Morphometry of the human bicipital groove (sulcus intertubercularis).

BACKGROUND: The bicipital groove is located between the greater and lesser tubercles at the proximal extremity of the humerus and extends inferiorly. Citations that anatomic variations of the groove could give rise to sliding of the biceps brachii muscle tendon led us to initiate a morphometric study on this groove. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was done on 50 dry humeral bones from adults of both genders and from both sides. A digital caliper rule was used to measure the length, thickness and width of the bicipital groove and the humerus. The angles of the bicipital groove were measured with a goniometer. RESULTS: The average length of the groove was 8.1 cm and it corresponded to 25.2% of the length of the humerus. The width at the midpoint of the groove was 10.1 mm and corresponded to 49.7% to 54.5% of the width of the humerus. The depth was 4.0 mm and corresponded to 18.8% of the depth of the humerus. The mean angle formed by the groove lips was 106 degrees . CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the variability of the measurements presented by the groove in relation to all the aspects considered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Basic Science.

Histological and anatomical variations of septomarginal trabecula in bovine hearts.

The use of hearts from different animals as models in the experimental pharmacology and surgical clinic has led, in recent years, to an increase on interest of research with this organ. The heart's conducting system, from the septomarginal trabecula, presents several variations, which generates numerous controversies in the literature. So, the objective of the present study is to analyse the morphology of the septomarginal trabecula of bovine hearts, identifying possible macro- and microscopic variations. Thirty-four bovine hearts were analysed. Each trabecula was analysed macroscopically to obtain an anatomical description and measurements of its length and thickness. For histological and morphometric analysis, the samples were fixed in Bouin's solution and then subjected to histological processing. In all the analysed bovine hearts, the septomarginal trabecula presented itself as a smooth, tubular meaty structure of muscular consistency, with variable length and diameter. The anatomical variations observed included a trabecula with forked marginal fixation, and single septal fixation, in addition to a trabecula with extremely reduced or excessively thick caliber. The septomarginal trabecula consists of cardiac muscle fibres, connective tissue, vascular tissue and conduction myofibrils or Purkinje fibres. In the samples of smaller thicknesses, there was a predominance of connective tissue and scarce cardiac muscle tissue, whereas in the thicker samples the predominance was of cardiac striated muscle tissue. Therefore, there are significant macro- and microscopic differences between the bovine septomarginal trabecula concerning their diameter and constituent tissue, and that can lead to possible changes in cardiac physiology.

A study on the prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle by magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elbow area to quantify the presence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle. METHODS: A total of 232 exams were analyzed; 218 were included, of which 141 were of men and 77, women. RESULTS: Presence of the muscle was observed in 29 cases (13.3%), demonstrating that the presence of this muscle on images does not have a statistical correlation with the gender or age of the individual. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is variable, without a pattern of normality.

OBJETIVO: Analisar imagens de ressonância magnética da região do cotovelo para quantificar a presença o músculo ancôneo epitroclear. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 232 exames, foram incluídos 218, dos quais 141 eram homens e 77 mulheres. RESULTADOS: Observou-se a presença do músculo em 29 casos (13,3%), a presença desse músculo em imagens não apresentou correlação estatística com o gênero ou com a idade do indivíduo. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência do músculo ancôneo epitroclear é variável, sem a presença de um padrão de normalidade.

Rare anatomical variation of the musculocutaneous nerve - case report.

The clinical and surgical importance of anatomical knowledge of the musculocutaneous nerve and its variations is due to the fact that one of the complications in many upper-limb surgical procedures involves injury to this nerve. During routine dissection of the right upper limb of a male cadaver, we observed an anatomical variation of this nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve originated in the lateral cord and continued laterally, passing under the coracobrachialis muscle and then continuing until its first branch to the biceps brachialis muscle. Just after this, it supplied another two branches, i.e. the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and a branch to the brachialis muscle, and then it joined the median nerve. The median nerve followed the arm medially to the region of the cubital fossa and then gave rise to the anterior intermediate nerve of the forearm. The union between the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve occurred approximately at the midpoint of the arm and the median nerve. Given that either our example is not covered by the classifications found in the literature or that it fits into more than one variation proposed, without us finding something truly similar, we consider this variation to be rare.

