Comparison between the outcomes of transfemoral access and transfemoral access with adjunct upper extremity access in patients undergoing endovascular aortic repair: A pilot systematic review and meta-analysis.

Endovascular aortic repair is an emerging novel intervention for the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. It is crucial to compare the effectiveness of different access sites, such as transfemoral access (TFA) and upper extremity access (UEA). An electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. The primary endpoint was the incidence of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), while the secondary endpoints included technical success, access-site complications, mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), spinal cord ischemia, among others. Forest plots were constructed for the pooled analysis of data using the random-effects model in Review Manager, version 5.4. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Our findings in 9403 study participants (6228 in the TFA group and 3175 in the UEA group) indicate that TFA is associated with a lower risk of stroke/TIA [RR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.40-0.75; p = 0.0002], MI [RR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.38-0.69; p < 0.0001], spinal cord ischemia [RR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.32-0.53, p < 0.00001], and shortens fluoroscopy time [SMD: -0.62; 95% CI: -1.00 to -0.24; p = 0.001]. Moreover, TFA required less contrast agent [SMD: -0.33; 95% CI: -0.61 to -0.06; p = 0.02], contributing to its appeal. However, no significant differences emerged in technical success [p = 0.23], 30-day mortality [p = 0.48], ICU stay duration [p = 0.09], or overall hospital stay length [p = 0.22]. Patients with TFA had a lower risk of stroke, MI, and spinal cord ischemia, shorter fluoroscopy time, and lower use of contrast agents. Future large-scale randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm and strengthen these findings.

An unusual presentation of giant sebaceous cyst over the back: A case report.

Sebaceous cysts are a prevalent form of benign cutaneous cysts that often manifest as epidermal cysts when their size exceeds 5 cm in diameter. Despite their infrequent occurrence, cases of massive epidermal cysts measuring 5 cm or larger have been documented. Malignant transformations within epidermal cysts are exceedingly rare but not impossible. Although their development into malignancies is a rare event, it is essential to acknowledge the potential for benign epidermal cysts to undergo such transformation. In clinical terminology, these cysts predominantly affect the facial, cervical, and dorsal regions. They usually remain asymptomatic, with their formation attributed to the sequestration of epithelial remnants during embryonic fusion or trauma. In this report, we present a remarkable case of a colossal epidermal cyst found on the upper back of a 75-year-old male individual, highlighting the uncommon nature of such occurrences within the medical domain. This case adds to the literature by presenting a rare case report highlighting the clinical presentation, probable consequences, and surgical therapy of larger epidermal cysts.

A rare case of gastro-intestinal stromal tumor presented with hematemesis and severe anemia from a low and middle-income country.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal tumors with varied clinical presentations. This case report highlights the significance of recognizing atypical GIST presentations, such as hematemesis, especially in resource-limited settings. CASE PRESENTATION: A 52-year-old male from an economically disadvantaged background presented with hematemesis and severe anemia. Initial investigations suggested iron deficiency anemia, but further evaluation revealed a gastric mass, raising suspicion of GIST. Despite limited resources, a distal radical gastrectomy confirmed the GIST diagnosis, and the patient underwent surgical resection followed by imatinib therapy. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: This case underscores the diagnostic challenges posed by GISTs and the importance of imaging studies, given their often nonspecific symptoms. Limited resources and economic constraints in low-income settings can hinder comprehensive diagnosis and treatment. Access to specialized oncological services is crucial for accurate management. CONCLUSION: Early recognition and management of GIST, even in atypical presentations like hematemesis, can significantly impact patient outcomes. This case report highlights the need for improved healthcare infrastructure in low-resource settings and calls for initiatives to ensure equitable access to diagnostic tests and appropriate treatment for rare diseases like GIST.

Navigating the Role of Smartwatches in Cardiac Fitness Monitoring: Insights From Physicians and the Evolving Landscape.

Alongside the advancement of technology, wearable devices like smartwatches have widely been used for monitoring heartbeat, SpO2, EKG, and pacemaker activity. However, the global question is- can they be as effective as our standard diagnostic tests- electrocardiogram and echocardiography? Reported in the studies, smartwatches to the gold standard Holter monitoring for recognizing irregular pulse showed good sensitivity (98.2%), specificity (98.1%), and accuracy (98.1%). Smartwatches can be good enough for helping people get long-term monitoring of cardiac fitness and early diagnosis of atrial fibrillation but physicians shouldn't completely rely on them and perform standard investigations once the patient with symptoms visits them. We are also concerned that there must be certain rules and regulations for FDA approval of smartwatches to maintain standard criteria before they are released in the market.

