Developmental psychopathology turns 50: Applying core principles to longitudinal investigation of ADHD in girls and efforts to reduce stigma and discrimination.

The seminal contributions of Dante Cicchetti to the field/paradigm/metaparadigm of developmental psychopathology (DP) - and its continuing ascendance as a guiding force for multidisciplinary investigation of normative and atypical development - are legion. Our aim is to illustrate a number of DP's core principles in the context of (a) prospective longitudinal research on children (particularly girls) with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and (b) theoretical and empirical work dedicated to alleviating the stigma and discrimination toward those experiencing mental health, substance use, and neurodevelopmental challenges. We feature (i) the mutual interplay of perspectives on normative and non-normative development, (ii) reciprocal and transactional processes, and the constructs of equifinaliy and multifinality; (iii) continuities and discontinuities in developmental processes and outcomes, with particular focus on heterotypic continuity; (iv) the inseparability of heritable and environmental risk; (v) multiple levels of analysis, and (vi) the benefits of qualitative perspectives. We highlight that interventions promoting recovery, along with the multi-level facilitation of protective factors/strengths, lie at the heart of both DP and anti-stigma efforts. The ongoing youth mental-health crisis provides a sobering counterpoint to the gains of the DP enterprise over the past half century.

A longitudinal path model examining the transactional nature of parenting and child externalizing behaviors in a large, sociodemographically diverse sample.

Children's externalizing behaviors are associated with impairments across the lifespan. Developmental psychopathology theories propose transactional (bidirectional) associations between child externalizing behaviors and parenting during childhood and adolescence. Yet, these foundational relations in early childhood are not well-studied. Utilizing a large, mixed-sex sample, we examined the reciprocal nature of parenting and child externalizing behaviors across early childhood using robust repeated-measures models. Repeated measures data were drawn from a socioeconomically diverse, longitudinal pregnancy cohort of 1287 (64% Black, 31% White) mother-child dyads at four time points (ages one to six). Three variables were included in cross-lagged panel models: observed parenting quality, child externalizing symptoms, and a maternal risk composite. In covariate-adjusted models, higher parenting quality at Wave 1 predicted lower child externalizing symptoms at Wave 2. Higher externalizing symptoms at Wave 1 and Wave 2 predicted lower parenting quality at Wave 2 and Wave 3, respectively. Maternal risk and parenting quality were not significantly associated. Findings showed both parent-driven and child-driven effects across early childhood that did not vary by child sex. The transactional nature of the parent-child relationship begins in infancy, underscoring the importance of early screening and provision of supports for families to minimize and prevent the development of serious psychopathology.

A path model examination: maternal anxiety and parenting mediate the association between maternal adverse childhood experiences and children's internalizing behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Children of mothers with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are at increased risk for developmental problems. However, the mechanisms through which a mother's experience of ACEs are transmitted to her offspring are understudied. The current study investigates potential modifiable mediators (maternal psychopathology and parenting) of the association between maternal ACEs and children's behavioral problems. METHODS: We utilized data from a pregnancy cohort study (N = 1030; CANDLE study) to investigate longitudinal associations between maternal ACEs, postpartum anxiety, observed parenting behavior, and child internalizing behaviors (meanage = 4.31 years, s.d. age = 0.38) in a racially diverse (67% Black; 33% White/Other) sample. We used structural equation modeling to test for direct associations between maternal ACEs and children's internalizing behaviors, as well as indirect associations via two simple mediations (maternal anxiety and parenting), and one serial mediation (sequence of maternal anxiety to parenting). RESULTS: Simple mediation results indicated that maternal anxiety and cognitive growth fostering behaviors independently mediated the association between maternal ACEs and child internalizing. We observed no evidence of a serial mediation from ACEs to internalizing via the effects of maternal anxiety on parenting. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports and refines extant literature by confirming the intergenerational association between maternal ACEs and child internalizing behaviors in a large, diverse sample, and identifies potential modifiable mediators: maternal anxiety and parenting behaviors related to fostering cognitive development. Findings may inform interventions targeting mothers who have experienced ACEs and suggest that providing support around specific parenting behaviors and addressing maternal anxiety may reduce internalizing behaviors in children.

