RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used pesticide in the production of plant crops. Despite rapid CPF biodegradation, fish were exposed to wastewater containing detectable residues. Recently, medicinal plants and algae were intensively used in aquaculture to replace antibiotics and ameliorate stress impacts. METHODS AND RESULTS: An indoor experiment was conducted to evaluate the deleterious impacts of CPF pollution on Nile tilapia health and the potential mitigation role of Chlorella vulgaris algae. Firstly, the median lethal concentration LC50 - 72 h of CPF was determined to be 85.8 µg /L in Nile tilapia (35.6 ± 0.5 g body weight) at a water temperature of 27.5 °C. Secondly, fish were exposed to 10% of LC50 - 72 h for six weeks, and tissue samples were collected and examined every two weeks. Also, Nile tilapia were experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. Exposed fish were immunosuppressed expressed with a decrease in gene expressions of interleukin (IL) 1ß, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Also, a decline was recorded in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) gene expression in the head kidney tissue. A high mortality rate (MR) of 100% was recorded in fish exposed to CPF for six weeks and challenged with S. agalactiae. Fish that received dietary C. vulgaris could restore gene expression cytokines and antioxidants compared to the control. After six weeks of CPF exposure, fish suffered from anemia as red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) significantly declined along with downregulation of serum total protein (TP), globulin (GLO), and albumin (ALB). Liver enzymes were significantly upregulated in fish exposed to CPF pollution, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (42.5, 53.3, and 61.7 IU/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (30.1, 31.2, and 22.8) after 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively. On S. agalactiae challenge, high MR was recorded in Nile tilapia exposed to CPF (G3) 60%, 60%, and 100% in week 2, week 4, and week 6, and C. vulgaris provided a relative protection level (RPL) of 0, 14.29, and 20%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that CPF pollution induces immunosuppressed status, oxidative stress, and anemic signs in Nile tilapia. In contrast, C. vulgaris at a 50 g/kg fish feed dose could partially ameliorate such withdrawals, restoring normal physiological parameters.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Chlorella vulgaris , Cloropirifos , Cíclidos , Enfermedades de los Peces , Streptococcus agalactiae , Animales , Streptococcus agalactiae/efectos de los fármacos , Cíclidos/metabolismo , Cíclidos/microbiología , Cíclidos/genética , Cloropirifos/toxicidad , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/veterinaria , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Catalasa/metabolismo , Catalasa/genética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Glutatión Peroxidasa/genética , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Acuicultura/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pollution with heavy metals (HMs) is time- and concentration-dependent. Lead and zinc pollute the aquatic environment, causing severe health issues in aquatic animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nile tilapia, the predominant cultured fish in Egypt, were experimentally exposed to 10% of LC50 of lead nitrate (PbNO3) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Samples were collected in three different periods, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, in addition to a trial to treat the experimental fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, with an antibiotic (florfenicol). RESULTS: Liver enzymes were linearly upsurged in a time-dependent manner in response to HMs exposure. ALT was 92.1 IU/l and AST was 82.53 IU/l after eight weeks. In the eighth week of the HMs exposure, in the hepatic tissue, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and metallothionein (MT) were increased to 117.8 U/mg prot, 72.2 U/mg prot, and 154.5 U/mg prot, respectively. On exposure to HMs, gene expressions of some cytokines were linearly downregulated in a time-dependent manner compared to the control. After four weeks of exposure to the HMs, the oxidative burst activity (OBA) of immune cells was decreased compared to the control 9.33 and 10.3 cells, respectively. Meanwhile, the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) significantly declined to 18.5% compared to the control 32.6% after eight weeks of exposure. Clinical signs of A. hydrophila infection were exaggerated in polluted fish, with a mortality rate (MR) of 100%. The re-isolation rate of A. hydrophila was decreased in fish treated with florfenicol regardless of the pollution impacts after eight weeks of HMs exposure. CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that the immune suppression and oxidative stress resulting from exposure to HMs are time-dependent. Clinical signs and post-mortem lesions in polluted fish infected with A. hydrophila were prominent. Infected-Nile tilapia had weak responses to florfenicol treatment due to HMs exposure.
