Increased expression of in situ IL-31RA and circulating CXCL8 and CCL2 in pemphigus herpetiformis suggests participation of the IL-31 family in the pathogenesis of the disease.

BACKGROUND: Pemphigus herpetiformis (PH) is a rare clinical subtype of pemphigus with the presence of urticarial plaques, severe pruritus, rare acantholysis and eosinophilic spongiosis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of IL-31 and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the pathogenesis of PH. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with PH and three groups: pemphigus foliaceus (PF = 14), pemphigus vulgaris (PV = 15) and healthy controls (HC = 20) were selected for this study. The groups were analysed by immunohistochemistry utilizing IL-31, IL-31RA, IL-4, IL-17 and TNF-α antibodies. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-13, TNF, CXCL8, CCL5 and CCL2 were evaluated by cytometric bead array. RESULTS: Analysis of IL-31 family of PH patients revealed the following findings: (i) Enhanced in situ expression of IL-31 in PH samples, compared to PF and to PV (epidermis); (ii) Cutaneous IL-31RA expression in PH samples was higher than in PF, PV and HC groups (epidermis and dermis); (iii) PF patients that evolved to PH showed significant increased IL-31RA epidermal expression during the PH phase. Profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-17 and TNF-α) in PH patients' skin exhibited: (i) Enhanced IL-4 expression, when compared to patients with PF (epidermis and dermis) and with PV (epidermis); (ii) Augmented IL-17 expression than PF and PV patients (epidermis); (iii) Augmented expression of TNF-α when compared to PF at the epidermal level. Evaluation of circulating cytokines and chemokines showed higher levels of CXCL8 and CCL2 in PH sera compared to HC group. CONCLUSIONS: IL-31 and IL-31RA, cytokines related to pruritus, and pro-inflammatory chemokines (CXCL8 and CCL2) seem to exert a role in the pathogenesis of PH. These findings support future studies to clarify the role of IL-31 pathway as a potential therapeutic target for patients with PH.

Exploring the in situ expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endoglin in pemphigus foliaceus variants and pemphigus vulgaris.

BACKGROUND: Erythroderma is a severe manifestation of pemphigus foliaceus (PF), a blistering disease mediated by IgG autoantibodies against desmoglein 1. Increasing evidence supports the contribution of angiogenic mediators in the pathogenesis of erythroderma. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in situ expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endoglin in patients with PF with erythroderma. METHODS: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin samples obtained from patients with erythrodermic PF (n = 19; 12 patients with endemic PF), non-erythrodermic PF (n = 17), pemphigus vulgaris (PV; n = 10), psoriasis (n = 10) and healthy individuals (HI; n = 10) were processed in an automated immunohistochemistry platform utilizing anti-VEGF and anti-endoglin as primary antibodies. Reactivity was evaluated both manually (0 = negative; 1+ = mild; 2+ = intense) and through an automated microvessel analysis algorithm. RESULTS: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in erythrodermic PF was higher than in non-erythrodermic PF (P = 0.034) and in HI (P = 0.004), and similar to psoriasis (P = 0.667) and PV (P = 0.667). In non-erythrodermic PF, VEGF positivity was similar to HI (P = 0.247), and lower than psoriasis (P = 0.049) and PV (P = 0.049). Both erythrodermic and non-erythrodermic PF presented similar endoglin expression (P = 0.700). In addition, endoglin positivity during erythrodermic PF was similar to psoriasis (P = 0.133) and lower than PV (P = 0.0009). Increased expression of in situVEGF suggests that healing processes are triggered in response to tissue damage led by autoantibodies in PF, especially during erythroderma. Reduced endoglin positivity suggests that an unbalanced angiogenesis may occur during erythrodermic PF. Further studies may help to confirm if the regulation of VEGF and endoglin expression in patients with PF can contribute to control the healing process and enable disease remission. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of VEGF in erythrodermic PF as well as in PV and psoriasis points out a dysregulated repair process in severe forms of these diseases and suggests VEGF and endoglin could act as prognostic markers and future therapeutic targets to enable proper healing in PF.

