Equations for Prediction of Body Adiposity in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of obesity in the population has increased and excess body adiposity is one of the main nutritional disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis (HD). The objective of this study was to develop equations using anthropometric measurements to predict the total and abdominal body adiposity of patients with CKD on HD. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study evaluating 323 patients with CKD on HD in city in northeastern Brazil. Measurements and anthropometric indicators were correlated with percentage of body fat (%BF) and visceral fat (VF, in kg) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression models based on different combinations of anthropometric measurements were adjusted to develop the equations, with subsequent cross-validation. RESULTS: Of the 323 patients, 62.2% were male and 46.5% were aged between 40 and 59 years. The equation selected to estimate %BF included weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and triceps and suprailiac skin folds, presenting high predictive capacity (R2 = 0.771). The equation selected to estimate VF included weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, and sum of skin folds (R22 = 0.796). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed equations efficiently predicted the %BF and VF (kg) of patients with CKD on HD, thereby serving as viable indicators in clinical practice.

Sum of skinfolds measurement can be used in the estimation of total body fat in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: body fat reflects important clinical impacts among hemodialysis patients; thus, simple and safe methods are required for a careful evaluation of this body compartment. Objectives: to evaluate the concordance of estimates of total body fat percentage (%BF), calculated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and sum of four skinfolds (SSKD) measures, with those obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving hemodialysis. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 317 patients undergoing hemodialysis. The %BF was evaluated using BIA, SSKD measurement, and DEXA, and stratified by sex and tertiles. The Wilcoxon test for paired samples was used to compare the %BF obtained using the different methods, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC-L) to evaluate concordance. Results: the average %BF estimated using DEXA was 29.3 ± 9.3 %, with significant differences among the three methods (p < 0.05). SSKD measurement presented a higher CCC-L concordance with DEXA, regardless of sex. After stratification of the sample in tertiles, BIA presented a higher CCC-L concordance with DEXA among the patients with CKD with a %BF above 34.4 % (third tertile). Conversely, SSKD measurement presented better concordance with DEXA for those with a %BF equal to or less than 34.4 %. Conclusions: in terms of the estimates of the %BF, SSKD measurement displayed a better concordance with DEXA.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la grasa corporal refleja importantes impactos clínicos entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis; por lo tanto, se requieren métodos simples y seguros para una evaluación cuidadosa de este compartimiento del cuerpo. Objetivos: evaluar la concordancia de las estimaciones del porcentaje de grasa corporal total (%GC), calculadas mediante el análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) y la suma de las medidas de cuatro pliegues cutáneos (CPC), con las obtenidas mediante absorciometría dual energética de rayos X (DEXA) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) que reciben hemodiálisis. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en 317 pacientes en hemodiálisis. La %GC se evaluó mediante BIA, medición de CPC y DEXA, y se estratificó por sexos y terciles. Se utilizó la prueba de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas para comparar los %GC obtenidos con los diferentes métodos, y el coeficiente de correlación de concordancia de Lin (CCC-L) para evaluar la concordancia. Resultados: el %GC promedio estimado usando DEXA fue del 29,3 ± 9,3 %, con diferencias significativas entre los tres métodos (p < 0,05). La medición de los CPC presentó una mayor concordancia de CCC-L con DEXA, independientemente del sexo. Tras la estratificación de la muestra en terciles, la BIA presentó una mayor concordancia de CCC-L con DEXA entre los pacientes con ERC con un %GC superior al 34,4 % (tercer tercil). Por el contrario, la medición de los CPC presentó una mejor concordancia con la DEXA para aquellos con un %GC igual o inferior al 34,4 %. Conclusión: en términos de las estimaciones del %GC, la medición de los CPC mostró una mejor concordancia con la DEXA.