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Cíclidos , Plomo , Animales , Plomo/toxicidad , Sulfato de Zinc , Nitratos , Aeromonas hydrophilaRESUMEN
In aquaculture, fish are exposed to many stressors, such as climate changes and infectious diseases that affect their performance, immunity, and welfare. Freshwater fish subjected to salt bath become exhausted and stressed. In this experiment, Nile tilapia were exposed to a salt bath at a dose of 30 ppt for 30 min a day. Vitamin C and vitamin E are well-known antioxidants that are used in aquaculture. Fish received dietary nanoparticles of chitosan-vitamin C and chitosan-vitamin E (CCE-NPs) for different periods (7 and 14 days) pre- (G2) and post-salt treatment (G3). In the control fish (G1), cortisol 5.44 µg/dL and glucose 91.67 mg/dL were significantly up-regulated post-salt treatment by 1 h and 24 h, respectively, whereas those (G2) fed CCE-NPs diet had significantly lower values of 4.72 and 3.25 µg/dL; 86.3 and 84.3 mg/dL, respectively. A rapid decrease of glucose 68.3 and 66.3 mg/dL was noticed in those (G2) fed CCE-NPs diet compared to the control 84.67 mg/dL at 48 h post-stress. Regardless of the supplementation period, fish (G2) could partially restore normal food reflex at 48 h (post-salt bath) and fully restored at 72 h compared to 7 days in the control (G1). After 48 h, fish that received dietary CCE-NPs (G2 and G3) restored normal mucus lysozyme levels, whereas the control did not restore pre-treatment values till the seventh day. Mucus antibacterial activity, fish received rapid dietary CCE-NPs (G2) and partially restored average values (pre-salt bath) at 96 h. The salt treatment could provoke gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis (TNF)-α in the head kidney of fish at 24 h post-salt bath to 5.9-8.35 fold-change, respectively, with a rapid decline in fish (G2) the gene expression. Post-salt bath (24 h), the gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) was higher in fish (G2) than in the control group (G1) regardless of the supplementation period (7 and 14 days). Bacterial infection S. agalactiae (OL471408), a significantly lower MR was recorded in G2 at 40% and 33.3% compared to the control G1 MR (53.3%), with an RPL of 24.95% and 37.5%. In conclusion, Nile tilapia treated with a 30 ppt salt became more vulnerable to S. agalactiae. Adding CCE-NPs to the Nile tilapia diet for 7- and 14-day pre-salt bath could increase immune and antioxidant-related gene expression to counteract S. agalactiae infection.
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Ácido Ascórbico , Quitosano , Cíclidos , Nanopartículas , Vitamina E , Animales , Cíclidos/inmunología , Ácido Ascórbico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Nanopartículas/administración & dosificación , Quitosano/farmacología , Quitosano/administración & dosificación , Vitamina E/farmacología , Vitamina E/administración & dosificación , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Edwardsiellosis is a bacterial fish disease that mostly occurs in freshwater farms and is characterized by a high mortality rate. Edwardsiella tarda strain was recovered from 17 fish out of 50 Nile tilapia, which were harboring clinical signs of systemic septicemia. The level of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) in the fish farm's water was 0.11-0.15 mg/L, which was stressful for the Nile tilapia.Sequencing of the gyrB1 gene confirmed that the isolate was E. tarda JALO4, and it was submitted to NCBI under the accession number PP449014. The isolated E. tarda harbored the virulence gene edw1 AHL-synthase (quorum sensing). In addition, the isolate was sensitive to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole mean while it was intermediate to florfenicol. The median lethal dose (LD50) of E. tarda JALO4 was determined to be 1.7 × 105 CFU/mL in Nile tilapia.In the indoor experiment, Nile tilapia (45.05 ± 0.4 g), which received dietary Spirulina platensis (5 and 10 g/kg fish feed), showed optimum growth and feed utilization. Meanwhile, after receiving dietary S. platensis, the fish's feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly enhanced compared to the control, which was 1.94, 1.99, and 2.88, respectively. The expression of immune-related genes interleukin (IL)-1ß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were upsurged in E. tarda-challenged fish with higher intensity in S. platensis groups. Dietary S. platensis at a dose of 10 g/kg fish feed could provide a relative protection level (RPL) of 22.2% Nile tilapia challenged against E. tarda. Nile tilapia experimentally infected E. tarda, drastically altering their behavior: higher operculum movement, low food apprehension, and abnormal swimming dietary S. platensis (10 g/kg fish feed) could rapidly restore normal status.It was concluded that Edwardsiellosis could alter Nile tilapia behavior with a high loss in fish population. Fish received dietary-S. platensis could rapidly restore normal behavior after E. tarda infection. It is recommended the incorporation of S. platensis at doses of 10 g/kg into the Nile tilapia diet to boost their immunity and counteract E. tarda infection.