A importância clínica e cirúrgica do conhecimento anatômico do nervo musculocutâneo e de suas variações deve-se ao fato de que uma das complicações em diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos do membro superior envolve sua lesão. Em uma dissecação de rotina do membro superior direito de um cadáver masculino observamos uma variação anatômica desse nervo. O nervo musculocutâneo originou-se no fascículo lateral, seguiu lateralmente, passou sob o músculo coracobraquial e seguiu até seu primeiro ramo para o músculo bíceps braquial. Logo após forneceu mais dois ramos, o nervo cutâneo lateral do antebraço e um ramo para o músculo braquial, e então uniu-se ao nervo mediano. O nervo mediano seguiu medialmente no braço até a região da fossa cubital e deu então origem ao nervo intermédio anterior do antebraço. A união do nervo musculocutâneo com o nervo mediano aconteceu aproximadamente no ponto médio do braço e do nervo mediano. Tendo em vista que as classificações encontradas na literatura ou não abrangem nosso exemplo ou o mesmo se adequa a mais do que uma variação proposta, sem que tenhamos encontrado alguma fielmente semelhante, consideramos essa variação como rara.

Metric analysis of basal sphenoid angle in adult human skulls.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the variations in the angle basal sphenoid skulls of adult humans and their relationship to sex, age, ethnicity and cranial index. METHODS: The angles were measured in 160 skulls belonging to the Museum of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo Department of Morphology. We use two flexible rules and a goniometer, having as reference points for the first rule the posterior end of the ethmoidal crest and dorsum of the sella turcica, and for the second rule the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and clivus, measuring the angle at the intersection of two. RESULTS: The average angle was 115.41°, with no statistical correlation between the value of the angle and sex or age. A statistical correlation was noted between the value of the angle and ethnicity, and between the angle and the horizontal cranial index. CONCLUSION: The distribution of the angle basal sphenoid was the same in sex, and there was correlation between the angle and ethnicity, being the proportion of non-white individuals with an angle >125° significantly higher than that of whites with an angle >125°. There was correlation between the angle and the cranial index, because skulls with higher cranial index tend to have higher basiesfenoidal angle too.

A study on the prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle by magnetic resonance imaging / Estudo da prevalência do músculo ancôneo epitroclear por ressonância magnética

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elbow area to quantify the presence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle. Methods A total of 232 exams were analyzed; 218 were included, of which 141 were of men and 77, women. Results Presence of the muscle was observed in 29 cases (13.3%), demonstrating that the presence of this muscle on images does not have a statistical correlation with the gender or age of the individual. Conclusion The prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is variable, without a pattern of normality.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar imagens de ressonância magnética da região do cotovelo para quantificar a presença o músculo ancôneo epitroclear. Métodos Foram analisados 232 exames, foram incluídos 218, dos quais 141 eram homens e 77 mulheres. Resultados Observou-se a presença do músculo em 29 casos (13,3%), a presença desse músculo em imagens não apresentou correlação estatística com o gênero ou com a idade do indivíduo. Conclusão A prevalência do músculo ancôneo epitroclear é variável, sem a presença de um padrão de normalidade.

The presence of accessory soleus muscle in humans.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of the accessory soleus muscle in humans and according to gender. METHODS: A total of 154 magnetic resonance images of the ankle were assessed in T1 weighted sagittal, coronal and axial planes. RESULTS: An incidence of 11.6% of accessory soleus muscle in humans was observed; in that, 7.8% in males and 15.6% in females. CONCLUSION: The accessory soleus muscle incidence was 11.6% in the samples studied and it was more often present in females.