Sarcopenia and inflammation in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: in individuals with chronic kidney disease, sarcopenia is prevalent and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. Objective: to verify the relationship between sarcopenia and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Methods: a cross-sectional study with 209 patients in five hemodialysis units. Demographic, socioeconomic, body composition, clinical laboratory, and functional data were collected. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (grip strength < 27 kg for men and < 16 kg for women; DEXA muscle mass < 7.0 kg/m² for men and < 5.5 kg/m² for women). Inflammation was assessed by C-reactive protein. Results: mean age was 51.9 ± 15.0 years, with a predominance of males (59.3 %). The prevalence of sarcopenia was 29.1 % and that of inflammation was 50.2 %. A Poisson regression analysis showed that sarcopenia was associated with increased hsCRP values (PR: 1.06; 95 % CI: 1.01-1.10; p-value = 0.005); BMI (PR: 0.74; 95 % CI: 0.65-0.84; p-value < 0.001); age (PR: 1.02; 95 % CI: 1.00-1.03; p < 0.001); male (PR: 5.75; 95 % CI: 3.20-10.34; p-value < 0.001); presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) (PR: 1.87; 95 % CI: 1.27-2.74; p-value < 0.001); % body fat (PR: 1.07; 95 % CI: 1.04-1.09; p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: the prevalence of sarcopenia can be considered high in this study, as well as inflammation. Being inflamed, presence of DM, being male, increasing age, and % body fat were risk factors for sarcopenia. On the other hand, increased BMI had a protective role.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: en individuos con enfermedad renal crónica, la sarcopenia es prevalente y está asociada a un aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad, y a la aparición de complicaciones cardiovasculares. Objetivo: verificar la relación entre sarcopenia e inflamación en pacientes en hemodiálisis. Métodos: estudio transversal de 209 pacientes en cinco unidades de hemodiálisis. Se recopilaron datos demográficos, socioeconómicos, de composición corporal, laboratorio clínico y funcional. La sarcopenia se diagnosticó conforme al Grupo de Trabajo Europeo sobre Sarcopenia en Personas Mayores (fuerza de agarre < 27 kg para hombres y < 16 kg para mujeres; masa muscular DEXA < 7.0 kg/m² para hombres y < 5.5 kg/m² para mujeres). La inflamación se evaluó mediante la proteína C-reactiva. Resultados: la edad media fue de 51,9 ± 15,0 años, con predominio de varones (59,3 %). La prevalencia de la sarcopenia fue del 29,1 % y la de la inflamación del 50,2 %. El análisis de regresión de Poisson mostró que la sarcopenia se asociaba con un aumento de los valores de hsCRP (PR: 1,06; IC del 95 %: 1,01-1,10; valor de p = 0,005); IMC (PR: 0,74; IC del 95 %: 0,65-0,84; valor p < 0,001); edad (PR: 1,02; IC 95 %: 1,00-1,03; p < 0,001); hombre (PR: 5,75; IC 95 %: 3,20-10,34; valor p < 0,001); presencia de DM (PR: 1,87; IC 95 %: 1,27-2,74; valor p < 0,001); % de grasa corporal (PR: 1,07; IC 95 %: 1,04-1,09; valor p < 0,001). Conclusión: la prevalencia de la sarcopenia puede considerarse alta en este estudio, así como la inflamación. Tener inflamación, la presencia de DM, ser hombre, la mayor edad y el % de grasa corporal resultaron ser factores de riesgo de sarcopenia. Por otro lado, el aumento del IMC tuvo un papel protector.

Risco cardiovascular em hipertensos e diabéticos acompanhados em uma unidade básica de saúde / Cardiovascular risk in hypertensive and diabetic patients followed up in a basic health unit

Determinar o risco cardiovascular pelo Escore de Framingham em indivíduos hipertensos e/ou diabéticos acompanhados em uma unidade de saúde. Estudo transversal com 141 indivíduos com avaliação de dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, clínicos, nutricionais e laboratoriais e aplicação do Escore de Framingham. A média de idade foi 58,5 ±10,5 anos; 67,4% foram mulheres; prevalência de hipertensão arterial, 79,4%, diabetes mellitus, 46,8%; e ambas as comorbidades, 26,2%. A análise apontou diferença por sexo: mulheres apresentaram maior índice de massa corporal (p=0,002), colesterol total (p=0,047) e lipoproteína de alta densidade (p<0,001). O risco cardiovascular foi: 27%, risco baixo; 35,4%, moderado; e 37,6%, alto. Houve maior predomínio de alto risco cardiovascular nos homens (56,5%). Na estratificação do risco cardiovascular, os fatores relacionados ao alto risco foram: maiores idades (p<0,001), maiores valores de colesterol total (p=0,002) e pressão arterial sistólica (p=0,001), maior prevalência de diabetes mellitus (p=0,041) e menores valores de lipoproteína de alta densidade (p=0,016).