Comparison between broadband Bessel beam launchers based on either Bessel or Hankel aperture distribution for millimeter wave short pulse generation.

In this paper, a comparison is presented between Bessel beam launchers at millimeter waves based on either a cylindrical standing wave (CSW) or a cylindrical inward traveling wave (CITW) aperture distribution. It is theoretically shown that CITW launchers are better suited for the generation of electromagnetic short pulses because they maintain their performances over a larger bandwidth than those realizing a CSW aperture distribution. Moreover, the wavenumber dispersion of both the launchers is evaluated both theoretically and numerically. To this end, two planar Bessel beam launchers, one enforcing a CSW and the other enforcing a CITW aperture distribution, are designed at millimeter waves with a center operating frequency of f¯=60GHz and analyzed in the bandwidth 50 - 70 GHz by using an in-house developed numerical code to solve Maxwell's equations based on the method of moments. It is shown that a monochromatic Bessel beam can be efficiently generated by both the launchers over a wide fractional bandwidth. Finally, we investigate the generation of limited-diffractive electromagnetic pulses at millimeter waves, up to a certain non-diffractive range. Namely, it is shown that by feeding the launcher with a Gaussian short pulse, a spatially confined electromagnetic pulse can be efficiently generated in front of the launcher.

Increased serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in pemphigus foliaceus patients with erythroderma.

BACKGROUND: Erythroderma is a clinical skin syndrome shared by patients with cutaneous disorders of distinct aetiologies as a result of the combined actions of chemokines, adhesion molecules, and cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the profile of serum levels of VEGF and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1) in pemphigus foliaceus (PF) patients with erythroderma. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study, which included (i) a chart review of all PF patients from the Autoimmune Blistering Clinic, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, from January 1991 to December 2014, together with an evaluation of demographic variables, hospitalization duration and complications and (ii) analysis of the circulating VEGF and sVEGFR-1 levels in PF patients with erythroderma by ELISA. The controls included patients with pemphigus vulgaris or psoriasis. RESULTS: We observed higher serum VEGF levels in PF patients during erythroderma than during the non-erythrodermic phase. PF patients showed increased serum levels of sVEGFR-1 during the erythrodermic phase in comparison to controls. Interestingly, the sVEGFR-1 and antidesmoglein-1 levels were positively correlated during the non-erythrodermic period. CONCLUSION: Erythroderma, which represents one clinical form of PF, implies more severe outcomes. The circulating levels of VEGF, a potent endothelial activator, are increased in PF patients with erythroderma; this result suggests the contribution of the blood vessel endothelium to the pathogenesis of this clinical syndrome. Interestingly, our findings showed a positive correlation between the sVEGFR-1 and antidesmoglein-1 antibody levels, indicating a suppressive response to VEGF augmentation during the erythrodermic phase of PF.

A new vinyl selenone-based domino approach to spirocyclopropyl oxindoles endowed with anti-HIV RT activity.

Herein, we disclose a general and flexible access to spirocyclopropyl oxindoles by a domino Michael/intramolecular nucleophilic substitution pathway with variously substituted vinyl selenones and enolizable oxindoles in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The spirocyclopropyl oxindole being a privileged scaffold, some of the synthesized compounds were selected for biological evaluation. Compound showed selective anti-HIV-1 activity thanks to its ability to inhibit the reverse transcriptase.

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical features of 27 patients.

BACKGROUND: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) [also called drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)] includes severe reactions to drugs that need to be promptly recognized by physicians. AIM: To explore heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of DRESS/DIHS at a large academic hospital in Latin America, using the criteria defined by the European Registry of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (RegiSCAR) scoring system. METHODS: A retrospective medical record review of 60 patients with diagnostic suspicion of DRESS/DIHS admitted to our hospital between July 2008 and April 2012 was performed, including demographic data, clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients, 27 fulfilled the criteria for DRESS/DIHS. Maculopapular exanthema (85.1%), fever (96.2%) and hepatic involvement (85.1%) were the most common features. Anticonvulsants were the most common causal drugs (77.7%); Phenytoin was the most common individual drug (44.4%), followed by carbamazepine (29.6%). All patients were treated initially with prednisone 1 mg/kg/day. Mortality rate was 4%. CONCLUSION: The major findings of this study (to our knowledge the largest collection of data on DRESS/DIHS in Latin America) include a positive statistical association between presence of atypical lymphocytes and higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001) and reinforce the importance of anticonvulsants in the pathogenesis of this severe reaction.

