Evaluating tissue hypoxia and the response to fluid administration in septic shock patients: a metabolic cluster analysis.

BACKGROUND: The selection of adequate indicators of tissue hypoxia for guiding the resuscitation process of septic patients is a highly relevant issue. Current guidelines advocate for the use of lactate as sole metabolic marker, which may be markedly limited, and the integration of different variables seems more adequate. In this study, we explored the metabolic profile and its implications in the response to the administration of a fluid challenge in early septic shock patients. METHODS: Observational study including septic shock patients within 24 h of ICU admission, monitored with a cardiac output estimation system, with ongoing resuscitation. Hemodynamic and metabolic variables were measured before and after a fluid challenge (FC). A two-step cluster analysis was used to define the baseline metabolic profile, including lactate, central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2), central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (PcvaCO2), and PcvaCO2 corrected by the difference in arterial-to-venous oxygen content (PcvaCO2/CavO2). RESULTS: Seventy-seven fluid challenges were analyzed. Cluster analysis revealed two distinct metabolic profiles at baseline. Cluster A exhibited lower ScvO2, higher PcvaCO2, and lower PcvaCO2/CavO2. Increases in cardiac output (CO) were associated with increases in VO2 exclusively in cluster A. Baseline isolated metabolic variables did not correlate with VO2 response, and changes in ScvO2 and PcvaCO2 were associated to VO2 increase only in cluster A. CONCLUSIONS: In a population of early septic shock patients, two distinct metabolic profiles were identified, suggesting tissue hypoxia or dysoxia. Integrating metabolic variables enhances the ability to detect those patients whose VO2 might increase as results of fluid administration.

Non-invasive oxygenation support in acutely hypoxemic COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU: a multicenter observational retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive oxygenation strategies have a prominent role in the treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While the efficacy of these therapies has been studied in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the clinical outcomes associated with oxygen masks, high-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula and non-invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients remain unclear. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we used the best of nine covariate balancing algorithms on all baseline covariates in critically ill COVID-19 patients supported with > 10 L of supplemental oxygen at one of the 26 participating ICUs in Catalonia, Spain, between March 14 and April 15, 2020. RESULTS: Of the 1093 non-invasively oxygenated patients at ICU admission treated with one of the three stand-alone non-invasive oxygenation strategies, 897 (82%) required endotracheal intubation and 310 (28%) died during the ICU stay. High-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula (n = 439) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (n = 101) were associated with a lower rate of endotracheal intubation (70% and 88%, respectively) than oxygen masks (n = 553 and 91% intubated), p < 0.001. Compared to oxygen masks, high-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula was associated with lower ICU mortality (hazard ratio 0.75 [95% CI 0.58-0.98), and the hazard ratio for ICU mortality was 1.21 [95% CI 0.80-1.83] for non-invasive mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION: In critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients and, in the absence of conclusive data, high-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula may be the approach of choice as the primary non-invasive oxygenation support strategy.

[Isolation of Candida spp. from ascites in cirrhotic patients]. / Aislamiento de Candida spp. en ascitis de pacientes con cirrosis hepática.

The isolation of Candida spp. in ascites of cirrhotic patients is an uncommon situation in clinical practice. Factors that have been associated with increased susceptibility to primary fungal peritonitis are exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppression, a typical situation of these patients. We report seven episodes of Candida spp. isolation in ascites of cirrhotic patients detected in our hospital during the past 15years.

Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference combined with arterial-to-venous oxygen content difference is associated with lactate evolution in the hemodynamic resuscitation process in early septic shock.

INTRODUCTION: Since normal or high central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) values cannot discriminate if tissue perfusion is adequate, integrating other markers of tissue hypoxia, such as central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (PcvaCO2 gap) has been proposed. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the ability of the PcvaCO2 gap and the PcvaCO2/arterial-venous oxygen content difference ratio (PcvaCO2/CavO2) to predict lactate evolution in septic shock. METHODS: Observational study. Septic shock patients within the first 24 hours of ICU admission. After restoration of mean arterial pressure, and central venous oxygen saturation, the PcvaCO2 gap and the PcvaCO2/CavO2 ratio were calculated. Consecutive arterial and central venous blood samples were obtained for each patient within 24 hours. Lactate improvement was defined as the decrease ≥ 10% of the previous lactate value. RESULTS: Thirty-five septic shock patients were studied. At inclusion, the PcvaCO2 gap was 5.6 ± 2.1 mmHg, and the PcvaCO2/CavO2 ratio was 1.6 ± 0.7 mmHg · dL/mL O2. Those patients whose lactate values did not decrease had higher PcvaCO2/CavO2 ratio values at inclusion (1.8 ± 0.8vs. 1.4 ± 0.5, p 0.02). During the follow-up, 97 paired blood samples were obtained. No-improvement in lactate values was associated to higher PcvaCO2/CavO2 ratio values in the previous control. The ROC analysis showed an AUC 0.82 (p < 0.001), and a PcvaCO2/CavO2 ratio cut-off value of 1.4 mmHg · dL/mL O2 showed sensitivity 0.80 and specificity 0.75 for lactate improvement prediction. The odds ratio of an adequate lactate clearance was 0.10 (p < 0.001) in those patients with an elevated PcvaCO2/CavO2 ratio (≥1.4). CONCLUSION: In a population of septic shock patients with normalized MAP and ScvO2, the presence of elevated PcvaCO2/CavO2 ratio significantly reduced the odds of adequate lactate clearance during the following hours.

