[The morphological characteristic of hepatorrhesis in the subjects with the blunt abdominal injury].

We have elucidated certain consistent patterns of the development of hepatic lesions associated with blunt abdominal trauma including primary and secondary local and distant ruptures of the liver of different localization, e.g. in the direction of the injurious force (central and anti-shock) and apart from it (peripheral). A kick in the stomach causes local (primary and secondary) or distant ruptures of the liver. A strong impact gives rise to local secondary and distant ruptures. Compression of the body with massive objects is associated with local primary ruptures whereas falling down on the stomach results only in anti-shock ruptures. Local (primary and secondary) as well as distant (anti-shock and peripheral) ruptures of hepatic parenchyma have different morphological properties and surface relief which makes it possible to discriminate between them. The consistent patterns of hepatorrhesis provide a methodological basis for the explanation of the physical nature of liver deformation and destruction of its tissue after a blunt abdominal trauma.

[The forensic medical classification of damages to the liver in the case of a blunt abdominal injury].

The present work had the objective to evaluate the existing classifications of damages to the liver associated with a blunt abdominal injury. An original forensic medical classification of hepatic lesions has been developed taking into consideration both localization and mechanisms of blunt abdominal injuries. It is proposed that such injuries should be categorized into three groups: local primary injuries developing as a result of abdominal wall deformation at the site of the application of the traumatic force; local secondary injuries developing in conjunction with the primary ones at the site of the application of the traumatic impact from the fractured costal fragments resulting from chest deformation; late post-traumatic injuries developing simultaneously with the local ones both in the direction of the traumatic force and far away from its application site as a result of the general deformation, displacement, and concussion of the organ. The scope of classifications overviewed in this paper provide a basis for the transition to the next stage of systematization, namely the estimation of morphological features of hepatic injuries depending on the form of blunt abdominal injuries, i.e. blow, compression, etc.

[Polymorphism Gly460Trp of alpha-adducin gene and predisposition to essential hypertension. The role of gene-environment interactions in the development of the disease in Russian population].

In this study we for the first time in Russian population elucidated association between G460W polymorphism of -adducin gene (ADD1) and risk of development of hypertensive disease (HD). DNA samples from 205 patients with HD and 207 healthy nonrelated individuals of Russian nationality were genotyped for G460W polymorphism of ADD1 gene by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis. We detected no statistically significant differences between groups of healthy people and patients with HD. But among smokers with 460GW genotype of ADD1 gene we found elevated risk of HD development (OR 2.71, 95%CI 1.01-7.26; p=0.04). Among nonsmokers the given genotype did not influence risk of origination of the disease (OR 0.67, 95%CI 0.39-1.15; p=0.15). Moreover carriers of 460GW genotype who did not consume fresh vegetables and fruits or consumed them insufficiently (once a day or less) had the highest risk of HD development (OR 2.24, 95%CI 1.06-4.73; p=0.03) while in subjects who consumed fresh vegetables and fruits regularly the given genotype possessed protective properties in relation to risk of development of the disease (OR 0.25, 95%CI 0.09-0.68; p=0.005). Thus in the studied Russian population G460W polymorphism of ADD1 gene can be considered as predisposition gene to HD, but its pathological effect is manifested solely under influence of environmental factors.

[A protective effect of GLY272SER polymorphism of GNB3 gene in development of essential hypertension and its relations with environmental hypertension risk factors].

AIM: To study associations of C825T (rs5443) and G272S (rs16932941) polymorphisms of GNB3 gene in Russian population of the Central Chernozem region with essential hypertension (EH) risk; to elicit the role of environmental risk factors in realization of EH predisposition in this gene genotypes carriers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied DNA samples obtained from 205 EH patients and 207 healthy individuals. EH patients were treated in Kursk hospitals. Genotyping of GNB3 gene polymorphisms was conducted by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis. RESULTS: Prevalence of 82ST allele of GNB3 gene in EH patients and healthy individual was 0.334 and 0.295, respectively, of 272S allele--0.037 and 0.058, respectively. We found no significant differences by prevalence of genotypes of gene GNB3 polymorphisms C825T and G272S in EH patients and healthy individuals. Non-smoking carriers of 272GS genotype had a low risk of EH (OR 0.42 in 95% CI from 0.18 to 0.97; p = 0.04). Smokers had no protective effect of this genotype. The protective effect of 272GS genotype was also found in individuals with low or moderate alcohol drinking habits (OR 0.29 in 95% CI from 0.11 to 0.77, p = 0.02) and in individuals without chronic exposure to stress (OR 0.29 in 95% CI from 0.09 to 0.91, p = 0.04). In contrast, hard drinkers and patients exposed to chronic stress had no protective effect of heterozygous genotype 272GS of gene GNB3. CONCLUSION: G272S polymorphism of GNB3 gene can be considered as a new genetic marker of predisposition to EH. The protective effect depends of environmental factors associated with high risk to develop EH.

[Problems of the classification and organization of minor glands located in the walls of the hollow internal organs].

The paper reviews the problems of the classification and anatomical structure of minor glands located in the walls of the organs of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems. A number of adequate terms for the description of the structure of the glands, is proposed. Some new data are presented, together with the description of most important regularities in the morphogenesis of various minor glands, including: similar pattern and heterochronism in the rate of ontogenetic development of minor glands, common manifestations of age involution of the minor glands in different organs, taking place at different ages, close microtopographical relations with the lymphoid structures in the organ's walls.

[Morphological peculiarities of human anal glands during postnatal ontogenesis].

Macro-microscopical and histological methods were used to study the age-related peculiarities of human anal glands in 267 practically healthy subjects of both sexes of various ages (from newborns to 102 years). Topography of anal glands was described, their numbers and dimensional parameters were determined in the subjects of different age. Maximal total number of these glands, maximal length and width of their initial region, as well as maximal number of initial portions within it, were found at the age of 22-35 years. Subsequently, as the age increased, these parameters tended to decrease. Connective tissue fiber content in the glands was found to increase during postnatal ontogenesis. Along the course of common excurrent duct in submucosa and in mucosa, some dilated regions were found, especially in aged and senile persons.

[To the detection of the trematode mesocercariae Alaria alata in the blood of domestic dogs and cats].

Blood samples taken from 2128 domestic dogs and 543 cats in Moscow and the Moscow Region were studied by the concentration method using distilled water. The studies revealed the infestation with the mesocercariae Alaria alata in 1.9% of the dogs and in 1.I1% of the cats. A method was first developed for the life-time diagnosis of alariasis in definitive and reserve hosts.

Arg25Pro polymorphism of transforming growth factor-beta1 and its role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in Russian population of the Central Chernozem Region.

We studied the relationship between Arg25Pro polymorphism of TGFbeta1 gene and predisposition to essential hypertension in the Russian population of Central Chernozem Region (n=402). An association was found between 25Pro allele and 25ArgPro genotype with low risk of essential hypertension in male individuals.