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Alimentación Animal , Cíclidos , Edwardsiella tarda , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae , Enfermedades de los Peces , Spirulina , Animales , Cíclidos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/prevención & control , Acuicultura , Dieta/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic pathogen. Thus, it has received significant attention mainly in the fish sectors with high production scales. Nile tilapia broodstock confined in the environment of fish hatcheries can be stressed. Hence, they are vulnerable to A. hydrophila. RESULTS: Sequencing of the gyr B gene revealed the presence of 18 different A. hydrophila strains (kdy 10,620-10,637), which were deposited in the NCBI under accession numbers ON745861-ON745878. The median lethal doses of the isolates ranged from 2.62 × 104 to 3.02 × 106 CFU/mL. Antibiotic resistant genes, sulfonamide (sul1) and tetracycline (tetA) were found in the eighteen isolates. Approximately 83.3% of A. hydrophila strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and florfenicol. Further, eight A. hydrophila strains had high MDR indices at 0.27-0.45. All isolates presented with hemolysin activity. However, only 72.22% of them had proteolytic activity, and only 61.11% could form biofilms. Bacterial isolates harbored different pattern virulence genes, the heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin (ast), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), and hemolysin (hly) genes were the most prevalent. Also, a trial to inhibit bacterial growth was conducted using titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) with three sizes (13, 32, and 123 nm). If A. hydrophila strains with a high MDR index were tested against TiO2 NPs (20 µg/mL) for 1, 12, and 24 h, those with a small size had a greater bactericidal action than large ones. Bacterial strains were inhibited at different percentages in response to TiO2 NP treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Nile tilapia broodstock, mortality is associated with different A. hydrophila strains, which harbored virulent and MDR genes. Furthermore, TiO2 NPs had bactericidal activity, thereby resulting in a considerable reduction in bacterial load.
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Aeromonas , Cíclidos , Enfermedades de los Peces , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas , Animales , Cíclidos/microbiología , Proteínas Hemolisinas , Prevalencia , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Aeromonas hydrophila/genética , Enterotoxinas/genética , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Dactylogyrus extensus and Pseudomonas fluorescens are serious pathogens in Cyprinus carpio aquaculture causing severe impacts and substantial economic losses. During the early spring of 2021, abnormal mortalities were reported among farmed C. carpio. Moribund fish showed anorexia, respiratory distress, dermal ulcers, and septicemia. The water analysis revealed low dissolved oxygen (3.4 mg/L), and high un-ionized ammonia levels (0.65 mg/L). Seventy moribund C. carpio specimens were collected and subjected to parasitological and bacteriological examinations. The monogenetic trematode D. extensus was discovered in wet mounts from the gills of all the examined fish samples (100%). The identity of recovered parasites was confirmed by sequencing and alignment of the 28S rDNA gene. P. fluorescens was concurrently identified in the infested fish samples (58.5%) based on phenotypic characteristics using the API20 E. The identity of bacterial isolates was confirmed further by sequencing and alignment of 16S rRNA gene. The IL-1ß and MHCII were upregulated in infested fish in tandem with the severity of infections. P. fluorescens isolates displayed high resistance to most of the tested antibiotics. The study is one of the earlier reports on D. extensus and P. fluorescens co-infections in farmed C. carpio and highlights the need of effective control programs to protect fish health and minimize losses.