Analysis on the incidence of the fibularis quartus muscle using magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective. Quantify the presence of the fibularis quartus muscle and correlate it with the individual's sex and concomitant presence of the fibularis tertius muscle. Materials and Methods. We evaluated 211 magnetic resonance examinations (43.13% men and 56.87% women) on the ankle and hindfoot, produced between 2009 and 2011. Results. The fourth fibularis muscle was found to be present in 7.62% of the examinations and 75% of these also contained the fibularis tertius muscle. Conclusion. The incidence of the fourth fibularis muscle is variable; moreover, its incidence does not depend on the individual's gender or the presence of the fibularis tertius muscle.

Dupla variação anatômica vascular em um único indivíduo: estudo morfométrico / Dual vascular anatomical variation in a single individual: morphometric study

INTRODUÇÃO: Variações anatômicas são pequenas diferenças morfológicas congênitas que aparecem nos diferentes sistemas orgânicos, as quais não acarretam prejuízo ou distúrbio funcional para o indivíduo. No que diz respeito aos vasos sanguíneos, alterações no desenvolvimento embriológico podem gerar duplicidade de vasos, agenesia ou ocasionar o surgimento de artérias e o desembocar de veias fora da descrição anatômica padrão. RELATO DE CASO: Foi observada dupla variação anatômica vascular em um indivíduo durante uma dissecação de rotina no Laboratório de Anatomia do Centro Universitário São Camilo. A artéria renal principal tinha origem na parte abdominal da artéria aorta seguindo até sua entrada no hilo renal, porém, em vez de um trajeto retilíneo a partir da aorta, a mesma possuía um trajeto descendente e bem angulado. A partir da artéria renal principal surgia uma artéria polar aberrante que entrava no polo inferior do rim direito. Em um nível mais inferior, na altura da bifurcação da aorta, originava-se outra artéria polar aberrante que entrava no hilo renal, seguindo um trajeto retilíneo até o polo inferior do rim direito. A artéria hepática comum originava-se no tronco celíaco seguindo até sua entrada na porta do fígado. A artéria mesentérica superior possuía origem no tronco celíaco. A artéria hepática direita originava-se na artéria mesentérica superior. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo das variações anatômicas constitui-se tarefa árdua em virtude das inúmeras expressões diferentes que ocorrem no corpo humano, porém, o conhecimento dessas variações é de extrema valia para a clínica e o planejamento cirúrgico, garantindo a precisão e evitando complicações pós-cirúrgicas ou diagnósticos errôneos.

INTRODUCTION: Anatomical variations are small congenital morphological differences that appear in different organ systems, which do not result in damage or functional disturbance for the individual. When it comes to blood vessels, alterations in embryological development may lead to the duplicity and the agenesis of vessels, or cause the emergence of arteries and the disembogue of vessels not according to the standard anatomical description. CASE REPORT: Dual anatomical variation in an individual was observed during a routine dissection in the Laboratory of Anatomy of the Centro Universitário São Camilo. The main renal artery originated in the abdominal part of the aorta artery, following its path until its entry in the renal hilum. However, instead of a rectilinear path from the aorta, it had a descending and well-angulated path. From the main renal artery, an aberrant polar artery emerged, that entered the inferior pole of the right kidney. At a lower level, on the same level as the bifurcation of the aorta, another aberrant polar artery emerged, which entered the renal hilum following a straight path to the inferior pole of the right kidney. The common hepatic artery was originated in the celiac trunk, following its path until its entrance in the porta hepatis. The superior mesenteric artery was originated in the celiac trunk. The right hepatic artery was originated in the superior mesenteric artery. CONCLUSION: The study of anatomical variations is an arduous task due to the innumerable different expressions that occur in the human body. However, the knowledge of these variations is extremely valuable for medicine and surgical planning,assuring accuracy and avoiding postoperative complications or erroneous diagnoses.

