The role of Interleukin-21 in autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms, therapeutic Implications, and future directions.

IL-21 is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates the functional activity of various immune cells. Initial studies have shown that IL-21 can influence the differentiation, proliferation and function of T and B cells, as well as promote the maturation and increase the cytotoxicity of CD8 + T cells and NK cells. During humoral immune responses, IL-21 has significant effects on B cell activation, differentiation and apoptosis. In addition, IL-21 promotes the differentiation of both naive and memory B cells, ultimately leading to the activation of plasma cells. The function of IL-21 in the immune system is complex, as it has the ability to either stimulate or inhibit immune responses. in addition, IL-21 facilitates the differentiation of naive and memory B cells into plasma cells. The functionality of IL-21 in the immune system is diverse, as it has the ability to stimulate or inhibit immune responses. This cytokine has been implicated in several diseases including cancer, allergies and autoimmune diseases. Research has suggested that this cytokine is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Several studies have suggested that inhibition of IL-21 has a therapeutic effect on autoimmune diseases. Therefore, targeting both the cytokine's receptor and IL-21 in autoimmune diseases may be an effective approach to reduce the severity of the disease or to treat it. This review will examine the biological effects of IL-21 on various immune cells and the role of the cytokine in autoimmune diseases.

Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) is associated with obesity rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have highlighted the possible positive effects of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) against obesity. However, due to their inconsistent results, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively evaluate and critically review the results of studies evaluating the relationship between sRAGE with obesity among adult population. METHODS: In the systematic search, the eligibility criteria were as follows: studies conducted with a cross-sectional design, included apparently healthy adults, adults with obesity, or obesity-related disorders, aged over 18 years, and evaluated the association between general or central obesity indices with sRAGE. RESULTS: Our systematic search in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Embase up to 26 October, 2023 yielded a total of 21,612 articles. After removing duplicates, screening the titles and abstracts, and reading the full texts, 13 manuscripts were included in the final meta-analysis. According to our results, those at the highest category of circulating sRAGE concentration with median values of 934.92 pg/ml of sRAGE, had 1.9 kg/m2 lower body mass index (BMI) (WMD: -1.927; CI: -2.868, -0.986; P < 0.001) compared with those at the lowest category of sRAGE concentration with median values of 481.88 pg/ml. Also, being at the highest sRAGE category with the median values of 1302.3 pg/ml sRAGE, was accompanied with near 6 cm lower waist circumference (WC) (WMD: -5.602; CI: -8.820, -2.383; P < 0.001 with 86.4% heterogeneity of I2) compared with those at the lowest category of sRAGE concentration with median values of 500.525 pg/ml. Individuals with obesity had significantly lower circulating sRAGE concentrations (WMD: -135.105; CI: -256.491, -13.72; P = 0.029; with 79.5% heterogeneity of I2). According to the subgrouping and meta-regression results, country and baseline BMI were possible heterogeneity sources. According to Begg's and Egger's tests and funnel plots results, there was no publication bias. CONCLUSION: According to our results, higher circulating sRAGE concentrations was associated with lower BMI and WC among apparently healthy adults. Further randomized clinical trials are warranted for possible identification of causal associations.

Computer-Aided Screening of Phytoconstituents from Ocimum tenuiflorum against Diabetes Mellitus Targeting DPP4 Inhibition: A Combination of Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and Pharmacokinetics Approaches.

Diabetes mellitus is a major global health concern in the current scenario which is chiefly characterized by the rise in blood sugar levels or hyperglycemia. In the context, DPP4 enzyme plays a critical role in glucose homeostasis. DPP4 targets and inactivates incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) as physiological substrates, which are essential to regulate the amount of insulin that is secreted after eating. Since the inactivation of incretins occurs, the hyperglycemic conditions continue to rise, and result in adverse physiological conditions linked with diabetes mellitus. Hence, inhibition of DPP4 has been the center of focus in the present antidiabetic studies. Although few DPP4 inhibitor drugs, such as alogliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and sitagliptin, are available, their adverse effects on human metabolism are undeniable. Therefore, it becomes essential for the phytochemical intervention of the disease using computational methods prior to performing in vitro and in vivo studies. In this regard, we used an in-silico approach involving molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations to investigate the inhibitory potential of Ocimum tenuiflorum phytocompounds against DPP4. In this regard, three phytocompounds (1S-α-pinene, ß-pinene, and dehydro-p-cymene) from O. tenuiflorum have been discovered as the potential inhibitors of the DPP4 protein. To summarize, from our in-silico experiment outcomes, we propose dehydro-p-cymene as the potential lead inhibitor of DPP4 protein, thereby discovering new a phytocompound for the effective management of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. The reported compound can be taken for in vitro and in vivo analyses in near future.