To determine the cardiovascular risk using the Framingham Risk Score in hypertensive and/or diabetic individuals followed-up in a health unit. Cross-sectional study with 141 individuals evaluating sociodemographic, economic, clinical, nutritional, and laboratory data, and application of the Framingham Risk Score. Mean age was 58.5 ±10.5 years; 67.4% were women; the prevalence of hypertension was 79.4%; diabetes mellitus, 46.8%; and both comorbidities, 26.2%. The analysis pointed out difference by sex: women had higher body mass index (p=0.002), total cholesterol (p=0.047), and high-density lipoprotein (p<0.001). Cardiovascular risk was: 27%, low risk; 35.4%, moderate risk; and 37.6%, high risk. There was a higher predominance of high cardiovascular risk in men (56.5%). In the stratification of cardiovascular risk, the factors related to high risk were older age (p<0.001), higher values of total cholesterol (p=0.002) and systolic blood pressure (p=0.001), higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (p=0.041), and lower values of high-density lipoprotein (p=0.016).

Association between estimated glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion in urine of African descendants in Brazil: a population-based study.

INTRODUCTION: Excessive salt intake is a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objective: To evaluate the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and sodium excretion in urine samples of Brazilians of African ancestry. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based study of 1,211 Brazilians of African ancestry living in Alcântara City, Maranhão, Brazil. Demographic, nutritional, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. The urinary excretion of sodium was estimated using the Kawasaki equation. Calculations of eGFR were based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Multivariate linear-regression model was used to identify the relationship between sodium excretion and eGFR. RESULTS: Mean age was 37.5±11.7 years and 52.8% were women. Mean urinary excretion of sodium was 204.6±15.3 mmol/day and eGFR was 111.8±15.3 mL/min/1.73m2. According to multivariate linear regression, GFR was independently correlated with sodium excretion (ß=0.11; p<0.001), age (ß=-0.67; p<0.001), female sex (ß=-0.20; p<0.001), and body mass index (BMI; ß=-0.09; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that age, female sex, BMI, and correlated negatively with eGFR. Sodium excretion was the only variable that showed a positive correlation with eGFR, indicating that high levels of urinary sodium excretion may contribute to hyperfiltration with potentially harmful consequences.