Rare anatomical variation of the musculocutaneous nerve - case report / Rara variação anatômica do nervo musculocutâneo - Relato de caso

The clinical and surgical importance of anatomical knowledge of the musculocutaneous nerve and its variations is due to the fact that one of the complications in many upper-limb surgical procedures involves injury to this nerve. During routine dissection of the right upper limb of a male cadaver, we observed an anatomical variation of this nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve originated in the lateral cord and continued laterally, passing under the coracobrachialis muscle and then continuing until its first branch to the biceps brachialis muscle. Just after this, it supplied another two branches, i.e. the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and a branch to the brachialis muscle, and then it joined the median nerve. The median nerve followed the arm medially to the region of the cubital fossa and then gave rise to the anterior intermediate nerve of the forearm. The union between the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve occurred approximately at the midpoint of the arm and the median nerve. Given that either our example is not covered by the classifications found in the literature or that it fits into more than one variation proposed, without us finding something truly similar, we consider this variation to be rare.

A importância clínica e cirúrgica do conhecimento anatômico do nervo musculocutâneo e de suas variações deve-se ao fato de que uma das complicações em diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos do membro superior envolve sua lesão. Em uma dissecação de rotina do membro superior direito de um cadáver masculino observamos uma variação anatômica desse nervo. O nervo musculocutâneo originou-se no fascículo lateral, seguiu lateralmente, passou sob o músculo coracobraquial e seguiu até seu primeiro ramo para o músculo bíceps braquial. Logo após forneceu mais dois ramos, o nervo cutâneo lateral do antebraço e um ramo para o músculo braquial, e então uniu-se ao nervo mediano. O nervo mediano seguiu medialmente no braço até a região da fossa cubital e deu então origem ao nervo intermédio anterior do antebraço. A união do nervo musculocutâneo com o nervo mediano aconteceu aproximadamente no ponto médio do braço e do nervo mediano. Tendo em vista que as classificações encontradas na literatura ou não abrangem nosso exemplo ou o mesmo se adequa a mais do que uma variação proposta, sem que tenhamos encontrado alguma fielmente semelhante, consideramos essa variação como rara.

Anatomy of the septomarginal trabecula in goat hearts.

Our aim in this study was to examine the right septomarginal trabecula of goats regarding the frequency, origin course of the septal and free component, attachment to the papillaris magnus muscle and size . The material used consisted in 32 hearts from non-pedigree goats of both sexes, preserved in 10% formalin. The right septomarginal trabecula was present in all hearts. It could also present a prominence in the form of a cord in the septum before detaching and going towards the wall or the papillary muscle. We called this a septal component and found it in 69% of all hearts studied. In the remaining specimens, the exit of the septomarginal trabecula was abrupt, without presenting a septal component. It could be attached solely to the papillaris magnus muscle or to the papillary muscle and the ventricle wall, originated in the cranial third of the septum, and was attached to the middle third of the papillary muscle or its caudal third. Its free part, from the septum to the papillaris magnus muscle, ranged in length from 1.3 cm to 2.6 cm. The mean value was 1.7 cm, and the most frequent values were 1.9 and 1.5 cm. In conclusion, in goats, the septomarginal trabecula is a constant and invariable structure.

Metric analysis of basal sphenoid angle in adult human skulls / Análise métrica do ângulo basiesfenoidal em crânios de humanos adultos

Objective To analyze the variations in the angle basal sphenoid skulls of adult humans and their relationship to sex, age, ethnicity and cranial index. Methods The angles were measured in 160 skulls belonging to the Museum of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo Department of Morphology. We use two flexible rules and a goniometer, having as reference points for the first rule the posterior end of the ethmoidal crest and dorsum of the sella turcica, and for the second rule the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and clivus, measuring the angle at the intersection of two. Results The average angle was 115.41°, with no statistical correlation between the value of the angle and sex or age. A statistical correlation was noted between the value of the angle and ethnicity, and between the angle and the horizontal cranial index. Conclusions The distribution of the angle basal sphenoid was the same in sex, and there was correlation between the angle and ethnicity, being the proportion of non-white individuals with an angle >125° significantly higher than that of whites with an angle >125°. There was correlation between the angle and the cranial index, because skulls with higher cranial index tend to have higher basiesfenoidal angle too. .