Intergenerational transmission of stress: Multi-domain stressors from maternal childhood and pregnancy predict children's mental health in a racially and socioeconomically diverse, multi-site cohort.

PURPOSE: Despite growing recognition that unfortunately common maternal stress exposures in childhood and pregnancy may have intergenerational impacts on children's psychiatric health, studies rarely take a life course approach. With child psychopathology on the rise, the identification of modifiable risk factors is needed to promote maternal and child well-being. In this study, we examined associations of maternal exposure to childhood traumatic events (CTE) and pregnancy stressful life events (PSLE) with child mental health problems in a large, sociodemographically diverse sample. METHODS: Participants were mother-child dyads in the ECHO-PATHWAYS consortium's harmonized data across three U.S. pregnancy cohorts. Women completed questionnaires regarding their own exposure to CTE and PSLE, and their 4-6-year-old child's mental health problems using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Regression analyses estimated associations between stressors and child total behavior problems, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Among 1948 dyads (child age M = 5.13 (SD = 1.02) years; 38% Black, 44% White; 8.5% Hispanic), maternal history of CTE and PSLE were independently associated with children's psychopathology: higher CTE and PSLE counts were related to higher total problems ([ßCTE = 0.11, 95% CI [.06, .16]; ßSLE = 0.21, 95% CI [.14, 0.27]) and greater odds of clinical levels of problems (ORCTE = 1.41; 95% CI [1.12, 1.78]; ORPSLE = 1.36; 95% CI [1.23, 1.51]). Tests of interaction showed PSLEs were more strongly associated with child problems for each additional CTE experienced. CONCLUSION: Findings confirm that maternal exposure to CTE and PSLE are independently associated with child mental health, and history of CTE exacerbates the risk associated with PSLE, highlighting intergenerational risk pathways for early psychopathology. Given the prevalence of these exposures, prevention and intervention programs that reduce childhood trauma and stress during pregnancy will likely positively impact women's and their children's health.

Patient experiences of left-sided colorectal resection by robotic, conventional laparoscopic and open approaches: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Robotic surgery (RS) is increasingly employed in colorectal surgical practice, widening the range of surgical techniques offered to patients. We investigated the perceptions of patients with colorectal cancer in relation to RS, open surgery (OS) and conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLS), to identify ideas or assumptions which, in the context of shared surgeon-patient decision-making, may affect the resultant choice of surgical technique. We also investigated salient factors affecting patients' perioperative experience, including those of RS patients, to guide improvements in care and preoperative patient preparation. METHODS: This study was conducted on patients who underwent resection of left-sided colorectal cancer at a large UK teaching hospital from November 2020 to July 2021. Purposive sampling was used to ensure a roughly equal proportion of patients who underwent RS, CLS and OS. The patients included in the study participated in semi-structured interviews six weeks postoperatively. The interview schedule allowed discussion around patients' experience of their surgery and postoperative recovery, and their perceptions of surgical techniques. Interview transcripts were coded manually using inductive thematic analysis, and analyst triangulation was employed to refine coding schemes and ensure reliability of emerging themes. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were recruited to the study; RS n = 9 (median age 69 [range 60-80] years); CLS n = 10 (median age 72 [range 32-82] years; OS n = 8 (median age 71 [range 60-75] years). Patients understood the technological benefits of RS but were concerned by a risk of technological failure causing patient harm. OS was understood to be associated with more pain and longer recovery than RS or CLS. Patients perceived CLS to be more technically challenging compared with OS. Less pain and smaller wounds than expected were significant positive factors in the experience of RS and CLS patients specifically. Complications and emotional impact were significant factors in the experience of all groups, for which many patients felt underprepared. CONCLUSIONS: Patients generally have a positive view of RS and technical innovation in surgery. Concerns mostly centred around failure of technology. Many patients felt unprepared for significant factors in their perioperative experience. Surgeons and healthcare providers should be prepared to address patients' perceptions and expectations of colorectal surgery preoperatively.

Renal impairment after ileostomy formation: a frequent event with long-term consequences.