Deficiência de vitamina d e mortalidade cardiovascular na doença renal crônica: revisão integrativa / Deficiencia de vitamina d y mortalidad cardiovascular en la enfermedad renal crónica: revisión integradora / Vitamin d deficiency and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease: integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os estudos científicos desenvolvidos sobre a deficiência de vitamina D e a mortalidade por causa cardiovascular nas pessoas com doença renal crônica. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura a partir das bases de dados LILACS, Pub Med, Medline e na biblioteca eletrônica SciELO, utilizando os descritores deficiência de vitamina D, mortalidade cardiovascular e doença renal crônica, sendo selecionados 14 artigos para análise. Resultados: A partir da análise dos artigos selecionados, foi possível identificar que a deficiência de vitamina D e a mortalidade cardiovascular são condições muito frequentes em renais crônicos e, por isso, discutem-se hipóteses de que a correção desta deficiência pode exercer efeitos benéficos sobre a doença e mortalidade cardiovascular nessa população. Conclusão: Há uma intrínseca relação entre a carência de vitamina D e a mortalidade cardiovascular. Entretanto, ainda é discutível se a suplementação de vitamina D reduz a mortalidade cardiovascular nos doentes renais crônicos. Tal hipótese precisa ser testada em ensaios clínicos, ensejando a necessidade de se desenvolver mais pesquisas sobre o tema.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los estudios científicos desarrollados sobre la deficiencia de vitamina D y la mortalidad por causa cardiovascular en las personas con enfermedad renal crónica. Método: se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura a partir de las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, Medline yen la biblioteca electrónica SciELO, utilizando los descriptores deficiencia de vitamina D; mortalidad cardiovascular y enfermedad renal crónica, siendo seleccionados 14 artículos para el análisis. Resultados: a partir del análisis de los artículos seleccionados, fue posible identificar que la deficiencia de vitamina D y la mortalidad cardiovascular son condiciones muy frecuentes en enfermos renales crónicos y, por ello, se discuten hipótesis de que la corrección de esta deficiencia puede ejercer efectos benéficos sobre la enfermedad y mortalidad cardiovascular en esta población. Conclusión: hay una intrínseca relación entre la carencia de vitamina D y la mortalidad cardiovascular. Sin embargo, aúnes discutible si la suplementación de vitamina D reduce la mortalidad cardiovascular en los enfermos renales crónicos. Tal hipótesis necesita ser probada en ensayos clínicos, fomentando la necesidad de desarrollarse más investigaciones sobre el tema.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze scientific studies that have addressed vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular mortality in people with chronic kidney disease. Method: This is an integrative literature review conducted through the LILACS, PubMed and Medline databases, and through the SciELO electronic library, using the 'vitamin D deficiency', 'cardiovascular mortality' and 'chronic kidney disease' descriptors, with 14 articles being selected for analysis. Results: By analyzing the selected articles, it was possible to identify that vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular mortality are very common conditions in chronic renal patients and, for this reason, there are hypotheses that correcting this deficiency may have beneficial effects on the disease and cardiovascular mortality in this population. Conclusion: There is an intrinsic relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular mortality. However, it is still debatable whether vitamin D supplementation reduces cardiovascular mortality in chronic renal patients. Such hypothesis needs to be tested in clinical trials, which gives cause for the need to develop further research on the theme.

Visceral adiposity indicators and cardiovascular risk in hemodialytic patients

ABSTRACT Objective: Cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and association of the hypertriglyceridemia-waist phenotype (HWP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) with cardiometabolic risk factors (CR) in patients with CKD on hemodialysis (HD). Materials and methods: The study is based on a cross-sectional design with 265 HD patients in two cities in northeastern Brazil. The VAI was calculated considering the variables body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). HWP was defined as the concomitant elevation of WC and TG. The Poisson Regression Model with robust variance estimation was adjusted considering a hierarchical approach for explanatory variables. Prevalence ratios (PR) were also estimated. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: In our study HWP and VAI prevalence's were 29.82% and 58.49%, respectively. In the final model, there was an association between VAI and female gender (PR = 1.46; p < 0.0001) and high body fat (% BF) (PR = 1.33; p < 0.0019). HWP was associated with females (PR = 1.80; p = 0.002), alcohol consumption (PR = 1.58; p = 0.033), obesity (PR = 1.89; p = 0.0001), high %BF (PR = 1.76; p = 0.012) and reduced HDL-c (PR = 1.48; p = 0.035). Conclusion: The HWP stood out as the association with more CR factors, representing a promising method for tracking cardiometabolic risk in HD patients, mainly female.

Sum of skinfolds measurement can be used in the estimation of total body fat in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis / La medición de la suma de los pliegues cutáneos puede utilizarse en la estimación de la grasa corporal total en los pacientes con nefropatía crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis

INTRODUCTION: body fat reflects important clinical impacts among hemodialysis patients; thus, simple and safe methods are required for a careful evaluation of this body compartment. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the concordance of estimates of total body fat percentage (%BF), calculated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and sum of four skinfolds (SSKD) measures, with those obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving hemodialysis. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 317 patients undergoing hemodialysis. The %BF was evaluated using BIA, SSKD measurement, and DEXA, and stratified by sex and tertiles. The Wilcoxon test for paired samples was used to compare the %BF obtained using the different methods, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC-L) to evaluate concordance. RESULTS: the average %BF estimated using DEXA was 29.3 ± 9.3 %, with significant differences among the three methods (p < 0.05). SSKD measurement presented a higher CCC-L concordance with DEXA, regardless of sex. After stratification of the sample in tertiles, BIA presented a higher CCC-L concordance with DEXA among the patients with CKD with a %BF above 34.4 % (third tertile). Conversely, SSKD measurement presented better concordance with DEXA for those with a %BF equal to or less than 34.4 %. CONCLUSIONS: in terms of the estimates of the %BF, SSKD measurement displayed a better concordance with DEXA