Objetivo Analisar as variações do ângulo basiesfenoidal em crânios de humanos adultos e sua relação com sexo, idade, etnia e índice crânico horizontal. Métodos Os ângulos foram medidos em 160 crânios pertencentes ao Museu do Departamento de Morfologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Utilizamos duas réguas milimetradas flexíveis e um goniômetro, tendo como pontos de referência para a primeira régua a extremidade posterior da crista etmoidal e o dorso da sela turca, e, para a segunda régua, a margem anterior do forame magno e o clivo, medindo o ângulo na intersecção das duas. Resultados A média dos ângulos foi de 115,41°, não havendo correlação estatística entre o valor do ângulo e o sexo ou a idade. Houve correlação estatística entre o valor do ângulo e a etnia, e entre o ângulo e o índice crânico horizontal. Conclusão A distribuição do ângulo basiesfenoidal foi a mesma entre os sexos, havendo correlação entre o ângulo e a etnia, e sendo a proporção de indivíduos não brancos com ângulo >125° significativamente maior que a de indivíduos brancos com ângulo >125°. Houve correlação entre o ângulo e o índice crânico horizontal, pois crânios com maior índice crânico horizontal tenderam a um ângulo basiesfenoidal maior. .

Arterial branches to the temporal muscle.

UNLABELLED: The temporal muscle is greatly used for forming myofascial flaps and transposition in cases of reconstructive and reparative plastic surgery of the face and neck. Despite this important application, lack of success has been reported, probably because of lack of knowledge of the anatomical characteristics of this muscle, such as variations in its blood supply. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the blood supply of the temporal muscle in order to provide an anatomical basis for reconstructive and reparative surgery of the face using flaps from the temporal muscle. This study was conducted by dissecting 21 half faces from cadavers of children (13 male and 8 female) that had been injected with neoprene latex through the common carotid artery. The temporal muscle usually received three or four arterial branches coming from the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. The branches of the maxillary artery could be separate (anterior deep temporal, posterior deep temporal and accessory deep temporal arteries) or together with other branches of the maxillary artery, forming trunks. The branches of the superficial temporal artery were always separate (middle temporal artery). The anterior deep temporal artery originated in front of the coronoid process and the posterior deep temporal artery behind it. The numbers of arterial branches in the anterior and middle thirds of the muscle were similar and slightly greater than the number in the posterior third. The most frequent arterial branch in the anterior third was the anterior deep temporal artery; in the middle third, it was the posterior deep temporal artery; and in the posterior third, it was the middle temporal artery. The most frequent patterns of arterial branch presence in the temporal muscle were: a) anterior deep temporal, posterior deep temporal and middle temporal arteries; and b) anterior deep temporal, posterior deep temporal, accessory deep temporal and middle temporal arteries. The accessory deep temporal artery is a direct branch from the maxillary artery that originates at the level of the coronoid process of the mandible and participates in irrigating the anterior and middle thirds of the muscle.

Anatomy of the tendinous cords of the interventricular septum of the human heart.

There are frequent citations in the literature stating that lesions of the tendinous cords cause functional disorders of the heart valves. This led us to conduct the present investigation on the anatomy of the tendinous cords. Our objective was to focus on the morphological characteristics of tendinous cords that are inserted directly into the interventricular septum, such as their frequency, number, dimensions and This study was conducted on 50 hearts from adults of both sexes that had been fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The right ventricle was opened by means of an incision parallel to the anterior interventricular groove, and the left ventricle was opened by means of a longitudinal incision in the middle of the pulmonary (left) surface. Our results showed that, in the right ventricle, these tendinous cords constantly appeared without the involvement of papillary muscles (98%). They ranged in number from one to ten, and between two and five was the most common (72%). They were short, mostly ranging from 0.3 to 1.9 cm in length (81.5%) and were preferentially located in the upper third of the interventricular septum (71.4%). They were usually attached to the septal cusp (76.7%) and sometimes to the anterior cusp (21.3%). The cusp insertion sites were the free edge (62%), ventricular surface (32%) and basal edge (6%). It was exceptional to find tendinous cords in the ventricular septum of the left ventricle. Tendinous cords directly inserted into the atrioventricular septum were constantly present in the right ventricle, with varying numbers. They were predominantly short because they were inserted into the upper third of the septum and most often headed towards the septal cusp. It was exception to find tendinous cords in the atrioventricular septum of the left ventricle.