AIM: High stoma output and dehydration is common following ileostomy formation. However, the impact of this on renal function, both in the short term and after ileostomy reversal, remains poorly defined. We aimed to assess the independent impact on kidney function of an ileostomy after rectal cancer surgery and subsequent reversibility after ileostomy closure. METHODS: This retrospective single-site cohort study identified patients undergoing rectal cancer resection from 2003 to 2017, with or without a diverting ileostomy. Renal function was calculated preoperatively, before ileostomy closure, and 6 months after ileostomy reversal (or matched times for patients without ileostomy). Demographics, oncological treatments and nephrotoxic drug prescriptions were assessed. Outcome measures were deterioration from baseline renal function and development of moderate/severe chronic kidney disease (CKD ≥ 3). Multivariate analysis was performed to assess independent risk factors for postoperative renal impairment. RESULTS: Five hundred and eighty-three of 1213 patients had an ileostomy. Postoperative renal impairment occurred more frequently in ileostomates (9.5% absolute increase in rate of CKD ≥ 3; P < 0.0001) vs no change in patients without an ileostomy (P = 0.757). Multivariate analysis identified ileostomy formation, age, anastomotic leak and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors as independently associated with postoperative renal decline. Despite stoma closure, ileostomates remained at increased risk of progression to new or worse CKD [74/438 (16.9%)] compared to patients without an ileostomy [36/437 (8.2%), P = 0.0001, OR 2.264 (1.49-3.46)]. CONCLUSIONS: Ileostomy formation is independently associated with kidney injury, with an increased risk persisting after stoma closure. Strategies to protect against kidney injury may be important in higher risk patients (elderly, receiving renin-angiotensin system antihypertensives, or following anastomotic leakage).

Does intra-operative flexible endoscopy reduce anastomotic complications following left-sided colonic resections? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: Postoperative anastomotic leakage (AL) or bleeding (AB) significantly impacts on patient outcome following colorectal resection. To minimize such complications, surgeons can utilize different techniques perioperatively to assess anastomotic integrity. We aim to assess published anastomotic complication rates following left-sided colonic resection, comparing the use of intra-operative flexible endoscopy (FE) against conventional tests used to assess anastomotic integrity. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase online databases were searched for non-randomized and randomized case-control studies that investigated postoperative AL and/or AB rates in left-sided colonic resections, comparing intra-operative FE against conventional tests. Data from eligible studies were pooled, and a meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.3 software was performed to assess for differences in AL and AB rates. RESULTS: Data from six studies were analysed to assess the impact of FE on postoperative AL and AB rates (1084 and 751 patients respectively). Use of FE was associated with reduced postoperative AL and AB rates, from 6.9% to 3.5% and 5.8% to 2.4% respectively. Odds ratios favoured intra-operative FE: 0.37 (95% CI 0.21-0.68, P = 0.001) for AL and 0.35 (95% CI 0.15-0.82, P = 0.02) for AB. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed that the use of intra-operative FE is associated with a reduced rate of postoperative AL and AB, compared to conventional anastomotic testing methods.

Management of pouch dysfunction in a tertiary centre.

AIM: Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the operation of choice for ulcerative colitis (UC) and some cases of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Although it offers improvement in quality of life and high patient satisfaction, pouch surgery is also associated with significant morbidity. The aim of this study was to describe the management of patients referred to a tertiary centre with pouch dysfunction. METHOD: All patients referred with pouch dysfunction from other institutions between October 2006 and November 2014 were included in this retrospective study. Information regarding initial diagnosis before RPC, type of procedure, symptoms leading to referral, relation of the appearance of symptoms to the ileostomy closure, investigations, final diagnosis, treatment and follow-up was reviewed. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-one patients were included, having had RPC mostly for UC (94%), and with diverting ileostomy (83%). The most frequent reasons for referral were high frequency of defaecation in 83 (69%) patients, abdominal pain and incontinence in 45 (37%) each and perianal pain in 44 (36%). The principal investigations performed were pouchoscopy in 97 (80%) patients, examination under anaesthesia (EUA) in 62 (51%), pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 56 (46%) and contrast radiology of the pouch (pouchogram) in 45 (35%). The commonest diagnoses were pouchitis (primary and secondary) in 24 (21%) patients and anastomotic leakage in 26 (22%). After full investigation a cause for the symptoms could not be found in 24 (20%) patients, resulting in the diagnosis of exclusion of 'irritable pouch syndrome' or functional disorder. The treatments given were long-term antibiotic therapy in 29 (25%) patients, ileostomy in 19 (16%), use of a Medena catheter to promote anal evacuation in 17 (15%) and dilatation of a stenosis under anaesthetic in 12 (10%). Six (5%) patients underwent major revision surgery of the pouch with a defunctioning ileostomy and the pouch was excised in another six (5%). CONCLUSION: Patients with ileoanal pouch dysfunction often have multiple symptoms. This study shows that a wide range of investigations and treatment modalities need to be available to manage such patients, with a specialized approach in a multidisciplinary setting.

