Emotional events and anger at the workplace as triggers for a first event of the acute coronary syndrome: a case-crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies found that some factors such as physical exertion, anger and heavy meals were triggers for acute coronary syndrome. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the relative risk of an ACS episode associated with positive and negative emotional experiences and anger as potential work-related triggers. METHODS: A total of 209 consecutive patients were interviewed a median of 2 days after a cardiac event that occurred at work or up to 2 hours later. The case-crossover design was used. Positive and negative emotional experiences and anger episodes in the hours immediately before the onset of ACS were compared with episodes in the comparable hours during the previous workday. For anger the episodes were compared with the usual frequency at work during the previous year. Positive and negative emotional experiences were assessed by the PANAS questionnaire (Positive and Negative Affect Scale), and anger by the Onset Anger Scale. RESULTS: The relative risks of an acute coronary event during the first hour after exposure to negative and positive emotional experiences were RR = 14.0 (95% confidence interval 1.8-106.5) and RR = 3.50 (95% CI 0.7-16.8) respectively and RR = 9.0 (95% CI 1.1-71) for an episode of anger. Using conditional logistic regression analysis, the highest relative risk was associated with negative emotional experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Negative emotional experiences and anger at work can trigger the onset of an ACS episode. This could have implications for recognizing a cardiac event as a work accident. The implementation of stress-reduction programs in the workplace or use of preventive medications in workers at high risk for coronary heart disease should be investigated.

Heavy meals as a trigger for a first event of the acute coronary syndrome: a case-crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Food intake has an immediate effect on the cardiovascular system. However, the effect of a large meal as an immediate trigger for the acute coronary syndrome has not been assessed. OBJECTIVES: To assess the relative risk for ACS within a few hours after the ingestion of a heavy meal. METHODS: In a case-crossover study, 209 patients were interviewed a median of 2 days after an ACS event. Ingestion of a large meal in the few hours immediately before the onset of ACS was compared with the comparable few hours the day before and with the usual frequency of large meals over the past year. Large meals were assessed according to a 5 level scale. RESULTS: The relative risk of an acute coronary event during the first hour after a heavy meal ingestion was RR = 7 (95% confidence interval 0.75-65.8) when the day before the ACS served as the control data and RR = 4 (95% CI 1.9-8.6) when the usual frequency of heavy meals ingestion during the previous year served as the control data. CONCLUSIONS: The ingestion of heavy meals can trigger the onset of an ACS event. Education of the population to avoid heavy meals, especially in people at high risk for coronary heart disease, should be included in the prevention of ACS. Research regarding specific nutrients that may act as potential triggers for ACS should be considered.