Incidence of airway complications in patients using endotracheal tubes with continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions.

BACKGROUND: Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions is effective in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia, but it involves a risk of mucosal damage. The main objective of our study was to determine the incidence of airway complications related to continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions. METHODS: In consecutive adult patients with continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions, we prospectively recorded clinical airway complications during the period after extubation. A multidetector computed tomography of the neck was performed during the period of 5 days following extubation to classify subglottic and tracheal lesions as mucosal thickening, cartilage thickening or deep ulceration. RESULTS: In the 86 patients included in the study, 6 (6.9%) had transient dyspnea, 7 (8.1%) had upper airway obstruction and 18 (20.9%) had dysphonia at extubation. Univariate analysis identified more attempts required for intubation (2.3 ± 1.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.5; p = 0.001), difficult intubation (71.4 vs. 10.1%, p = 0.001) and Cormack score III-IV (71.4 vs. 8.8%; p < 0.001) as risk factors for having an upper airway obstruction at extubation. The incidence of failed extubation among patients after planned extubation was 18.9% and 11 patients (12.7%) required tracheostomy. A multidetector computed tomography was performed in 37 patients following extubation, and injuries were observed in 9 patients (24.3%) and classified as tracheal injuries in 2 patients (1 cartilage thickening and 1 mild stenosis with cartilage thickening) and as subglottic mucosal thickenings in 7 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of upper airway obstruction after extubation in patients with continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions was 8.1%, and the injuries observed by computed tomography were not severe and located mostly in subglottic space.

Efficiency of a mechanical device in controlling tracheal cuff pressure in intubated critically ill patients: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Cuff pressure (P cuff) control is mandatory to avoid leakage of oral secretions passing the tracheal tube and tracheal ischemia. The aim of the present trial was to determine the efficacy of a mechanical device (PressureEasy®) in the continuous control of P cuff in patients intubated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-cuffed tracheal tubes, compared with routine care using a manometer. METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized, controlled, cross-over study. All patients requiring intubation with a predicted duration of mechanical ventilation ≥48 h were eligible. Eighteen patients randomly received continuous control of P cuff with PressureEasy® device for 24 h, followed by discontinuous control (every 4 h) with a manual manometer for 24 h, or vice versa. P cuff and airway pressure were continuously recorded. P cuff target was 25 cmH2O during the two periods. RESULTS: The percentage of time spent with P cuff 20-30 cmH2O (median (IQR) 34 % (17-57) versus 50 % (35-64), p = 0.184) and the percentage of time spent with P cuff <20 cmH2O (23 % (5-63) versus 43 % (16-60), p = 0.5) were similar during continuous control of P cuff and routine care, respectively. However, the percentage of time spent with P cuff >30 cmH2O was significantly higher during continuous control compared with routine care of tracheal cuff (26 % (14-39) versus 7 % (1-18), p = 0.002). No significant difference was found in P cuff (25 (18-28) versus 21 (18-26), p = 0.17), mean airway pressure (14 (10-17) versus 14 (11-16), p = 0.679), or coefficient of variation of P cuff (19 % (11-26) versus 20 % (11-25), p = 0.679) during continuous control compared with routine care of tracheal cuff, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PressureEasy® did not demonstrate a better control of P cuff between 20 and 30 cmH2O, compared with routine care using a manometer. Moreover, the device use resulted in significantly higher time spent with overinflation of tracheal cuff, which might increase the risk for tracheal ischemic lesions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT02109003.

Aislamiento de Candida spp. en ascitis de pacientes con cirrosis hepática / Isolation of Candida spp. from ascites in cirrhotic patients

El aislamiento de Candida spp. en el líquido ascítico (LA) de pacientes cirróticos es una situación infrecuente en la práctica clínica. Los factores que principalmente se han relacionado con una mayor predisposición a la peritonitis fúngica primaria (PFP) son la exposición a antibióticos de amplio espectro junto con la inmunosupresión, que es una situación característica de estos pacientes. Aportamos 7 episodios de aislamiento de Candida spp. en ascitis de pacientes cirróticos detectados en nuestro centro en los últimos 15 años

The isolation of Candida spp. in ascites of cirrhotic patients is an uncommon situation in clinical practice. Factors that have been associated with increased susceptibility to primary fungal peritonitis are exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppression, a typical situation of these patients. We report seven episodes of Candida spp. isolation in ascites of cirrhotic patients detected in our hospital during the past 15 years