High subcortical sacrectomy: a novel approach to facilitate complete resection of locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer with high (S1-S2) sacral extension.

AIM: R0 resection of locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer is the key determinant of outcome. Disease extension high on the sacrum has been considered a contraindication to surgery because of associated morbidity and difficulty in achieving complete pathological resection. Total sacrectomy has a high morbidity with poor function. METHOD: We describe a novel technique of high subcortical sacrectomy (HiSS) to facilitate complete resection of disease extending to the upper sacrum at S1 and S2 to avoid high or total sacrectomy or a nonoperative approach to management. Details of patient demographics, radiology, operative details, postoperative histology, length of hospital stay and complications were entered into a prospectively maintained electronic patient database. All patients had had preoperative chemoradiotherapy. RESULTS: During 2013-2014, five patients, including three with advanced primary cancer and two with recurrent rectal cancer, underwent excision using this approach. All patients had an R0 resection. Four patients had a minor postoperative complication (Clavien-Dindo Grades I and II) and one had a major complication (Clavien-Dindo Grade IIIb). There was no mortality at 90 days, and four patients were disease free at a median of 18 months. CONCLUSION: Patients with locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer involving the upper sacrum may be rendered suitable for potentially curative radical resection with a modified approach to sacral resection. This pilot series suggests that this novel technique results in a high rate of complete pathological resection with acceptable morbidity in patients for whom the alternatives would have been an incomplete resection, a total sacrectomy or nonoperative management.

Initial experience of restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis by transanal total mesorectal rectal excision and single-incision abdominal laparoscopic surgery.

AIM: Laparoscopic surgery is well established for colon cancer, with defined benefits. Use of laparoscopy for the performance of restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileoanal anastomosis is more controversial. Technical aspects include difficult dissection of the distal rectum and a potentially increased risk of anastomotic leakage through multiple firings of the stapler. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties we have used the technique of transanal rectal excision to perform the proctectomy. This paper describes the technique, which is combined with an abdominal approach using a single-incision platform (SIP). METHOD: Data were collected prospectively for consecutive operations between May 2013 and October 2015, including all cases of restorative proctocolectomy with ileoanal pouch anastomosis performed laparoscopically. Only patients having a transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) assisted by SIP were included. The indication for RPC was ulcerative colitis (UC) refractory to medical treatment. RESULTS: The procedure was performed on 16 patients with a median age of 46 (26-70) years. The male:female ratio was 5:3 and the median hospital stay was 6 (3-20) days. The median operation time was 247 (185-470) min and the overall conversion rate to open surgery was 18.7%. The 30-day surgical complication rate was 37.5% (Clavien-Dindo 1 in four patients, 2 in one patient and 3 in one patient). One patient developed anastomotic leakage 2 weeks postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This initial study has demonstrated the feasibility and safety of TaTME combined with SIP when performing RPC with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for UC.

Zika virus: no cases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region but concerns remain.

Following the WHO declaration on 1 February 2016 of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) with regard to clusters of microcephaly and neurological disorders potentially associated with Zika virus, the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean conducted three rounds of emergency meetings to address enhancing preparedness actions in the Region. The meetings provided up-to-date information on the current situation and agreed on a set of actions for the countries to undertake to enhance their preparedness and response capacities to Zika virus infection and its complications. The most urgent action is to enhance both epidemiological and entomological surveillance between now and the coming rainy seasons in countries with known presence of Aedes mosquitoes. Zika virus like other vector-borne diseases poses a particular challenge to the countries because of their complex nature which requires multidisciplinary competencies and strong rapid interaction among committed sectors. WHO is working closely with partners and countries to ensure the optimum support is provided to the countries to reduce the risk of this newly emerged health threat.