Membrane hyperpolarization during human sperm capacitation.

Sperm capacitation is a complex and indispensable physiological process that spermatozoa must undergo in order to acquire fertilization capability. Spermatozoa from several mammalian species, including mice, exhibit a capacitation-associated plasma membrane hyperpolarization, which is necessary for the acrosome reaction to occur. Despite its importance, this hyperpolarization event has not been adequately examined in human sperm. In this report we used flow cytometry to show that a subpopulation of human sperm indeed undergo a plasma membrane hyperpolarization upon in vitro capacitation. This hyperpolarization correlated with two other well-characterized capacitation parameters, namely an increase in intracellular pH and Ca(2+) concentration, measured also by flow cytometry. We found that sperm membrane hyperpolarization was completely abolished in the presence of a high external K(+) concentration (60 mM), indicating the participation of K(+) channels. In order to identify, which of the potential K(+) channels were involved in this hyperpolarization, we used different K(+) channel inhibitors including charybdotoxin, slotoxin and iberiotoxin (which target Slo1) and clofilium (a more specific blocker for Slo3). All these K(+) channel antagonists inhibited membrane hyperpolarization to a similar extent, suggesting that both members of the Slo family may potentially participate. Two very recent papers recorded K(+) currents in human sperm electrophysiologically, with some contradictory results. In the present work, we show through immunoblotting that Slo3 channels are present in the human sperm membrane. In addition, we found that human Slo3 channels expressed in CHO cells were sensitive to clofilium (50 µM). Considered altogether, our data indicate that Slo1 and Slo3 could share the preponderant role in the capacitation-associated hyperpolarization of human sperm in contrast to what has been previously reported for mouse sperm, where Slo3 channels are the main contributors to the hyperpolarization event.

Clinical and immunological profile of umbilical involvement in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus.

BACKGROUND: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) are autoimmune vesicobullous disorders with IgG autoantibodies directed against desmoglein (Dsg)1 and 3, which lead to intraepidermal acantholysis. AIM: To characterize the clinical and immunological profile of patients with PF or PV with umbilical involvement. METHODS: In total, 10 patients (7 women, 3 men; age range 24-70 years, disease duration 3-16 years) diagnosed with either PV (n = 5) or mucocutaneous PF (n = 5) were assessed according to their clinical features, histopathology and immunological findings [direct and indirect immunofluorescence (DIF and IIF) and ELISA with recombinant Dsg1 and Dsg3]. RESULTS: Erythema, erosions, crusts and vegetating skin lesions were the main clinical features of the umbilical region. DIF of the umbilical region gave positive results for intercellular epidermal IgG and C3 deposits in eight patients and for IgG alone in the other two. Indirect immunofluorescence with IgG conjugate showing the typical pemphigus pattern was positive in all 10 patients, with titres varying from 1 : 160 to 1 : 2560. ELISA with recombinant Dsg1 gave scores of 24-266 in PF and 0-270 in PV. Reactivity to recombinant Dsg3 was positive in all five patients with PV (ELISA 22-98) and was negative in all PF sera. CONCLUSIONS: All 10 patients with pemphigus with umbilical presentation had the clinical and immunopathological features of either PF or PV. This peculiar presentation, not yet completely elucidated, has rarely been reported in the literature. A possible explanation for this unique presentation may be the presence of either novel epitopes or an association with embryonic or scar tissue located in the umbilical-cord region.

[Identification and characterization of microRNA involving in malignant pleural mesothelioma]. / Identificazione e caratterizzazione dei microRNA coinvolti nel mesotelioma pleurico maligno.