Vesicular herpes zoster eruption following chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment in the emergency department: lessons learnt from immunosuppression.

Background: Herpes zoster (HZ) is a reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that can occur in people with weakened immune systems. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease that can also impair the immune system.6-8. Case presentation: The authors present the case of a 65-year-old male with COPD who developed HZ. The patient was initially admitted to the hospital for an acute exacerbation of COPD. After his condition stabilized, he developed vesicular rashes on the medial aspect of his left leg. A skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of HZ. Clinical discussion: This case report provides further evidence that HZ can be induced in patients who are undergoing treatment for COPD. The authors recommend that COPD patients be vaccinated against HZ to prevent this complication. Conclusion: HZ can develop in COPD patients, mainly using inhaled steroids. Compliance to medication should be monitored, on the other hand zoster vaccination should be provided to prevent it and its foremost complication which includes secondary bacterial infection, post-herpetic neuralgia, scarring, nerve palsy and encephalitis in case with disseminated zoster.

Virtual and augmented reality in cardiovascular care in low and middle income country.

The global health sector has witnessed an escalating integration of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies, particularly in high-income countries. The application of these cutting-edge technologies is gradually extending to Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), notably in the domain of cardiovascular care. AR and VR technologies are revolutionizing cardiovascular care by offering solutions for diagnosis, medical training, and surgical planning. AR and VR provide detailed and immersive visualizations of cardiac structures, aiding in diagnosis and intervention planning. In cardiovascular care, VR reduces patient-reported pain, eases anxiety, and accelerates post-procedural recovery. AR and VR are also valuable for life support training, creating immersive and controlled learning environments. AR and VR have the potential to significantly impact healthcare in low- and middle-income countries with enhanced accessibility and affordability. This review outlines the existing spectrum of VR and AR adoption and its burgeoning utility in the cardiovascular domain within LMICs.

The Presence of Chronic Total Occlusion in Noninfarct-Related Arteries Is Associated With Higher Mortality and Worse Patient Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for STEMI: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression.

Reperfusion therapy with percutaneous coronary intervention improves outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the impact of chronic total occlusion (CTO) in noninfarct-related artery on the outcomes of these patients. Comprehensive searches were performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE. The primary endpoint was the 30-day mortality rate, with secondary endpoints including all-cause mortality, repeat myocardial infarction, and stroke. Forest plots were created for the pooled analysis of the results, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. A total of 19 studies were included in this meta-analysis, with 23,989 patients (3589 in CTO group and 20,400 in no-CTO group). The presence of CTO was associated with significantly higher odds of 30-day mortality [18.38% vs 5.74%; relative risk (RR), 3.69; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 2.68-5.07; P < 0.00001], all-cause mortality (31.00% vs 13.40%; RR, 2.79; 95% CI, 2.31-3.37; P < 0.00001), cardiovascular-related deaths (12.61% vs 4.1%; RR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.99-3.44; P < 0.00001), and major adverse cardiovascular events (13.64% vs 9.88%; RR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.52-2.86; P < 0.00001) than the non-CTO group. No significant differences in repeated myocardial infarction or stroke were observed between the CTO and non-CTO groups. Our findings underscore the need for further research on the benefits and risks of performing staged or simultaneous percutaneous coronary intervention for CTO in the noninfarct-related artery in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Efficacy and outcomes of bempedoic acid versus placebo in patients with hypercholesterolemia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Introduction: Bempedoic acid (BA) has shown varied efficacy in managing hyperlipidemia. We conducted the most extensive up-to-date meta-analysis, the first to include recent studies by Nissen et al., which boast the largest sample size. Methods: Literature search was done on Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. The primary endpoint was a change in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, while secondary endpoints encompassed changes in lipid parameters, clinical endpoints, and safety endpoints. The least-square mean (LSM) percent change was utilized for lipid changes, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: This analysis included 12 randomized control trials with 22,249 participants. BA exhibited a substantial reduction in LDL-C levels [LSM % change, -24.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), -27.80 to -20.88; P < 0.0001], total cholesterol levels (LSM % change, -16.62; 95% CI, -21.70 to -11.54; P < 0.00001) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (LSM % change, -4.22; 95% CI, -5.51 to -2.92; P < 0.00001) compared to the placebo. Conclusions: BA significantly lowers LDL-C, total cholesterol, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, high sensitivity C reactive protein, and apolipoprotein levels.

