramas de perros sanos, tomados en la estación son equivalentes a los de la posición decúbitolateral derecho. De esta forma cada clínico podría utilizar la posición más adecuada a la situación de su pacientesin riesgo de perder la repetibilidad de sus resultados

Recording an electrocardiographic trace is made more difficult in a recumbent position by the fact that thepatient tends to resist the procedure because of stress or breathing problems. This study compares the values ofelectrocardiograms parameters obtained from the same subject by using the right recumbency position and thestanding position. The aim was to demonstrate that although wave amplitude can vary according to the patient’sposition, it is not clinically significant. The study was carried out on a total of 36 dogs, healthy, free from pericardiaccollections, of both sexes, from a variety of races and ages. Each was subjected to an electrocardiogram(conventional leads) while awake and in both positions. The statistical study, by Student t test for dependentsamples, does not reveal significant differences between electrocardiograph results obtained in both positions,with a significance level of 0.05 for a 2 tails test. Electrical noise cannot be completely avoided, but it can benoticeably lowered in base conditions of lesser adrenergic discharge. Sternal recumbent previous studies havecompared electrocardiograms from clinically normal dogs obtained in the position and the right lateral recumbencyposition, showing differences in amplitude which are significant in research terms. The findings of thepresent study do not allow us to conclude that one of these parameters varies significantly from one position toanother. Evaluating the results from the clinical point of view, we observe that in no case was the interpretationdifferent. We conclude from this that electrocardiograms taken in the standing position are equivalent to thosetaken in the right recumbency position, in normal dogs. Each clinic may thus use the position which best suitsthe circumstances of its patient, without running the risk of compromising the repeatability of the results