Phyto-Computational Intervention of Diabetes Mellitus at Multiple Stages Using Isoeugenol from Ocimum tenuiflorum: A Combination of Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Modelling Approaches.

In the present study, the anti-diabetic potential of Ocimum tenuiflorum was investigated using computational techniques for α-glucosidase, α-amylase, aldose reductase, and glycation at multiple stages. It aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which phytocompounds of O. tenuiflorum treat diabetes mellitus using concepts of druglikeness and pharmacokinetics, molecular docking simulations, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy studies. Isoeugenol is a phenylpropene, propenyl-substituted guaiacol found in the essential oils of plants. During molecular docking modelling, isoeugenol was found to inhibit all the target enzymes, with a higher binding efficiency than standard drugs. Furthermore, molecular dynamic experiments revealed that isoeugenol was more stable in the binding pockets than the standard drugs used. Since our aim was to discover a single lead molecule with a higher binding efficiency and stability, isoeugenol was selected. In this context, our study stands in contrast to other computational studies that report on more than one compound, making it difficult to offer further analyses. To summarize, we recommend isoeugenol as a potential widely employed lead inhibitor of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, aldose reductase, and glycation based on the results of our in silico studies, therefore revealing a novel phytocompound for the effective treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus.

Discovery of Novel Coumarin Derivatives as Potential Dual Inhibitors against α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase for the Management of Post-Prandial Hyperglycemia via Molecular Modelling Approaches.

Coumarin derivatives are proven for their therapeutic uses in several human diseases and disorders such as inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, fertility, and microbial infections. Coumarin derivatives and coumarin-based scaffolds gained renewed attention for treating diabetes mellitus. The current decade witnessed the inhibiting potential of coumarin derivatives and coumarin-based scaffolds against α-glucosidase and α-amylase for the management of postprandial hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is a condition where an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the bloodstream. It occurs when the body lacks enough insulin or is unable to correctly utilize it. With open-source and free in silico tools, we have investigated novel 80 coumarin derivatives for their inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase and identified a coumarin derivative, CD-59, as a potential dual inhibitor. The ligand-based 3D pharmacophore detection and search is utilized to discover diverse coumarin-like compounds and new chemical scaffolds for the dual inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. In this regard, four novel coumarin-like compounds from the ZINC database have been discovered as the potential dual inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-amylase (ZINC02789441 and ZINC40949448 with scaffold thiophenyl chromene carboxamide, ZINC13496808 with triazino indol thio phenylacetamide, and ZINC09781623 with chromenyl thiazole). To summarize, we propose that a coumarin derivative, CD-59, and ZINC02789441 from the ZINC database will serve as potential lead molecules with dual inhibition activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, thereby discovering new drugs for the effective management of postprandial hyperglycemia. From the reported scaffold, the synthesis of several novel compounds can also be performed, which can be used for drug discovery.

Evaluating Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Simulation-Based Anesthesiology Training among Final-Year Medical Students.

Simulation-based training (SBT) is increasingly recognized in medical education for enhancing clinical skills and confidence. This study evaluated the impact of SBT on satisfaction and self-confidence among final-year medical students at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. A total of 117 students participated in a cross-sectional study after attending SBT sessions focused on anesthesiology. Data were collected via a questionnaire assessing satisfaction and self-confidence. Statistical analyses included descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed mean satisfaction and self-confidence scores of 3.64 ± 0.79 and 3.70 ± 0.90, respectively, with no significant differences by gender or age. A strong association was noted between the learning experience ratings and both satisfaction and self-confidence (p < 0.001). The highest satisfaction was with the instructor's teaching style, whereas the lowest was with the motivation provided by teaching materials. For self-confidence, the highest scores related to the instructor's guidance, while the lowest concerned the application of SBT to critical skills learning. A strong positive correlation was found between satisfaction and self-confidence (R = 0.847, p < 0.001). The study concludes that SBT significantly enhances student satisfaction and self-confidence, emphasizing the importance of learner-centered methods and interactive learning in medical education.