The presence of accessory soleous muscle in humans / Estudo da presença do músculo sóleo acessório em humanos

Objective: To verify the prevalence of the accessory soleus muscle in humans and according to gender. Methods: A total of 154 magnetic resonance images of the ankle were assessed in T1 weighted sagittal, coronal and axial planes. Results: An incidence of 11.6% of accessory soleus muscle in humans was observed; in that, 7.8% in males and 15.6% in females. Conclusion: The accessory soleus muscle incidence was 11.6% in the samples studied and it was more often present in females.

Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência do músculo sóleo acessório em humanos e em relação ao gênero. Métodos: Foram observadas 154 imagens de ressonância magnética do tornozelo em cortes sagitais, coronais e axiais ponderadas em T1. Resultados: Observamos a incidência de 11,6% do músculo sóleo acessório em humanos - 7,8% em indivíduos do gênero masculino e 15,6% em indivíduos do gênero feminino. Conclusão: O músculo sóleo acessório teve incidência de 11,6% nas amostras estudadas e sua presença foi maior em indivíduos do gênero feminino.

Bilateral Duplication of Gonadal Veins: a Case Report / Duplicación Bilateral de las Venas Gonadales: Reporte de Caso

The duplication of gonadal vessels is mainly found on the left side, with less numbers of bilateral cases. The objective of this work is describing a case of bilateral duplication of gonadal veins, where two veins were draining to inferior vena cava, being that the closest vein of kidney medial margin had a thickness of 2.68mm and was distant 64.41 mm of the organ. The second vessel had a thickness of 1.43mm and was distant 73.76mm. Two veins follow to left renal vein, being that the first vessel had a thickness of 2.7mm and was distant 21.8mm of the kidney medial margin; the other had a thickness of 1.64mm and was distant 35.13mm of the organ. The presence of variations on the local of drainage of gonadal vessels has clinical importance for comprehension of origin of varicocele cases, as well as the recurrence of them after surgical procedures.

La duplicación de las venas gonadales es más común en el lado izquierdo, con pocos casos bilaterales. El propósito de este reporte fue describir el caso de una duplicación bilateral de las venas gonadales, dos de las cuales desembocaban en la vena cava inferior. El vaso próximo del margen medial del riñon tenía un diámetro de 2,68mm y una longitud de 64,41 mm. La segunda vena tenía un diámetro de 1,43 mm y una longitud de 73,76 mm. Los dos vasos desembocaban en la vena renal izquierda. La primera vena tenía un diámetro de 2,7 mm y estaba a 21,8 mm del margen medial del riñon. La otra tenía un diámetro de 1,64 mm y se se localizaba a 35,13 mm del margen medial del riñon. La presencia de variaciones donde se produce el drenaje de los vasos gonadales tiene importancia clínica para la comprensión del origen del varicocele y la recurrencia del mismo, después de procedimientos quirúrgicos.

Anatomical indicators of dominance between the coronary arteries of dogs / Indicadores anatómicos de la dominancia en las arterias coronarias de perros

In humans, the right coronary artery is dominant. However, we did not find any citations in the literature concerning anatomical indicators of dominance among dogs. We used 30 hearts from mongrels of both sexes, fixed in 10 percent formalin. The branches of the coronary arteries were dissected with special attention to the levels that were considered to be reference points. In 96.7 percent, the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery reached or went beyond the crux cordis. The subsinuosus interventricular artery, ended before reaching the apex in 21 cases, at the apex in five cases and after the apex in four cases. The paraconal interventricular artery, ended before reaching the apex in two cases, at the apex in 11 cases and after the apex in 17 cases. The region of the heart apex was irrigated by branches of the left coronary artery, through the paraconal interventricular branch or through both of the interventricular branches. The mean length and number of ventricular branches of the left coronary artery were greater than those of the right coronary artery. The subsinuosus interventricular branch is a branch of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. In the hearts of dogs, the left coronary artery is dominant. The dominance pattern in dogs is different from the dominance pattern in human that is mentioned in the specialized literature.