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Carpas , Enfermedades de los Peces , Pseudomonas fluorescens , Trematodos , Animales , Pseudomonas fluorescens/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Edwardsiellosis is a serious bacterial disease affecting Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), causing septicemia and mortalities. Edwardsiella tarda and Edwardsiella anguillarum were isolated from Nile tilapia summer mortality events in Egypt. Diseased fish showed hemorrhagic septicemia, skin erosions, and eye opacity. A total of 24 Edwardsiella spp. isolates were retrieved from the investigated fish specimens. Phenotypic and biochemical characteristics grouped isolates into typical Ed. tarda (n = 14 strains) and atypical Ed. tarda (n = 10 strains). The BLAST analysis of sodB gene sequencing confirmed the conventional identification of typical Ed. tarda strains (n = 14) and reidentified all the atypical strains (n = 10) as Ed. anguillarum. Isolates showed a combination of virulence factors, including biofilm formation (66.6%), hemolysis (100%), chondroitinase (50%), and proteolytic activity (20.8%). The major part of isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, gentamycin antibiotics and harbored tetA, blaCTX-M, and aadA1 resistance genes. Pathogenicity testing of isolates in O. niloticus confirmed their virulence. Challenged fish exhibited septicemic signs similar to naturally diseased fish. Infections in naturally infected tilapia triggered acute and chronic histopathological alterations. Degenerative and necrotic changes were noticed in hematopoietic organs. Granulomas were noticed in between the hepatic parenchyma. The data extracted from the study confirm that accurate identification of the causative agents of edwardsiellosis should be reliant on genetic-based approaches. Analysis of the bacterium virulence properties offers insights into establishing novel therapeutics for edwardsiellosis control. The findings refer to the need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing to minimize antimicrobial resistance and increase therapy efficacy.
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Cíclidos , Enfermedades de los Peces , Tilapia , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Cíclidos/microbiología , Edwardsiella tarda , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , VirulenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recently, the interleukin-17A (IL-17A) gene has emerged as a potential candidate gene for autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether IL-17A polymorphisms at rs2275913 G/A, rs8193036 C/T and rs3748067 C/T could be susceptibility markers for juvenile-onset SLE (JSLE) and lupus nephritis (LN) in Egyptian children and adolescents. METHODS: In this multi-centre study, we genotyped 320 patients diagnosed with JSLE and 320 matched control children for three IL-17A polymorphisms at rs2275913 G/A, rs8193036 C/T and rs3748067 C/T using TaqMan probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction. Meanwhile, IL-17A serum levels were assessed using ELISA. RESULTS: The IL-17 rs2275913 A/A genotype and A allele were more represented in JSLE patients compared to the control group (21% vs. 7%, odds ratio (OR) = 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.78-5.5, p = 0.001, pBonf = 0.003 for the A/A genotype; 37% vs. 29%, OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.11-1.8, p = 0.003, pBonf = 0.009 for the A allele. No significant difference was found for IL-17 rs8193036 and rs3748067 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genotype distribution or allele frequencies (p>0.05). Patients carrying the IL-17 rs2275913 A/A genotype and A allele were more likely to develop LN (OR = 5.64, 95% CI 2.39-13.77, pBonf = 0.001 for the A/A genotype; OR = 2.73, 95% CI 1.84-4.07, pBonf = 0.02 for the A allele). CONCLUSION: The IL-17 rs2275913 A allele and A/A genotype were associated with high IL-17 serum levels and may contribute to susceptibility to JSLE and the development of LN in Egyptian children and adolescents. However, no significant association was evident between the studied IL-17A SNPs and other clinical phenotypes, disease activity scores or laboratory profile of JSLE.
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Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Interleucina-17/genética , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/genética , Nefritis Lúpica/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Adolescente , Alelos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Egipto , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/patología , Nefritis Lúpica/patología , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a plant-origin toxin that could induce oxidative stress in fish. The micromineral selenium (Se) possesses well-documented antioxidant properties. To assess the ameliorative effects of SeNPs (1 mg/kg fish feed) on oxidative stress induced by AFB1 (500 µg/kg fish feed), Nile tilapia (32.2±1.7 g body weight) were distributed randomly and even in six groups for 8-week feeding trial. Live enzymes, AST, ALT, and ALP levels were increased in the serum of fish fed AFB1-contaminated diet, and the addition of SeNPs could restore normal values compared to the control. The gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme and catalase (CAT) enzyme, and DNA fragmentation were significantly increased in response to aflatoxin exposure, while dietary SeNPs could mitigate the generated oxidative stress. The innate immunity, serum antibacterial activity (SAA), oxidative burst activity (OBA), phagocytic activities (PA and PI), and gene expression of cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1ß, heat shock protein70 (Hsp), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) revealed a status of immunosuppression in Nile tilapia fed on AFB1-contaminated diet. These findings showed that fish became more vulnerable to Streptococcus agalactiae infection with a high mortality rate while dietary SeNPs provided a high relative protection level (RPL). From the obtained findings, SeNPs could mitigate the oxidative stress induced by feeding the AFB1 diet and could boost the immunity of stressed Nile tilapia.