Assessment of the Occupational Radiation Exposure of Anesthesia Staff in Interventional Cardiology.

Introduction: This research seeks to evaluate the occupational radiation dose, quantified as the whole-body Annual Mean Effective Dose (AMED), received by anesthesia personnel in interventional cardiology. Methods: Thermoluminescent dosimetry data was collected over five years (2019-2023) for a total of 175 anesthesia staff. Technologists comprised approximately 72.4% of the participants (55% male and 45% female), while consultants accounted for 27.6% (70% male and 30% female). Statistical tests, including Independent Samples T-Test and One-Way ANOVA, compared AMED across genders, job titles, and years. Results: The study's findings on AMED across all staff from 2019 to 2023 showed marked variability in AMED. There was a significant rise in AMED from 0.72 mSv in 2019 to 0.92 mSv in 2020, then a decline to 0.82 mSv in 2021, with further decreases to 0.67 mSv in 2022 and finally to 0.65 mSv in 2023 (p < 0.001). The average AMED over the five-year span (2019-2023) was 0.76 ± 0.4 mSv. In terms of gender, the overall AMED for males was 0.73 ± 0.36 mSv and for females 0.79 ± 0.45 mSv, showing no significant statistical difference (p = 0.272). Significant differences in exposure were observed between the technologists who experienced a higher overall AMED (0.8 ± 0.43 mSv) compared to consultants (0.63 ± 0.29 mSv, p = 0.008). Discussion: Despite these variations, AMED values remained lower than the annual occupational dose limit of 20 mSv, indicating generally low radiation exposure for anesthesia staff. This study emphasizes the importance of ongoing monitoring and enhanced protective measures to safeguard the health of medical professionals working with radiation.

Current state of knowledge and challenges for harnessing the power of dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy.

DCs have great promise for cancer immunotherapy and are essential for coordinating immune responses. In the battle against cancer, using DCs' ability to stimulate the immune system and focus it on tumor cells has shown to be a viable tactic. This study offers a thorough summary of recent developments as well as potential future paths for DC-based immunotherapy against cancer. This study reviews the many methods used in DC therapy, such as vaccination and active cellular immunotherapy. The effectiveness and safety of DC-based treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and non-small cell lung cancer are highlighted in these investigations. The findings indicate longer survival times and superior results for particular patient groups. We are aware of the difficulties and restrictions of DC-based immunotherapy, though. These include the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the intricacy of DC production, and the heterogeneity within DC populations. More study and development are needed to overcome these challenges to enhance immunological responses, optimize treatment regimens, and increase scalability.

Mystery of COVID 19: Focusing on important ncRNAs and effective signaling pathways.

This article provides a thorough investigation of the essential role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the context of COVID-19, emphasizing their impact on the complex molecular dynamics of the viral infection. By conducting a systematic review of existing literature, we identify key ncRNAs involved in different stages of the viral life cycle, modulation of host immune response, and disease progression. The importance of microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and other ncRNA types emerges as influential factors in shaping the interaction between the host and the virus. Additionally, the study delves into the effective signaling pathways linked to COVID-19 pathogenesis, uncovering intricate molecular cascades that govern viral entry, replication, and host cell response. This exploration encompasses established pathways such as IL-6/JAK/STAT signaling, highlighting their interplay within the context of COVID-19. By synthesizing this knowledge, our aim is not only to enhance our understanding of the molecular complexities of COVID-19 but also to reveal potential therapeutic targets. Through elucidating the interaction between ncRNAs and signaling pathways, our article seeks to contribute to ongoing efforts in developing targeted interventions against COVID-19, ultimately advancing our ability to address this global health crisis.

liquid biopsy holds a promising approach for the early detection of cancer: Current information and future perspectives.

Cancer is becoming a global pandemic, and its occurrence is increasing rapidly, putting a strain on people's families, health systems, and finances, in addition to their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Many cancer types lack screening programs, and many people at high risk of developing cancer do not follow recommended medical screening regimens because of the nature of currently available screening tests and other compliance issues, despite cancer being the second leading cause of death worldwide. Furthermore, a lot of liquid biopsy methods for early cancer screening are not sensitive enough to catch cancer early. Cancer treatment costs increase with the time it takes to diagnose the disease; therefore, early detection is essential to enhance the quality of life and survival rates. The current status of the liquid biopsy sector is examined in this paper.

Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Post-traumatic Stress Syndrome Among Intensive Care Unit Survivors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

Objective To quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among ICU survivors in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia, and explore the correlational relationships among these conditions to inform targeted mental health interventions in this unique regional context. Methods The study employed a cross-sectional observational design to assess ICU survivors from two major hospitals in the Jazan Region: Prince Mohammed Bin Nasser Hospital and King Fahad Central Hospital. One hundred participants were interviewed face-to-face to gather detailed insights into their post-ICU experiences. We employed the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and the post-trauma symptom scale (PTSS-10) to systematically assess the psychological impacts of anxiety, depression, and PTSD among participants. Results The demographic breakdown of participants showed a youthful skew, with 37% under 35 years, 49% aged between 36-60 years, and only 14% over 60 years, contrasting with typical ICU demographics, which generally skew older. This younger distribution may influence the psychological outcomes observed. The sample was fairly gender-balanced, with 53% male and 47% female, closely reflecting the regional gender ratio of ICU admissions. Among the participants, 24% were classified as 'abnormal' and 20% as 'borderline abnormal' for anxiety, while 25% were 'borderline abnormal' and 21% 'abnormal' for depression. About 8% of participants were diagnosed with severe PTSD. Anxiety was more strongly correlated with PTSD than depression. The analysis demonstrated significant associations between demographic factors and psychological distress among ICU survivors. Females reported higher anxiety, while lower education and unemployment were associated with increased depression. Additionally, lower household income was associated with higher PTSS scores, and marital status was linked to depression, suggesting that socioeconomic factors play a critical role in post-ICU psychological recovery. Conclusion The findings emphasize the imperative need for comprehensive mental health evaluations and tailored interventions for ICU survivors in the Jazan region.

Association between lncRNAs with stem cells in cancer; a particular focus on lncRNA-CSCs axis in cancer immunopathogenesis.

A unique population of cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) is essential to developing and spreading cancer. Cancer initiation, maintenance, and progression are all believed to be significantly impacted by the distinct characteristics these cells exhibit regarding self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. Transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational processes are the only steps of gene expression that lncRNAs can affect. As a result, these proteins participate in numerous biological processes, including the repair of DNA damage, inflammatory reactions, metabolic control, the survival of cells, intercellular communication, and the development and specialization of cells. Studies have indicated that lncRNAs are important for controlling the increase in the subset of CSCs contributing to cancer development. The knowledge that is currently available about lncRNAs and their critical role in maintaining the biological properties of CSCs is highlighted in this study.

Flavonoids from Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima with leishmanicidal activity: computational and experimental evidence.

Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima is a valuable medicinal plant as its parts and extracts found application for treating diarrhea, fever, liver disorders, asthma, and inflammation. In this study, we report the leishmanicidal activity of sakuranetin, spinacetin, and patuletin extracted from P. chinensis. The tested compounds revealed a strong anti-leishmanial activity in vitro against Leishmania major showing IC50 values of 7.98 ± 0.16 µM, 9.23 ± 0.23 µM 11.09 ± 0.87 µM for sakuranetin, spinacetin, and patuletin, respectively. Moreover, to explore the potential mechanism(s) by which the compounds may act, computational docking studies were performed against dihydrofolate reductase and pteridine reductase, showing that the flavonoids could target these two key enzymes to exploit their leishmanicidal activity. In accordance with in vitro results, patuletin was highlighted as the most promising compound of the set, and binding energy values of -6.72 and -6.74 kcal/mol were computed for the two proteins, respectively.