One of the research areas of modern medicine is to work on the identification of biological markers, such as biomolecular ones, for neoplastic diseases from occupational origin. MiRNA, short RNA no-codifing sequences, are recently identified such as diagnostic markers in several type of cancer. For this reason, the aim of our study is to analyze the possible role of miRNA in malignant pleural mesothelioma, a rare and aggressive tumor with a strong resistance to conventional therapies and poor prognosis. Total RNA, containing also miRNA, was extracted, and RNA was retro-transcripted with specific primers. Then, miRNA expression was tested using real-time PCR method and particular probes for each miRNA. The RNU6B was used such as housekeeping gene, for data normalization. This work represents the first step for the identification of a specific miRNA pattern for MPM, which will be useful in the diagnosis of MPM and for a personalized therapeutic treatment.

Clinical and immunopathological evaluation of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.

BACKGROUND: Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a subepidermal blistering disease with IgG antibodies against collagen VII. The disease is heterogeneous and can lead to significant morbidity. AIM: To characterize the clinical and laboratory profile of patients with EBA from Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: In total, 12 patients (mean age 24 years) were analysed for cutaneous and mucosal involvement, laboratory data and response to treatment. RESULTS: Mucosal involvement occurred in 11 of the 12 patients (eyes in 4/12, nose in 4/9, pharynx-larynx in 5/9 and oesophagus in 4/10; 3 patients did not undergo nasopharyngeal examination and 2 paediatric patients did not undergo endoscopy). Using direct immunofluorescence, different patterns of deposits were found at the basement membrane zone: IgG (12/12), IgA (6/12), IgM (4/12), C3 (11/12). Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) was positive in 6 of 12 patients, and IIF on salt-split skin detected dermal deposition in 10 of 12 patients. Antinuclear antibodies were found in 3 of 12 patients, but none of them fulfilled the criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. After treatment, total remission was achieved in three patients and partial remission in five (three were maintained on minimal treatment, one on the full treatment and one was able to come off treatment). Two patients were lost to follow-up and the remaining two had disease flares. Complications were mainly mucosal (oesophageal stenosis, laryngeal synechia, symblephara and trichiasis). CONCLUSIONS: Mucosal involvement in EBA is a determining factor for disease morbidity. Complete evaluation of the patient, focusing on both cutaneous and extracutaneous sites is essential, as EBA may evolve to refractory disease, severely compromising its outcome.

Reduction of organic pollutants in Olive Mill Wastewater by using different mineral substrates as adsorbents.

Physico-chemical treatments of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) were carried out using different inorganic substrates such as soil, bentonite and zeolite, in order to assess their efficiency to remove the organic load from OMW, in particular polyphenols (Pp) and to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD). The effect of repeated treatments of OMW with different minerals and the possibility of regenerating them by the Low Temperature Ashing (LTA) technique, an eco-friendly procedure, for the reutilization of treated OMW, has been investigated. Zeolite was found to be highly efficient in adsorbing Pp and COD from OMW and was easy to regenerate by means of the LTA technique.

A Novel Panel of Serum Biomarkers for MPM Diagnosis.

Exposure to asbestos is the main cause of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), a highly aggressive cancer of the pleura. Since the only tools for early detection are based on radiological tests, some authors focused on serum markers (i.e., mesothelin). The aim of this study was the evaluation of new serum biomarkers to be used individually or in combination, in order to improve the outcome of patients whose disease would be diagnosed at an earlier stage. Serum and plasma were available from 43 subjects previously exposed to asbestos and 27 MPM patients, all being epithelioid type. All the new markers found differentially expressed in MPM and healthy subjects, by proteomic and genomic approaches, have been validated in the serum by the use of specific ELISA. The combined approach, using tools of genomics and proteomics, is found to be highly innovative for this type of disease and led to the identification of new serum markers in the diagnosis of MPM. These results, if confirmed in a larger series, may have a strong impact in this area, because early detection of this cancer in people at high risk could significantly improve the course of the disease and the clinical approach to an individualized therapy.