En los corazones humanos la dominancia coronaria es derecha. Sin embargo, no encontramos referencias en la literatura sobre los indicadores de esta dominancia en perros. Utilizamos 30 corazones de perros de ambos sexos y raza mixta, fijados en formaldeído al 10 por ciento. Las ramas de las arterias coronarias fueron disecadas con especial atención a los niveles considerados como referencias. En 96,7 por ciento de los corazones, la rama circunfleja de la arteria coronaria izquierda excedió o llegó a la crux cordis. La arteria interventricular subsinuosa, terminó antes de llegar al ápice en 21 casos, en el ápice en 5 casos y después del ápice en 4 casos. La arteria interventricular paraconal, terminó antes de llegar al ápice en 2 casos, en el ápice en 11 casos y después del ápice en 17 casos. La región del ápice del corazón estaba irrigada por ramas de la arteria coronaria izquierda a través de la rama interventricular paraconal o a través de los dos ramas interventriculares. La longitud media y el número de ramas ventriculares de la arteria coronaria izquierda son más grandes que las ramas de la arteria coronaria derecha. La rama interventricular subsinuosa es una rama de la rama circunfleja de la arteria coronaria izquierda. En los corazones de los perros, sin embargo, la dominancia es izquierda. La norma de dominancia en los perros es diferente de la norma de dominancia en humanos encontrada en la literatura.

Frankenstein de Mary Shelley e sua mensagem perene sobre a responsabilidade da ciência sob a luz da Bioética / Mary Shelley?s Frankenstein and its perennial message about science responsibility under the light of

O presente artigo demonstra as reflexões filosóficas sobre a ciência e seus avanços, contidas no romance Frankenstein de Mary Shelley, escrito em 1818. O texto propõe uma discussão acerca dos avanços tecnológicos e a atitude humana frente à ciência e tecnologia fundamentada na Bioética, com ênfase na ética da responsabilidade de Hans Jonas e na crítica sobre o uso desmedido da tecnologia. Tece-se uma rede que se inicia pela discussão da obsessão pelo conhecimento e pelo poder da criação até o despertar da consciência para os efeitos funestos do ambivalente poder tecnológico, alertando sobre a necessidade de uma vigilância ética frente à tecnologia, o uso da ciência com consciência e o reconhecimento das falhas do comportamento humano por meio da reflexão e de atitudes pautadas na responsabilidade.

This article demonstrates the philosophical reflections on science and its progress in Mary Shelley?s novel Frankenstein, written in 1818. The text proposes a discussion about technological advances and human attitude facing science and technology, based on Bioethics and emphasizing the ethics of responsibility of Hans Jonas and the criticism on the disproportionate use of technology. We created a network that begins by discussing the obsession with knowledge and the power of creation to the awakening of consciousness for the purpose of ambivalent technological power, warning about the need for an ethics monitoring the technology front, with the use of science and conscience recognition of the failures of human behavior through reflection and attitudes based on responsibility.

Estudo anatômico de pontos críticos no trajeto do nervo laríngeo recorrente: ligamento suspensor da glândula tireoide(ligamento de Berry) e cápsula da glândula tireoide / Estudio anatómico de puntos críticos en la trayectoria del nervio laríngeo recurrente: ligamento suspensorio de la glándula tiroides (ligamento de Berry)y cápsula de la glándula tiroides / Anatomical study of critical points in the trajectory of recurrent laryngeal nerve: suspensory ligament of thyroid gland (Berry ligament) and capsule of thyroid gland