INTRODUCCIÓN: la grasa corporal refleja importantes impactos clínicos entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis; por lo tanto, se requieren métodos simples y seguros para una evaluación cuidadosa de este compartimiento del cuerpo. OBJETIVOS: evaluar la concordancia de las estimaciones del porcentaje de grasa corporal total (%GC), calculadas mediante el análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) y la suma de las medidas de cuatro pliegues cutáneos (CPC), con las obtenidas mediante absorciometría dual energética de rayos X (DEXA) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) que reciben hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio transversal en 317 pacientes en hemodiálisis. La %GC se evaluó mediante BIA, medición de CPC y DEXA, y se estratificó por sexos y terciles. Se utilizó la prueba de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas para comparar los %GC obtenidos con los diferentes métodos, y el coeficiente de correlación de concordancia de Lin (CCC-L) para evaluar la concordancia. RESULTADOS: el %GC promedio estimado usando DEXA fue del 29,3 ± 9,3 %, con diferencias significativas entre los tres métodos (p < 0,05). La medición de los CPC presentó una mayor concordancia de CCC-L con DEXA, independientemente del sexo. Tras la estratificación de la muestra en terciles, la BIA presentó una mayor concordancia de CCC-L con DEXA entre los pacientes con ERC con un %GC superior al 34,4 % (tercer tercil). Por el contrario, la medición de los CPC presentó una mejor concordancia con la DEXA para aquellos con un %GC igual o inferior al 34,4 %. CONCLUSIÓN: en términos de las estimaciones del %GC, la medición de los CPC mostró una mejor concordancia con la DEXA

Sarcopenia and inflammation in patients undergoing hemodialysis / Sarcopenia e inflamación en pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis

INTRODUCTION: in individuals with chronic kidney disease, sarcopenia is prevalent and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. OBJECTIVE: to verify the relationship between sarcopenia and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: a cross-sectional study with 209 patients in five hemodialysis units. Demographic, socioeconomic, body composition, clinical laboratory, and functional data were collected. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (grip strength < 27 kg for men and < 16 kg for women; DEXA muscle mass < 7.0 kg/m² for men and < 5.5 kg/m² for women). Inflammation was assessed by C-reactive protein. RESULTS: mean age was 51.9 ± 15.0 years, with a predominance of males (59.3 %). The prevalence of sarcopenia was 29.1 % and that of inflammation was 50.2 %. A Poisson regression analysis showed that sarcopenia was associated with increased hsCRP values (PR: 1.06; 95 % CI: 1.01-1.10; p-value = 0.005); BMI (PR: 0.74; 95 % CI: 0.65-0.84; p-value < 0.001); age (PR: 1.02; 95 % CI: 1.00-1.03; p < 0.001); male (PR: 5.75; 95 % CI: 3.20-10.34; p-value < 0.001); presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) (PR: 1.87; 95 % CI: 1.27-2.74; p-value < 0.001); % body fat (PR: 1.07; 95 % CI: 1.04-1.09; p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: the prevalence of sarcopenia can be considered high in this study, as well as inflammation. Being inflamed, presence of DM, being male, increasing age, and % body fat were risk factors for sarcopenia. On the other hand, increased BMI had a protective role