Hypertension and treatment outcomes in Palestine refugees in United Nations Relief and Works Agency primary health care clinics in Jordan.

OBJECTIVE: In six United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) primary health care clinics in Jordan serving Palestine refugees diagnosed with hypertension, to determine the number, characteristics, programme outcomes and measures of disease control for those registered up to 30 June, 2013, and in those who attended clinic in the second quarter of 2013, the prevalence of disease-related complications between those with hypertension only and hypertension combined with diabetes mellitus. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study with programme and outcome data collected and analysed using E-Health. RESULTS: There were 18 881 patients registered with hypertension with females (64%) and persons aged ≥ 40 years (87%) predominating. At baseline, cigarette smoking was recorded in 17%, physical inactivity in 48% and obesity in 71% of patients. 77% of all registered patients attended clinic in the second quarter of 2013; of these, 50% had hypertension and diabetes and 50% had hypertension alone; 9% did not attend the clinics and 10% were lost to follow-up. Amongst those attending clinic, 92% had their blood pressure measured, of whom 83% had blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg. There were significantly more patients with hypertension and diabetes (N = 966, 13%) who had disease-related complications than patients who had hypertension alone (N = 472, 6%) [OR 2.2, 95% CI 2.0-2.5], and these differences were found for both males [18% vs. 10%, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6-2.2] and females [11% vs. 5%, OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.1-2.9]. CONCLUSION: Large numbers of Palestine refugees are being registered and treated for hypertension in UNRWA primary health care clinics in Jordan. Cohort analysis and E-Health can be used to regularly assess caseload, programme outcomes, clinic performance, blood pressure control and cumulative prevalence of disease-related complications. Current challenges include the need to increase clinic attendance and attain better control of blood pressure.

Extended lateral pelvic sidewall excision (ELSiE): an approach to optimize complete resection rates in locally advanced or recurrent anorectal cancer involving the pelvic sidewall.

BACKGROUND: Complete pathological resection of locally advanced or recurrent rectal and anal cancer is regarded as one of the most important determinants of oncological outcome. Disease in the lateral pelvic sidewall has been considered a contraindication for pelvic exenteration surgery owing to the significant likelihood of incomplete resection. METHODS: We describe a novel technique (ELSiE) to resect disease involving the lateral pelvic sidewall. Patient demographics, post-operative histology, length of hospital stay and complications were collected from prospectively maintained electronic patient database. RESULTS: During 2011-2013, six patients underwent pelvic exenteration surgery with the ELSiE approach. All patients had R0 resection. Three patients required sciatic nerve excision. Four patients developed post-operative complications although no major complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with locally advanced and recurrent cancer involving the lateral pelvic sidewall may be rendered suitable for potentially curative radical resection with a modification in the approach to the lateral pelvic sidewall. Our pilot series seems to indicate that our novel technique (ELSiE) is feasible, safe and yields high rates of complete pathological resection.

Domestic violence and consanguineous marriages - perspective from Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Domestic violence is globally endemic and adversely impacts the health and economic well-being of women and society. This study used the standardized and validated assessment instrument "Woman Abuse Screening Tool" to study the prevalence of various forms of domestic violence among married women. The relationship between domestic violence and consanguineous marriage was studied using the chi-squared test. Cumulatively, 1010 married women were interviewed. Emotional abuse was the most commonly reported abuse, reported by 721 (71.4%) women as either often or sometimes, followed by sexual abuse and physical abuse, reported by 527 (52.2%) and 511 (50.6%) respectively. Being married to one's cousin did not protect married women from being abused either emotionally or physically by their husbands; thsi was statistically significant. There is a need for better understanding of the magnitude and scale of domestic violence in Pakistan by using standardized assessment tools for meaningful comparisons across different parts of the country over time.

A Qualitative Analysis of Perspectives on Self-directed Violence in a Prospective Longitudinal Study of Young Women With and Without Childhood ADHD.