Evaluation of pyrimidine/pyrrolidine-sertraline based hybrids as multitarget anti-Alzheimer agents: In-vitro, in-vivo, and computational studies.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial and most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative ailment. Its multifactorial and complex nature causes the lack of disease modifying drugs. Hence, multi-target drug design strategies have been adopted to halt the progression of AD. In current research, we applied multitarget strategy to tackle multifactorial nature of AD. Rational design and synthesis of framework of hybrids containing Pyrimidine/pyrrolidine-sertraline scaffolds were carried out. The synthesized compounds were further evaluated for their in-vitro enzyme inhibition potential against cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases and ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1). Compound 19 emerged as an optimal multipotent hybrid with IC50 values of 0.07 µM, 0.09 µM, 0.63 µM, 0.21 µM and 0.73 µM against AChE, BChE, MAO-A, MAO-B and BACE-1 respectively. After in-vivo cytotoxicity and in-vitro PAMPA blood brain barrier permeation assays, a number of widely used behavioral assessment tests were also performed for the evaluation of memory and learning.Determination of biochemical parameters showed low levels of acetylcholinesterase by the treatment with synthesized compounds. Furthermore, levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline were also analyzed. Increased neurotransmitter levels showed the improved short and long-term memory as well as enhanced learning behavior. Docking studies on the target enzymes showed correlation with the experimental in-vitro enzyme inhibition results.

"To be or not to Be": Regulatory T cells in melanoma.

In spite of progresses in the therapy of different malignancies, melanoma still remains as one of lethal types of skin tumor. Melanoma is almost easily treatable by surgery alone with higher overall survival rates when it is diagnosed at early stages. However, survival rates are decreased remarkably upon survival if the tumor is progressed to advanced metastatic stages. Immunotherapeutics have been prosperous in the development of anti-tumor responses in patients with melanoma through promotion of the tumor-specific effector T cells in vivo; nonetheless, suitable clinical outcomes have not been satisfactory. One of the underlying causes of the unfavorable clinical outcomes might stem from adverse effects of regulatory T (Treg) cell, which is a prominent mechanism of tumor cells to escape from tumor-specific immune responses. Evidence shows that a poor prognosis and low survival rate in patients with melanoma can be attributed to a higher Treg cell number and function in these subjects. As a result, to promote melanoma-specific anti-tumor responses, depletion of Treg cells appears to be a promising approach; even though the clinical efficacy of different approaches to attain appropriate Treg cell depletion has been inconsistent. Here in this review, the main purpose is to assess the role of Treg cells in the initiation and perpetuation of melanoma and to discuss effective strategies for Treg cell modulation with the aim of melanoma therapy.

Extensive Lower Limb Deep Vein Thrombosis Provoked by Gastroenteritis-Induced Dehydration: A Case Report for Unusual Precipitating Factor.

The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has been related to a number of risk factors, including genetic and acquired prothrombotic conditions, infections, inflammatory diseases, hematologic disorders, trauma, and drug use. Dehydration is a known independent risk factor for the development of thrombosis; however possibly insufficient evidence to form a strong association. The purpose of this case report is to present a 30-year-old male with DVT provoked by acute gastroenteritis-induced dehydration. The patient presented to the emergency department (ED) with a recent history of watery diarrhea for four days, for which he was diagnosed with gastroenteritis and managed at an outpatient care facility. The patient visited the ED again with a complaint of a one-day history of progressively worsening continuous pain in his left lower calf associated with swelling. The ultrasound-Doppler/duplex scan for the left lower limb venous system showed negative augmentation signs and non-compressibility of the deep venous system with partial occlusion/echogenic thrombosis extending from the external iliac vein, saphenofemoral junction, superficial femoral vein, popliteal vein, anterior tibial vein, and posterior tibial artery vena comitans. The patient was diagnosed with acute extensive DVT (multiple emboli). Patient care (medical treatment plan/therapeutic anticoagulation) was started in the ED and continued in the Critical Care Unit for close monitoring and care for a couple of days, after which he was transferred to the ward and then discharged in stable condition. He was prescribed a three-month course of appropriate medication regimen. This rare case presentation is a reminder to emergency physicians that dehydration might induce DVT and all patients, regardless of age, diagnosis or comorbidities, should always be risk assessed upon presentation and discharge, and prophylaxis should be provided according to their risk profile.

Regional Anesthesia (2012-2021): A Comprehensive Examination Based on Bibliometric Analyses of Hotpots, Knowledge Structure and Intellectual Dynamics.

