Sleep Patterns among South Korean Infants and Toddlers: Global Comparison.

The purpose of this study was to examine sleep patterns in a large sample of infants and toddlers (ages birth to 36 months) in Korea, and to compare sleep patterns, sleep problems, sleep ecology, and parental behaviors to global sleep data on young children in both predominantly Asian (P-A) and predominantly Caucasian (P-C) countries/regions. We additionally examined parent and child demographic information, parental behaviors, and aspects of the sleep ecology as predictors of sleep patterns among infants and toddlers in Korea. Parents/caregivers of 1,036 Korean infants and toddlers completed an expanded, internet-based version of the brief infant sleep questionnaire. Consistent with other studies of sleep in early childhood, sleep/wake patterns became increasingly consolidated with older child age for the Korea sample. Compared to both P-A and P-C infants and toddlers, children in Korea had the latest bedtimes, shortest total sleep and daytime sleep durations, and the least frequent rates of napping. Even though half of parents perceive their children's sleep problematic, parental perceptions of severe child sleep problems were the lowest. Within Korea, breastfeeding and bottle-feeding at sleep resumption were associated with increased nocturnal awakenings. Evening television viewing was associated with later bedtimes, which may have implications for sleep hygiene recommendations in clinical practice. The current study provides important information about sleep/wake patterns, parental behaviors, and aspects of the sleep ecology for infants and toddlers for physicians to support healthy sleep in Korea.

Effect of Prophylactic Palivizumab on Admission Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Former Very Low Birth Weight Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

The aim of this study was to observe the effects of prophylactic palivizumab on hospitalization secondary to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection (RSVhospitalization) in former very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This study also sought to identify the risk factors of RSVhospitalizationin this particular infant population. A prospective observational study was conducted between September 2007 and April 2008 in seven Korean hospitals. Children with a history of very low birth weight, a diagnosis of BPD and who were <2 yr old at the onset of the RSV season were included in this study. Palivizumab injections were administered monthly for a maximum of five months during the RSV season. RSVhospitalization rates were reviewed, and RSVhospitalization rates between subgroups were categorized by gestational age, birth weight, and duration of ventilator care. A total of 90 subjects completed the follow-up interviews. The mean gestational age at birth was 26.1±1.7 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 889.4±222.2 g. The incidence of RSVhospitalization in the study population was 8.9% (8/90), and the mean hospital stay was 11.0±5.5 days, including one death. There were no statistically significant differences in the patients' demographic characteristics or risk factors for RSV hospitalization. When subgroup analyses were conducted, there were still no statistically significant differences. The administration of palivizumab prophylaxis during the entire RSV season is important in VLBWI with BPD, regardless of their gestational age and birth weight, or previous ventilator dependency.

Effect of undissolved Nb carbides on mechanical properties of hydrogen-precharged tempered martensitic steel.

Nb carbides have attracted significant attention to enhance the resistance of tempered martensitic (TM) steel to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). However, previous studies have elucidated the role of Nb carbides in HE resistance without categorizing their types (i.e., undissolved and newly precipitated). This study focuses on the effect of "undissolved" Nb carbides on the tensile and fatigue properties of hydrogen-precharged TM steels. It validated the following two factors for the HE resistance of the TM steels containing undissolved Nb carbides: hydrogen-trapping by the carbides and refinement of prior austenite grain. The former factor rarely affected the HE resistance owing to the interfacial incoherency between the undissolved carbides and ferritic matrix. Such results are distinguished from previous studies focusing on the newly precipitated carbides. In contrast, the latter factor contributed significantly to the HE resistance via the decrease in hydrogen contents per unit surface of prior austenite grain boundaries.

Characteristics of High-Level Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Retail Chicken Meat in Korea.

Genes encoding ciprofloxacin resistance in enterococci in animals may be transferred to bacteria in the animal gut and to zoonotic bacteria where they could pose a human health hazard. The objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistance in high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from retail chicken meat. A total of 345 enterococci (335 E. faecalis and 10 E. faecium) were isolated from 200 chicken meat samples. Of these, 85 E. faecalis isolates and 1 E. faecium isolate were confirmed as HLCR enterococci. All 86 HLCR enterococci displayed gyrA- parC point mutations consisting of S83I-S80I (94.2%, 81 isolates), S83F-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), S83Y-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), and S83Y-S80F (1.2%, 1 isolate). Sixty-one (72.9%) of the 86 HLCR enterococci showed multidrug resistance to three to six classes of antimicrobial agents. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that E. faecalis had 17 different sequence types (ST) and E. faecium had 1 different ST, with ST256 observed most often (44 isolates, 51.8%). Although these results cannot exclude the possibility that pathotypes of enterococci isolated from chicken might represent transmission to or from humans, the foodborne HLCR E. faecalis indicated that the food chain is a potential route of enterococcal infection in humans.

The centrosomal localization of KM-HN-1 (MGC33607) depends on the leucine zipper motif and the C-terminal coiled-coil domain.

KM-HN-1 is a C-terminal coiled-coil domain containing protein previously referred to as image clone MGC33607. This protein has been previously identified as a cancer/testis antigen and reported as nuclear and chromatin localizing protein. We raised polyclonal antisera with the GST fusion protein and identified them as a 105 kDa protein. Motif analysis showed that this protein harbors the leucine zipper motif in internal 1/3 region and the coiled-coil domain in the C-terminal region. Using the full length and various deletion mutants, we determined the motif that governs the subcellular localization of KM-HN-1. Immunofluorescence staining of the endogenous KM-HN-1 and various kinds of GFP-tagged KM-HN-1 revealed that KM-HN-1 localizes to the centrosomes as well as nucleus. The centrosomal localization-determining region of this protein is C-terminal coiled-coil domain in which the leucine zipper motif and the nuclear export signal (NES) harbor.

Swallowing dysfunction in very low birth weight infants with oral feeding desaturation.

BACKGROUND: We detected swallowing dysfunction by the modified barium swallow (MBS) test and determined risk factors for swallowing dysfunction in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with oral feeding desaturation near discharge. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 41 VLBW infants referred for MBS test because of significant oral feeding desaturation at ≥ 35 weeks of postmenstrual age. Infants who showed impaired airway protection, including inadequate epiglottic closure, laryngeal penetration and/or tracheal aspiration by MBS test, were compared to those without impaired airway protection. RESULTS: Eleven infants (26.8%) showed impaired airway protection by MBS test. They had a significantly lower gestational age at birth but a similar postmenstrual age compared to those without impaired airway protection. All infants with impaired airway protection were born at ≤ 28 weeks of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Swallowing dysfunction resulting in aspiration should be considered as a cause of significant oral feeding desaturation in infants born at ≤ 28 weeks of gestation regardless of postmenstrual age.

BMI-1026 treatment can induce SAHF formation by activation of Erk1/2.

BMI-1026 is a synthetic aminopyrimidine compound that targets cyclin dependent kinases (cdks) and was initially designed as a potential anticancer drug. Even though it has been well documented that BMI-1026 is a potent cdk inhibitor, little is known about the cellular effects of this compound. In this study, we examined the effects of BMI-1026 treatment on inducing premature senescence and then evaluated the biochemical features of BMI-1026-induced premature senescence. From these experiments we determined that BMI-1026 treatment produced several biochemical features of premature senescence and also stimulated expression of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family proteins. BMI-1026 treatment caused nuclear translocation of activated Erk1/2 and the formation of senescence associated heterochromatin foci in 5 days. The heterochromatin foci formation was perturbed by inhibition of Erk1/2 activation.