OBJECTIVE: Non-suicidal self-directed violence (NSSDV) is a significant and growing youth public health crisis. Girls with ADHD are at increased risk of engaging in NSSDV, yet qualitative studies with this population-to better understand manifestations, motivations, and developmental course-are lacking. METHOD: We conducted semi-structured, qualitative interviews with a sub-sample of 57 young women (32 with childhood ADHD, 25 neurotypical comparisons; mean age of 27 years, part of a larger prospective longitudinal study) regarding histories and manifestations of NSSDV. RESULTS: Inductive and deductive analysis revealed several key themes, including self-perceived reasons for engaging in NSSDV (affect regulation, attention seeking, self-punishment, asserting control), impulsivity, secretiveness, and in some cases motivations for desistance. CONCLUSION: Findings underscore the importance of early education and screening, especially among high-risk clinical populations. Increased resources and supports for professionals, parents, and peers are indicated, along with countering the persistent stigma associated with ADHD and NSSDV.

Molecular Survey of Tick-Borne Haemoparasites of Dogs by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction from Punjab, India.

PURPOSE: Tick-transmitted parasites as Babesia gibsoni, Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, and Hepatozoon canis are major health concern for dogs. Owing to prevalence and infection severity, there is need of sensitive, specific, and affordable test for their simultaneous detection. METHODS: Prevalence of B. gibsoni, B. vogeli, E. canis, and H. canis infections was assessed on 719 blood samples by microscopy and multiplex PCR assay targeting 18S rRNA (B. gibsoni & H. canis), ITS1 & 5.8S rRNA (B. vogeli) and VirB9 gene (E. canis). An internal control (canine-actin) was also included to increase the accuracy of assay and effect of associated risk factors with disease prevalence was also studied. RESULTS: Microscopic prevalence of B. gibsoni, B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis was 5.0%, 0.1%, 1.4% and 1.0%, respectively, whereas with multiplex PCR assay, the corresponding values were 8.9%, 1.1%, 2.6% and 5.1% besides concurrent infections of B. gibsoni & H. canis (0.4%), B. gibsoni & E. canis (0.4%), E. canis & H. canis (0.3%) and B. gibsoni & B. vogeli (0.1%). Analytical sensitivity of developed assay was 0.1pg (B. gibsoni & H. canis), 0.01pg (B. vogeli), and 1.0pg (E. canis). A ″fair″ (B. vogeli & H. canis) to ″substantial″ (B. gibsoni & E. canis) agreement between two tests was observed with data as statistically significant. Breed, sex and location were significantly associated with B. gibsoni infection. CONCLUSION: The developed multiplex PCR assay offers a potential solution to detect these pathogens simultaneously, aiding in timely diagnosis and effective disease management in suspected dogs.

Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and executive functions at school age: Results from a combined cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Executive functions develop rapidly in childhood, enabling problem-solving, focused attention, and planning. Exposures to environmental toxicants in pregnancy may impair healthy executive function development in children. There is increasing concern regarding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) given their ability to transfer across the placenta and the fetal blood-brain barrier, yet evidence from epidemiological studies is limited. METHODS: We examined associations between prenatal PAH exposure and executive functions in 814 children of non-smoking mothers from two U.S. cohorts in the ECHO-PATHWAYS Consortium. Seven mono-hydroxylated PAH metabolites were measured in mid-pregnancy urine and analyzed individually and as mixtures. Three executive function domains were measured at age 8-9: cognitive flexibility, working memory, and inhibitory control. A composite score quantifying overall performance was further calculated. We fitted linear regressions adjusted for socio-demographics, maternal health behaviors, and psychological measures, and examined modification by child sex and stressful life events in pregnancy. Bayesian kernel machine regression was performed to estimate the interactive and overall effects of the PAH mixture. RESULTS: The results from primary analysis of linear regressions were generally null, and no modification by child sex or maternal stress was indicated. Mixture analyses suggested several pairwise interactions between individual PAH metabolites in varied directions on working memory, particularly interactions between 2/3/9-FLUO and other PAH metabolites, but no overall or individual effects were evident. CONCLUSION: We conducted a novel exploration of PAH-executive functions association in a large, combined sample from two cohorts. Although findings were predominantly null, the study carries important implications for future research and contributes to evolving science regarding developmental origins of diseases.

Road rage and road traffic accidents among commercial vehicle drivers in Lahore, Pakistan.