In the last decade, there has been a significant advancement in the area of regional anesthesia (RA). Continuous evaluation of research in any developing field using modern technologies and available software is critical to identify future trends, hot spots, and intellectual dynamics. The current study was designed to bibliometrically evaluate the global research in RA using VOSviewer, MS Excel, and CVS-Scopus bibliographic data (2012-2021). Knowledge structure and intellectual dynamics were analyzed using clustering of keyword co-occurrence. Literature screening in the last decade found 6092 original articles (96.1%) and conference papers (3.9%). The top four countries producing articles were the United States (n = 30.57%), India (7.51), the United Kingdom (7.22%), and Canada (6.06%). A significant positive correlation was found in global publication productivity (R2 = 0.9161). The most productive organizations were Harvard University, the University of Toronto, and the Hospital for Special Surgery - New York. A tremendous collaboration was spotted nationally and internationally, especially in pediatric RA. This comprehensive study, which summarizes and evaluates 6902 original research materials on regional anesthesia, may serve as a resource for anesthesiologists, physicians, researchers, and students.

Assessment of the Critical Care Work Environment of Intensive Care Unit Nurses in Saudi Arabia.

Background: Nurses play a major role in the delivery of complex and challenging critical care in intensive care units (ICUs). Assessment of work environment is essential indicators of hospital management and can be applied to workforce planning and identifying nursing profession needs. The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) recognized six standards for a healthy work environment and developed the Healthy Work Environment Assessment Tool (HWEAT). The aim of this study was to assess the work environment of ICU nurses in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at public and private hospitals. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that included the sociodemographic characteristics and the AACN HWEAT. Data were analyzed to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed to compare demographic data, on the basis of the overall mean HWEAT score. Results: The study participants were 238 ICU nurses, who were predominantly female (83%). The mean overall HWEAT score was 3.55±1.03, which is within the "good" range, and was higher for male nurses (3.66), nurses aged ≥41 years (3.76), and nurses with postgraduate education (4.04), work experiences of >10 years (3.63), and alternate work shifts (3.6). Nurses in private hospitals had significantly higher overall scores than nurses in public hospitals (3.83 vs 3.19, P<0.001). All HWEAT standards ("effective decision-making", "authentic leadership", "appropriate staffing", "true collaboration", "skilled communication", and "meaningful recognition") were rated as good (mean range, 3.43-3.63). Conclusion: The study results could assist hospitals in prioritizing the adoption of AACN HWE standards. A target benchmark of "good" was established for both the overall score and each standard, which indicates a good work environment as perceived by ICU nurses. In Addition, interpersonal differences should be considered when developing improvement initiatives.

Assessment of Occupational Burnout among Intensive Care Unit Staff in Jazan, Saudi Arabia, Using the Maslach Burnout Inventory.

Objective: ICU workers are among the healthcare staff exposed to high occupational burnout in their daily interactions with patients, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of burnout among ICU staff in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which was distributed to ICU staff between August 1 and November 30, 2021. A total of 150 ICU workers were invited to participate in the study. Results: A total of 104 ICU staff responded to the survey (69% response rate), including 62 nurses, 30 physicians, and 12 respiratory therapists. Among the respondents, 63 (61%) were female and 41 (39%) were male. The mean scores for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment were 22.44 ± 14.92, 9.18 ± 7.44, and 29.58 ± 12.53, respectively. The ICU staff at high risk of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment were 36%, 28%, and 47%, respectively. The leading cause of burnout among ICU staff in the study was workload, and taking a vacation was the most cited coping mechanism for occupational burnout. Conclusion: ICU staff are at high risk of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. Policymakers should implement regulations that ensure hospitals have adequate employees to reduce the workload that leads to occupational burnout.

Assessment of Professional Quality of Life Among Critical Care Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia.

Aim: Nurses play a major role in critical care units (CCUs), providing care to critically ill patients while also facing numerous health challenges that impair their quality of life. This was especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the professional quality of life (ProQOL) and establish the prevalence of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among CCU nurses in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of CCU nurses was conducted using the ProQOL Scale, consisting of three subscales: 1) compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue, 2) burnout, and 3) secondary traumatic stress. The data were analyzed to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 238 ICU nurses, who were predominantly female (83%) and had a bachelor's degree (80%), participated in this study. The ProQOL subscales exhibited varied mean scores across demographic variables. Statistically significant differences were observed in the compassion satisfaction (p=0.014) of CCU nurses working in public hospitals, and in the secondary traumatic stress (p=0.006) among nurses working in night shifts. The percentage distribution of CCU nurses' individual levels for all the ProQOL subscales were within the average to high levels. Conclusion: The ProQOL was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, varied ProQOL mean scores across demographic characteristics suggest that interpersonal differences should be considered when developing improvement initiatives.