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Aflatoxina B1 , Cíclidos , Selenio , Infecciones Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus agalactiae , Animales , Streptococcus agalactiae/efectos de los fármacos , Cíclidos/metabolismo , Cíclidos/microbiología , Cíclidos/inmunología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/veterinaria , Selenio/farmacología , Aflatoxina B1/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas/química , Enfermedades de los Peces/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/prevención & control , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Nowadays, nanomaterials enter high numbers of daily used products and drug manufacture. A nanocomposite of vitamins C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) with chitosan as a vehicle and protector was used in a comparative eight-week feeding study, Nile tilapia weighing 31.2 ± 0.36 g distributed in seven groups and fed (G1) basal diet, (G2) bulk VC, (G3) VC- nanoparticles (NPs), (G4) bulk VE, (G5) VE-NPs, bulk VCE (G6), and (G7) VC plus VE (VCE)-NPs, respectively. The Nile tilapia-fed nanocomposite vitamins had significantly higher growth performance compared to the control; VCE-NPs had the superiority among tested supplementations where total weight gain (63.6 g), daily weight gain (1.13 g), relative growth rate (206.1%) with lower feed conversion rate (1.6) and insignificant feed intake (101.5 g). Overall, the level of liver enzymes was significantly decreased in fish serum after eight-week nanocomposite supplementation, and dietary VCE-NPs caused a significant reduction of serum AST (18.45 IU/L) and ALT (14.77 IU/L) compared to the control 25.5 IU/L and 17.6 IU/L, respectively. Fish fed dietary VCE-NPs, VC-NPs, and VE-NPs had significant enhancement of RBCs 4.2 × 106/µL, 3.8 × 106/µL, and 3.55 × 106/µL; WBCs 46.15 × 103, 42.9 × 103, and 44 × 103/µL, respectively, Also TP was significantly higher 6.38 g/dL in VCE-NPs group compared to the control and the other treatments. Over all, the dietary nanocomposite vitamins boost the innate immunity of the experimental Nile tilapia, the oxidative burst activity (OBA), phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI), and serum antibacterial (SAA) were significantly increased compared to those received bulk vitamins and the control. The activity of antioxidant biomarkers in fish serum including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione reductase (GR), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) showed a rise in the serum of Nile tilapia received nano- and bulk-form of VC and VCE compared to the control and both forms of VE. Furthermore, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were significantly increased in the fish serum following the trend of antioxidants enzymes. In conclusion, a dietary nanocomposite of vitamin C and vitamin E enhanced Nile tilapia's growth performance and feed utilization. It could also improve health status and immune response. The values of antioxidant biomarkers indicated that the nanocomposite could help the fish body scavenge the generated reactive oxidative species (ROS).
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Alimentación Animal , Ácido Ascórbico , Cíclidos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Nanocompuestos , Vitamina E , Animales , Nanocompuestos/química , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Ácido Ascórbico/administración & dosificación , Cíclidos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cíclidos/metabolismo , Cíclidos/sangre , Vitamina E/farmacología , Vitamina E/administración & dosificación , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Hypoxia is a condition in which tissues of the body do not receive sufficient amounts of oxygen supply. Numerous studies have elucidated the intricate roles of hypoxia and its involvement in both physiological and pathological conditions. This study aimed to clarify the impact of a forced low-oxygen environment in early pregnancy by exposing mice to low-oxygen conditions for 24-72 h after fertilization. The treatment resulted in the complete failure of blastocyst implantation, accompanied by vascular hyperpermeability in the uterus. A transcriptome analysis of the uterus revealed remarkable alterations in gene expression between control normoxic- and hypoxic-treatment groups. These alterations were characterized by the differentially expressed genes categorized into the immune responses and iron coordination. Furthermore, exposure to a low-oxygen environment caused apoptosis in the corpus luteum within the ovary and a reduction in progesterone secretion. Consequently, diminished plasma progesterone levels were considered to contribute to implantation failure in combination with the activation of the hypoxic pathway in the uterus. Additionally, previous studies have demonstrated the impact of hypoxic reactions on blastocyst development and the pre-implantation process in the endometrium. Our findings suggest that the corpus luteum exhibits elevated susceptibility to hypoxia, thereby elucidating a critical aspect of its physiological response.