Apesar da variabilidade apresentada pelo nervo laríngeo recorrente no trajeto em direção à laringe, os cirurgiões da região cervical concordam que os pontos críticos localizam-se nos níveis da artéria tireoidea inferior, do ligamento suspensor da glândulatireoide (ligamento de Berry), proximidade com a cápsula da glândula tireoide e passagem pelo músculo constritor inferior da faringe.Esta pesquisa abordou a relação do nervo laríngeo recorrente com o ligamento suspensor da glândula tireoide (ligamento de Berry) e com a cápsula da glândula tireoide. O nervo laríngeo recorrente apresentou relação de contato importante com o ligamento suspensor da glândula tireoide (ligamento de Berry), porém o envolvimento parcial do nervo é pouco frequente. O nervo laríngeo recorrente entra em contato com a cápsula da glândula tireoide, porém na maioria dos casos o contato é externo. Palavras-chave: Nervo laríngeo recorrente-anatomia & histologia. Glândula tireoide. Músculos faríngeos.

Despite the variability presented by recurrent laryngeal nerve in the trajectory towards the larynx, surgeons of the cervical region agree that the critical points are situated in the levels of the inferior thyroidal artery, suspensory ligament of thyroid gland(Berry ligament), proximity with the capsule of thyroid gland and the passage through the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. This research has as its aim to investigate the relationship of recurrent laryngeal nerve with the suspensory ligament of thyroid gland (Berry ligament) and with the capsule of thyroid gland. Recurrent laryngeal nerve has an important relationship of contact with suspensory ligament of thyroid gland (Berry ligament), but the partial involvement of the nerve is not very frequent. Recurrent laryngeal nervecomes in contact with the capsule of thyroid gland, but in most cases the contact is external. Keywords: Recurrent laryngeal nerve-anatomy & histology. Thyroid gland. Pharyngeal muscles.

A pesar de la variabilidad presentada por el nervio laríngeo recurrente en la trayectoria hacia la laringe, los cirujanos de la región cervical convienen que los puntos críticos están situados en los niveles de la arteria tiroidea inferior, del ligamento suspensorio de la glándula tiroides (ligamento de Berry), de la proximidad con la cápsula de la glándula tiroides y del paso a través del músculo constrictor inferior de la faringe. Esta investigación tiene como su objetivo investigar la relación del nervio laríngeo recurrente con el ligamento suspensorio de la glándula tiroides (ligamento de Berry) y con la cápsula de la glándula tiroides. El nervio laríngeo recurrentetiene una relación importante de contacto con el ligamento suspensorio de la glándula tiroides (ligamento de Berry), pero la implicación parcial del nervio no es muy frecuente. El nervio laríngeo recurrente entra en contacto con la cápsula de la glándula tiroides, pero en la mayoría de los casos el contacto es externo. Palabras llave: Nervio laríngeo recurrente-anatomía & histologia. Glándula tiróides. Músculos faríngeos.

Reflexões sobre o envelhecimento humano e o futuro: questões de ética, comunicação e educação / Reflections on human aging and the future: ethics, communication and education issues

O acelerado envelhecimento populacional e o aumento da longevidade no Brasil trazem muitos problemas que afetam a população idosa, como a manutenção de sua saúde e uma boa qualidade de vida. Passa então a existir uma preocupação ética com a qualidade dos programas dedicados AA essa faixa etária e a formação e capacitação de profissionais que atendam a essa demanda. Atualmente, há uma grande necessidade de um novo posicionamento social ante essas questões, justificando a realização de uma reflexão sobre os aspectos éticos, da comunicação inter e intrageracional e da educação para o envelhecimento, desafios a serem enfrentados pela sociedade brasileira contemporânea. È o que propõe este estudo, que trata do idoso na sua relação com a sociedade atual.

The accelerated aging of the population and the increase in longevity in Brazil bring many problems that affect the elderly population, such as the maintenance of their health and a good quality of life. For this reason, there is now an ethical concern about the quality of programs targeted at this age group the training and qualification of professionals to meet this demand. Currently, there is great need for a new social positioning in relation to these issues, which justifies the implementation of a reflection on ethical, inter- and intra-generational communication and aging education, the challenges to be faced by the Brazilian society. This is what this study proposes, dealing with the elderly in their relationship with contemporary society.