Properties of a novel pH-dependent Ca2+ permeation pathway present in male germ cells with possible roles in spermatogenesis and mature sperm function.

Rises of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) are key signals for cell division, differentiation, and maturation. Similarly, they are likely to be important for the unique processes of meiosis and spermatogenesis, carried out exclusively by male germ cells. In addition, elevations of [Ca2+]i and intracellular pH (pHi) in mature sperm trigger at least two events obligatory for fertilization: capacitation and acrosome reaction. Evidence implicates the activity of Ca2+ channels modulated by pHi in the origin of these Ca2+ elevations, but their nature remains unexplored, in part because work in individual spermatozoa are hampered by formidable experimental difficulties. Recently, late spermatogenic cells have emerged as a model system for studying aspects relevant for sperm physiology, such as plasmalemmal ion fluxes. Here we describe the first study on the influence of controlled intracellular alkalinization on [Ca2+]i on identified spermatogenic cells from mouse adult testes. In BCECF [(2',7')-bis(carboxymethyl)- (5, 6)-carboxyfluorescein]-AM-loaded spermatogenic cells, a brief (30-60 s) application of 25 mM NH4Cl increased pHi by approximately 1.3 U from a resting pHi approximately 6.65. A steady pHi plateau was maintained during NH4Cl application, with little or no rebound acidification. In fura-2-AM-loaded cells, alkalinization induced a biphasic response composed of an initial [Ca2+]i drop followed by a two- to threefold rise. Maneuvers that inhibit either Ca2+ influx or intracellular Ca2+ release demonstrated that the majority of the Ca2+ rise results from plasma membrane Ca2+ influx, although a small component likely to result from intracellular Ca2+ release was occasionally observed. Ca2+ transients potentiated with repeated NH4Cl applications, gradually obliterating the initial [Ca2+]i drop. The pH-sensitive Ca2+ permeation pathway allows the passage of other divalents (Sr2+, Ba2+, and Mn2+) and is blocked by inorganic Ca2+ channel blockers (Ni2+ and Cd2+), but not by the organic blocker nifedipine. The magnitude of these Ca2+ transients increased as maturation advanced, with the largest responses being recorded in testicular sperm. By extrapolation, these findings suggest that the pH-dependent Ca2+ influx pathway could play significant roles in mature sperm physiology. Its pharmacology and ion selectivity suggests that it corresponds to an ion channel different from the voltage-gated T-type Ca2+ channel also present in spermatogenic cells. We postulate that the Ca2+ permeation pathway regulated by pHi, if present in mature sperm, may be responsible for the dihydropyridine-insensitive Ca2+ influx required for initiating the acrosome reaction and perhaps other important sperm functions.

A significant fraction of calcium transients in intact guinea pig ventricular myocytes is mediated by Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange.

Ca2+ mobilization elicited by simulation with brief pulses of high K+ were monitored with confocal laser scanned microscopy in intact, guinea pig cardiac myocytes loaded with the calcium indicator fluo-3. Single wavelength ratioing of fluorescence images obtained after prolonged integration times revealed non-uniformities of intracellular Ca2+ changes across the cell, suggesting the presence of significant spatial Ca2+ gradients. Treatment with 20 microM ryanodine, an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from the SR, and 10 microM verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, reduced by 42% and 76% respectively the changes in [Ca2+]i elicited by membrane depolarization. The overall spatial distribution of [Ca2+]i changes appeared unchanged. Ca2+ transients recorded in the presence of verapamil and ryanodine (about 20% of the size of control responses), diminished in the presence of 50 microM 2-4 Dichlorbenzamil (DCB) or 5 mM nickel, two relatively specific inhibitors of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism. Conversely, when the reversal potential of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange was shifted to negative potentials by lowering [NA+]o or by increasing [Na+]i by treatment with 20 microM monensin, the amplitude of these Ca2+ transients increased. Ca2+ transients elicited by membrane depolarization and largely mediated by reverse operation of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange could be recorded in the presence of ryanodine, verapamil and monensin. These finding suggest that in intact guinea pig cardiac cells, Ca2+ influx through the Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism activated by a membrane depolarization in the physiological range can be sufficient to play a significant role in excitation-contraction coupling.