RESUMEN
Zinc is an essential element affecting immune responses in aquatic organisms. In the present research, the immunomodulating effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was studied in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The minimum inhibitory concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for Aeromonas hydrophila was estimated at 60 µg/mL. To evaluate the efficacy of ZnO NPs for improving disease resistance against A. hydrophila, three hundred fish were divided into 5 groups. Fish in the group T1 maintained on the control feed, T2 and T3 feed on ZnO at 60 and 30 µg/g, while T4 and T5 received ZnO NPs at 60 and 30 µg/g, respectively for 8 weeks. Immune responses were evaluated by determining the phagocytic activity, serum antibacterial activity, lysozymes, respiratory burst activity, and also gene expression of immunoglobin M-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, heat shock proteins, IL-10, insulin growth factor 1, transforming growth factor-ß2, superoxide dismutase enzyme, and catalase enzyme genes. Results indicated that groups that received ZnO NPs have exaggerated immune response and upregulation in the most of expressed immune-related genes. After the feeding trial, all groups were experimentally infected with A. hydrophila, and the mortality rate was monitored. Among all the treated groups, a higher survival rate and disease resistance were observed for fish that received ZnO NPs at 30 and 60 µg/g. The inclusion of ZnO NPs in O. niloticus feed improves both fish immune response and disease resistance against A. hydrophila.
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Cíclidos , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas , Nanopartículas , Óxido de Zinc , Animales , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Suplementos Dietéticos , Óxido de Zinc/farmacología , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/veterinaria , Alimentación Animal/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Zinc nanoparticles are documented to be harmful to fish because their accumulation in fish bring about many irreversible changes in their health. Nigella sativa and its oil have been endorsed in aquaculture to improve fish health. METHODS: Two hundred seventy experimental fish (113 ± 5 g body weight) were divided into 6 groups G1-6; control fish fed a diet without any treatment (G1), 0.3% of NSO (G2), 0.5% of NSO (G3), ZnO NPs (40 mg/kg diet) (G4), 0.3% of NSO and ZnO NPs (40 mg/kg diet) (G5), 0.5% of NSO and ZnO NPs (40 mg/kg diet) (G6), the trial lasted for six weeks. RESULTS: Growth performance was enhanced in fish received diets containing NSO, final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), and relative growth rate (RGR) were significantly increased with lower food conversion ratios (FCR) compared to the control. The hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and metallothionein (MT) were increased in response to ZnO NPs stress and only 0.5% NSO supplementation could ameliorate such increment. The immune-related genes [interleukin1-beta (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-ß), transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-ß2) and C-type lysozyme] as well as growth-related gene [insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)] in liver showed an upregulation in fish fed with NSO diets. Administration of ZnO NPs lowered the resistance of Oreochromis niloticus against bacterial infection with Aeromonas hydrophila and NSO could enhance the immunity in the highest tested concentration (0.5%) (G6). CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results implied that NSO could enhance the oxidative and immune status of O. niloticus which could compensate ZnO NPs stress as well as experimental infection of a virulent strain of A. hydrophila. Our results revealed that NSO might increase fish growth and immunity only at a high dose (0.5%).
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Cíclidos , Nanopartículas del Metal , Óxido de Zinc , Animales , Óxido de Zinc/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Cíclidos/metabolismo , Óxidos , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Zinc/metabolismo , Dieta , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Antioxidantes/metabolismoRESUMEN
Many governments have approved the use of oxytetracycline as an antibiotic additive to food fish, with oxytetracycline now routinely used in many nations. However, oxytetracycline is known to have immunosuppression impacts. We, therefore, evaluated the immunological, antioxidative, and histopathological status of Nile tilapia fed a diet containing silymarin (100 mg/kg fish feed) for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The protective effects of silymarin against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection and oxytetracycline treatment were evaluated. Blood parameters (erythrocyte count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume) improved over time in fish fed on dietary silymarin. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were lower in fish fed on dietary silymarin, whereas serum levels of aspartate transferase (AST)and alkaline phosphatase (ALK) were unchanged. Dietary silymarin affected serum lipid profiles as decreases in serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and a trend toward lower cholesterol levels, whereas serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were increased compared to fish fed on the control diet. Dietary silymarin resulted in an increase of serum total protein levels and globulin fractions. Significant and progressive increases in catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels were observed after six weeks of feeding on a dietary silymarin before decreasing to control levels at the end of the experimental period. Fish fed on dietary silymarin, interleukin-1 and fish tumor necrosis factor-alpha were upregulated in hepatic tissues; however, interleukin-10 levels decreased to comparable levels to controls after eight weeks. Fish infected with A. hydrophila displayed septicemia (opaque eye, hemorrhagic ulcers, dentated fins, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly). Reduced mortality was observed in Nile tilapia infected with A. hydrophila and fed a diet containing silymarin, indicating that silymarin improves fish responses to oxytetracycline with a 37% reduction in mortality.