Road rage and road traffic accidents increase the burden of morbidity and mortality in a population. A cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling was conducted among commercial vehicle drivers in Lahore, Pakistan (n = 901) to record their behaviours/experiences regarding road rage and road traffic accidents. Respondents were asked about incidents of shouting/cursing/rude gestures or threats to physically hurt the person/vehicle, by others or themselves, in the previous 24 hours or 3 months, and their involvement in road traffic accidents in the previous 12 months. Auto-rickshaw drivers were significantly more likely to report various road rage experiences/behaviours and involvement in accidents compared with bus and wagon drivers. A total of 112 respondents (12.4%) reported being involved in a road traffic accident in the previous 12 months but traffic police did not record the accident in 52.7% of cases. The results of this study underline the need to improve road safety in Pakistan.

Intergenerational Transmission of Effects of Women's Stressors During Pregnancy: Child Psychopathology and the Protective Role of Parenting.

Objective: Experiences of stress and adversity, such as intimate partner violence, confer risk for psychiatric problems across the life span. The effects of these risks are disproportionately borne by women and their offspring-particularly those from communities of color. The prenatal period is an especially vulnerable period of fetal development, during which time women's experiences of stress can have long-lasting implications for offspring mental health. Importantly, there is a lack of focus on women's capacity for resilience and potential postnatal protective factors that might mitigate these intergenerational risks and inform intervention efforts. The present study examined intergenerational associations between women's prenatal stressors and child executive functioning and externalizing problems, testing maternal parenting quality and child sex as moderators, using a large, prospective, sociodemographically diverse cohort. Methods: We used data from 1,034 mother-child dyads (64% Black, 30% White) from the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE) pregnancy cohort within the ECHO PATHWAYS consortium. Women's prenatal stressors included stressful life events (pSLE) and intimate partner violence (pIPV). Measures of child psychopathology at age 4-6 included executive functioning and externalizing problems. Parenting behaviors were assessed by trained observers, averaged across two sessions of mother-child interactions. Linear regression models were used to estimate associations between women's prenatal stressors and child psychopathology, adjusting for confounders and assessing moderation effects by maternal parenting quality and child sex. Results: Women's exposures to pSLE and pIPV were independently associated with child executive functioning problems and externalizing problems in fully-adjusted models. Maternal parenting quality moderated associations between pSLE and both outcomes, such that higher parenting quality was protective for the associations between women's pSLE and child executive functioning and externalizing problems. No moderation by child sex was found. Discussion: Findings from this large, sociodemographically diverse cohort suggest women's exposures to interpersonal violence and major stressful events-common for women during pregnancy-may prenatally program her child's executive functioning and externalizing problems. Women's capacity to provide high quality parenting can buffer this intergenerational risk. Implications for universal and targeted prevention and early intervention efforts to support women's and children's wellbeing are discussed.

Maternal childhood trauma and prenatal stressors are associated with child behavioral health.

Maternal adversity and prenatal stress confer risk for child behavioral health problems. Few studies have examined this intergenerational process across multiple dimensions of stress; fewer have explored potential protective factors. Using a large, diverse sample of mother-child dyads, we examined associations between maternal childhood trauma, prenatal stressors, and offspring socioemotional-behavioral development, while also examining potential resilience-promoting factors. The Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning and Early Childhood (CANDLE) study prospectively followed 1503 mother-child dyads (65% Black, 32% White) from pregnancy. Exposures included maternal childhood trauma, socioeconomic risk, intimate partner violence, and geocode-linked neighborhood violent crime during pregnancy. Child socioemotional-behavioral functioning was measured via the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (mean age = 1.1 years). Maternal social support and parenting knowledge during pregnancy were tested as potential moderators. Multiple linear regressions (N = 1127) revealed that maternal childhood trauma, socioeconomic risk, and intimate partner violence were independently, positively associated with child socioemotional-behavioral problems at age one in fully adjusted models. Maternal parenting knowledge moderated associations between both maternal childhood trauma and prenatal socioeconomic risk on child problems: greater knowledge was protective against the effects of socioeconomic risk and was promotive in the context of low maternal history of childhood trauma. Findings indicate that multiple dimensions of maternal stress and adversity are independently associated with child socioemotional-behavioral problems. Further, modifiable environmental factors, including knowledge regarding child development, can mitigate these risks. Both findings support the importance of parental screening and early intervention to promote child socioemotional-behavioral health.