INTRODUCCIÓN: en individuos con enfermedad renal crónica, la sarcopenia es prevalente y está asociada a un aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad, y a la aparición de complicaciones cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: verificar la relación entre sarcopenia e inflamación en pacientes en hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal de 209 pacientes en cinco unidades de hemodiálisis. Se recopilaron datos demográficos, socioeconómicos, de composición corporal, laboratorio clínico y funcional. La sarcopenia se diagnosticó conforme al Grupo de Trabajo Europeo sobre Sarcopenia en Personas Mayores (fuerza de agarre < 27 kg para hombres y < 16 kg para mujeres; masa muscular DEXA < 7.0 kg/m² para hombres y < 5.5 kg/m² para mujeres). La inflamación se evaluó mediante la proteína C-reactiva. RESULTADOS: la edad media fue de 51,9 ± 15,0 años, con predominio de varones (59,3 %). La prevalencia de la sarcopenia fue del 29,1 % y la de la inflamación del 50,2 %. El análisis de regresión de Poisson mostró que la sarcopenia se asociaba con un aumento de los valores de hsCRP (PR: 1,06; IC del 95 %: 1,01-1,10; valor de p = 0,005); IMC (PR: 0,74; IC del 95 %: 0,65-0,84; valor p < 0,001); edad (PR: 1,02; IC 95 %: 1,00-1,03; p < 0,001); hombre (PR: 5,75; IC 95 %: 3,20-10,34; valor p < 0,001); presencia de diabetes mellitus (DM) (PR: 1,87; IC 95 %: 1,27-2,74; valor p < 0,001); % de grasa corporal (PR: 1,07; IC 95 %: 1,04-1,09; valor p < 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: la prevalencia de la sarcopenia puede considerarse alta en este estudio, así como la inflamación. Tener inflamación, la presencia de DM, ser hombre, la mayor edad y el % de grasa corporal resultaron ser factores de riesgo de sarcopenia. Por otro lado, el aumento del IMC tuvo un papel protector

Association between estimated glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion in urine of African descendants in Brazil: a population-based study / Associação entre taxa de filtração glomerular estimada e excreção urinária de sódio de descendentes de africanos no Brasil: um estudo populacional

ABSTRACT Introduction: Excessive salt intake is a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objective: To evaluate the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and sodium excretion in urine samples of Brazilians of African ancestry. Methods: Cross-sectional, population-based study of 1,211 Brazilians of African ancestry living in Alcântara City, Maranhão, Brazil. Demographic, nutritional, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. The urinary excretion of sodium was estimated using the Kawasaki equation. Calculations of eGFR were based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Multivariate linear-regression model was used to identify the relationship between sodium excretion and eGFR. Results: Mean age was 37.5±11.7 years and 52.8% were women. Mean urinary excretion of sodium was 204.6±15.3 mmol/day and eGFR was 111.8±15.3 mL/min/1.73m2. According to multivariate linear regression, GFR was independently correlated with sodium excretion (β=0.11; p<0.001), age (β=-0.67; p<0.001), female sex (β=-0.20; p<0.001), and body mass index (BMI; β=-0.09; p<0.001). Conclusions: The present study showed that age, female sex, BMI, and correlated negatively with eGFR. Sodium excretion was the only variable that showed a positive correlation with eGFR, indicating that high levels of urinary sodium excretion may contribute to hyperfiltration with potentially harmful consequences.

RESUMO Introdução: O consumo excessivo de sal é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doença renal crônica (DRC). Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (eGFR) e excreção urinária de sódio em amostra isolada de urina de brasileiros de ascendência africana. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional que incluiu 1.211 brasileiros de ascendência africana que vivem na cidade de Alcântara, no Maranhão. Foram analisados dados demográficos, nutricionais, clínicos e laboratoriais. A excreção urinária de sódio foi estimada usando a equação de Kawasaki. Os cálculos da TFGe foram realizados por meio da equação do Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration. O modelo de regressão linear multivariada foi utilizado para identificar a relação entre excreção de sódio e TFGe. Resultados: A idade média foi de 37,5 ± 11,7 anos e 52,8% dos participantes eram mulheres. A média da excreção urinária de sódio, ao invés de excreção urinária média foi de 204,6 ± 15,3 mmol/dia e a TFGe foi de 111,8 ± 15,3 mL/min/1,73 m2. A regressão linear multivariada mostrou que a TFG correlacionou-se independentemente com a excreção de sódio (β = 0,11; p < 0,001), idade (β = -0,67; p < 0,001), sexo feminino (β = -0,20; p < 0,001) e índice de massa corporal (IMC; β = -0,09; p < 0,001). Conclusões: O presente estudo mostrou que idade, sexo feminino e IMC correlcionaram-se negativamente com TFGe. Ao negativamente correlacionados com TFGe. Excreção de sódio foi a única variável que mostrou correlação positiva com TFGe, indicando que a alta excreção urinária de sódio pode determinar um quadro de hiperfiltração, acarretando consequências adversas para a função renal a longo prazo.