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Cíclidos , Enfermedades de los Peces , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas , Oxitetraciclina , Silimarina , Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Silimarina/farmacología , Oxitetraciclina/farmacología , Oxitetraciclina/uso terapéutico , Oxitetraciclina/metabolismo , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiología , Cíclidos/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Colesterol/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Enfermedades de los Peces/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/veterinariaRESUMEN
In this study, the impacts of lead toxicity on Oreochromisniloticus were investigated. Additionally, the potential ameliorative effects of the Spirulina algae Arthrospira platensis were evaluated. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of PbNO3 was determined to be 143.3 mg/l for O. niloticus weighing 42 ± 2.5 g. O. niloticus were exposed to 10 % of the estimated PbNO3 LC50 for 12 weeks. The cumulative mortality rate (CMR) increased with exposure time. The results of assays for red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) indicated that the exposed O. niloticus suffered from anaemia. The levels of liver enzymes, namely, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), as well as metallothionein)MT(revealed deterioration of hepatic tissue. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as catalase (CAT) was stimulated in the hepatic tissue of O. niloticus exposed to PbNO3 and in those treated with A. platensis. Based on the results of serum bactericidal activity (SBA) and oxidative burst activity (OBA) assays as well as challenge tests with Aeromonas hydrophila, it was clear that supplementation with 5 or 10 g/kg A. platensis significantly enhanced the fish immune status and decreased the mortality rate (MR). However, these effects were reduced by PbNO3 exposure with no differences in MR percentage. Therefore, it was clear that O. niloticus reared in lead nitrate-polluted water were immunosuppressed, while diet supplementation with A. platensis could ameliorate such impacts.
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Cíclidos , Plomo/toxicidad , Nitratos/toxicidad , Spirulina , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Aeromonas hydrophila , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Esquema de Medicación , Plomo/administración & dosificación , Nitratos/administración & dosificación , Prueba Bactericida de SueroRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the foremost cause of child death worldwide. M-ficolin is encoded by the FCN1 gene and represents a novel link between innate and adaptive immunity. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the FCN1 -144 C/A (rs10117466) polymorphism as a potential marker for pneumonia severity and adverse outcome namely complications or mortality in the under-five Egyptian children. METHODS: This was a prospective multicenter study that included 620 children hospitalized with World Health Organization-defined severe pneumonia and 620 matched healthy control children. Polymorphism rs10117466 of the FCN1 gene promoter was analyzed by PCR-SSP, while serum M-ficolin levels were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS: The FCN1 A/A genotype and A allele at the -144 position were more frequently observed in patients compared to the control children (43.4% vs 27.6%; odds ratio [OR]: 1.62; [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.18-2.2]; for the A/A genotype) and (60.8% vs 52.5%; OR: 1.4; [95% CI: 1.19-1.65]; for the A allele); P < .01. The FCN1 -144 A/A homozygous patients had significantly higher serum M-ficolin concentrations (mean: 1844 ± 396 ng/mL) compared with those carrying the C/C or C/A genotype (mean: 857 ± 278 and 1073 ± 323 ng/mL, respectively; P = .002). FCN1 -144 A/A genotype was an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes in children with severe pneumonia (adjusted OR = 4.85, [95% CI: 2.96-10.25]; P = .01). CONCLUSION: The FCN1 A/A genotype at the -144 position was associated with high M-ficolin serum levels and possibly contributes to enhanced inflammatory response resulting in the adverse outcome of pneumonia in the under-five Egyptian children.