Glutathione S-transferase pi expression regulates the Nrf2-dependent response to hormetic diselenides.

Glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP), a phase II gene downstream of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant-responsive element (ARE)/electrophile response element (EpRE) transcription pathway, plays a key role in both the signaling and detoxification response to Se-organic compounds with thiol peroxidase activity. We here investigated the role of GSTP on the Nrf2 activation response of cells challenged with a new class of diselenides derived from the basic structure of diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2]. These diselenides, and particularly 2,2'-diselenyl dibenzoic acid (DSBA), behave as mild thiol peroxidases leading to a moderate generation of H2O2 and NOx, and signaling of stress-activated and survival-promoting MAPKs, which ultimately control the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Used in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells to produce submaximal conditions of stress, the diselenide compounds stimulated Nrf2 nuclear translocation and then the transcription of the same Nrf2 gene as well as of GSTP and other phase II genes. This resulted in a higher degree of protection against H2O2 cytotoxicity (hormetic effect). Diselenide toxicity increased in GSTP knockout MEFs by a higher generation of NOx and stress activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK activation. A lowered hormetic potential of these cells was observed in association with an abnormal expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 protein. Immunoprecipitation and affinity purification experiments revealed the existence of an Nrf2/GSTP complex in MEFs and HepG2 cells. Covalent oligomers of GSTP subunits were observed in DSBA-treated HepG2 cells. In conclusion, GSTP gene expression influences the Nrf2-dependent response to hormetic diselenides. Mechanistic interpretation for this GSTP-dependent effect may include a direct and redox-sensitive interaction of GSTP with Nrf2 protein.

Reaction kinetics and targeting to cellular glutathione S-transferase of the glutathione peroxidase mimetic PhSeZnCl and its D,L-polylactide microparticle formulation.

Catalytic properties and cellular effects of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-mimetic compound PhSeZnCl or its d,l-lactide polymer microencapsulation form (M-PhSeZnCl) were investigated and compared with the prototypical Se-organic compounds ebselen and diselenide (PhSe)2. PhSeZnCl was confirmed to catalyze the ping-pong reaction of GPx with higher Vmax than ebselen and (PhSe)2, but the catalytic efficiency calculated for the cosubstrates glutathione (GSH) and H2O2, and particularly the high reactivity against thiols (lowest KM for GSH in the series of test molecules), suggested poor biological applicability of PhSeZnCl as a GPx mimetic. Cytotoxicity of PhSeZnCl was demonstrated in various cancer cell lines via increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, depletion of intracellular thiols, and induction of apoptosis. Experiments carried out in GSH S-transferase P (GSTP)-overexpressing K562 human erythroleukemia cells and in GSTP1-1-knockout murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) demonstrated that this cytosolic enzyme represents a preferential target of the redox disturbances produced by this Se-compound with a key role in controlling H2O2 generation and the perturbation of stress/survival kinase signaling. Microencapsulation was adopted as a strategy to control the thiol reactivity and oxidative stress effects of PhSeZnCl, then assessing applications alternative to anticancer. The uptake of this "depowered" GPx-mimetic formulation, which occurred through an endocytosis-like mechanism, resulted in a marked reduction of cytotoxicity. In MCF-7 cells transfected with different allelic variants of GSTP, M-PhSeZnCl lowered the burst of cellular ROS induced by the exposure to extracellular H2O2, and the extent of this effect changed between the GSTP variants. Microencapsulation is a straightforward strategy to mitigate the toxicity of thiol-reactive Se-organic drugs that enhanced the antioxidant and cellular protective effects of PhSeZnCl. A mechanistic linkage of these effects with the expression pattern and signaling properties of GSTP . This has overcome the GPx-mimetic paradigm proposed for Se-organic drugs with a more pragmatic concept of GSTP signaling modulators.