Cardioprotective effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor versus dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of comparative safety and efficacy.

Background: Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are recommended for the treatment of heart failure due to their cardioprotective effects, despite primarily being used as antidiabetic medications. However, the comparative profile of two antidiabetic drugs, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor remains unclear. Study hypothesis: This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy profiles of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor drugs. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov using appropriate Medical Subject Headings terms from inception until February 23, 2023. The outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model for hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Twelve studies were included after systematic screening, with a sample size of 745,688 for sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and 769,386 for dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor. The mean age in each group was 61.1 (8.52) and 61.28 (9.25) years, respectively. Upon pooling the included articles with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, the primary outcome of all-cause death demonstrated an hazard ratio of 0.64 (0.57, 0.70), I 2: 65.54%, p < 0.001, and major adverse cardiovascular events yielded an hazard ratio of 0.76 (0.65, 0.86), I 2: 87.83%, p < 0.001. The secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction with an hazard ratio of 0.84 (0.78, 0.90), I 2: 47.64%, p < 0.001, stroke with an hazard ratio of 0.81 (0.75, 0.87), I 2: 36.78%, p < 0.001, and hospitalization with an hazard ratio of 0.62 (0.53, 0.70), I 2: 83.32%, p < 0.001. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that compared to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, initiating treatment with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors provides cardiovascular disease protection and may be considered in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Vascular complications and outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients on chronic steroid therapy: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic steroid (CS) therapy was reportedly linked to increased vascular complications following percutaneous coronary intervention. However, its association with vascular complications after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) remained uncertain, with conflicting results being reported. OBJECTIVE: The authors aimed to compare the rate of vascular complications and outcomes between patients with and without CS use after TAVR. METHODS: The authors conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases from their inception until 18th April 2022 for relevant studies. Endpoints were described according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 definitions. Effect sizes were pooled using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model as risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI. RESULTS: Five studies with 6136 patients undergoing TAVR were included in the analysis. The included studies were published between 2015 and 2022. The mean ages of patients in both study groups were similar, with the CS group averaging 80 years and the nonsteroid group averaging 82 years. Notably, a higher proportion of patients in the CS group were female (56%) compared to the nonsteroid group (54%). CS use was associated with a significantly higher risk of major vascular complications (12.5 vs. 6.7%, RR 2.32, 95% CI: 1.73-3.11, P <0.001), major bleeding (16.8 vs. 13.1%, RR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.27-2.05, P <0.001), and aortic annulus rupture (2.3 vs. 0.6%, RR 4.66, 95% CI: 1.67-13.01, P <0.001). There was no significant difference in terms of minor vascular complications (RR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.00-2.04, P =0.05), in-hospital mortality (2.3 vs. 1.4%, RR 1.86, 95% CI: 0.74-4.70, P =0.19), and 30-day mortality (2.9 vs. 3.1%, RR 1.14, 95% CI: 0.53-2.46, P =0.74) between both groups. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that CS therapy is associated with increased major vascular complications, major bleeding, and annulus rupture following TAVR. Further large multicenter studies or randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate these findings.

Acute liver failure in a young patient with dengue shock syndrome: a case report.

Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus, which has four different serotypes and is transmitted by the Aedes mosquitos. This disease is endemic to Southeast Asian countries, including Nepal. Liver involvement in dengue is a crucial feature, and the effect ranges from an asymptomatic rise in liver enzymes to the development of acute liver failure. Acute liver failure often results in multiorgan dysfunction including hemodynamic instability, renal failure, cerebral edema, and even death because of shock. Prompt diagnosis and management are necessary to prevent complications. However, there is no proven proper treatment for this condition, and the only treatment modality is to prevent the symptoms. We presented the case of a young female with dengue fever who developed a life-threatening acute liver failure because of dengue shock syndrome.

Serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 for Predicting the Severity of COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequence Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to find the association between serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) and the severity of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. DATA SOURCES: Databases of Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched for studies reporting KL-6 levels in COVID-19 patients, published between January 2020 and September 30 2022. DATA SYNTHESIS: For comparison between the groups, standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed as the effect sizes. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were measured to assess the diagnostic power of KL-6. In addition, the summary receiver operating characteristics curve (sROC) was constructed to summarize the true positive (TP), and false positive (FP) rates. To validate the findings of meta-analysis, Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA) was conducted. RESULTS: Altogether 497 severe COVID-19 patients and 934 non-severe (mild to moderate) COVID-19 patients were included. Pooling of 12 studies indicated that the serum KL-6 level had significant association with severity of COVID-19 infection: standard mean difference = 1.18 (95% CI: 0.93-1.43), p = 0.01; I2: 58.56%]. Pooled diagnostic parameters calculated from eight studies were: sensitivity 0.53 (95% CI: 0.47-0.59); specificity 0.90 (95% CI: 0.88-0.93); positive likelihood ratio 4.80 (95% CI: 3.53-6.53); negative likelihood ratio 0.46 (95% CI: 0.32-0.68); and area under curve: 0.8841. Additionally, TSA verified the adequacy of sample size and robustness of the meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: Serum KL-6 level has a moderate degree of correlation with the severity of COVID-19 infection but has low sensitivity. So, it is not recommended as a screening test for severe COVID-19 infection.

A case report on autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 with pernicious anemia.

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 (APS II) is a rare autoimmune disease that affects many endocrine glands. We present a case of a 32-year-old man with Addison's disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, and pernicious anemia. Multi-line and timely management are crucial for each association.

Anti-TNFα induced lupus due to infliximab therapy in a patient with concurrent Crohn's disease.

Anti-TNFα inhibitor-induced Lupus (ATIL) is a rare syndrome characterized by a wide array of symptoms ranging from skin manifestations to organ-specific symptoms such as pleural effusions, pericardial effusions, hepatotoxicity, etc. Infliximab is implicated in most cases, and ATIL usually develops between the first month and 4 years of infliximab application. In this report, we present an interesting case of ATIL that developed rather gradually upon anti-TNFa used to treat Crohn's disease. The patient presented with oral ulcers, photosensitive rash, diffuse alopecia, inflammation of the hands, and pleuritic chest pain. Comprehensive serological testing revealed the presence of antinuclear antibodies and anti-DNA antibodies. During the evaluation, the patient developed headaches, followed by a brain MRI that suggested nonspecific white matter lesions. Given the chronic development of symptoms, invasive examinations such as an arteriogram were performed to exclude CNS vasculitis, which showed no evidence of the vasculitis. Therefore, in the absence of any clear radiographical signs of vasculitis, patients should not undergo invasive studies, including an angiogram. The CNS angiogram can be associated with several side effects, including damage to the blood vessel, bruising or bleeding at the puncture site, and infection, which can further aggravate ATIL. Although rare, ATIL should always be considered while evaluating a patient with suggestive symptoms on infliximab therapy. Further research on identifying the variety of clinical presentations of ATIL and the underlying pathophysiology can help improve health policy and clinical practice by reducing unnecessary examination and allowing early management and better-quality care.

Brown tumor of the knee as the first presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism caused by parathyroid adenoma: A case report.

Brown tumor of the knee is a focal benign cystic lesion of bone. The etiopathogenesis of brown tumor is believed to be abnormal bone metabolism in patients with hyperparathyroidism. We present a case of a 32-year-old male with recurrent knee pain, weakness of the lower limb and a nodular mass on left inferior lobe of thyroid. Timely identification of the underlying cause and localization of lesion(s) is important because the management and prognosis vary based on the etiology. The diagnosis of a brown tumor is the result of the sum of the medical history of patients with clinical, radiographic imaging, histopathological, hematological, and biochemical laboratory investigations.

A case report of left atrial myxoma presenting as embolic stroke.

Key Clinical Message: Embolic stroke may rarely be the first presenting symptom of atrial myxoma. Multiple infarcts should be evaluated for embolic causes. Correct etiological diagnosis in cardio-embolic stroke guides proper management strategy. It reinforces on the importance of early echocardiogram in the initial evaluation of patients presenting with ischemic stroke. Abstract: Atrial myxoma is a benign cardiac tumor found most commonly in the left atrium in 80% of the cases. Almost 1 in 10 myxomas are familial and are most common in women. Cardiac myxoma mostly present with dyspnea, fatigue, or palpitations. Previously undiagnosed left atrial myxoma (LA) presenting as stroke is extremely rare. Authors describe the case of a middle-aged man with LA myxoma presenting with acute ischemic embolic stroke that was surgically excised. This case report emphasizes on the rare presentation as embolic stroke and the role of cardiac imaging in patients presenting with ischemic stroke. Early and coordinated teamwork among the neurologist, cardiologist, and cardiothoracic surgeon help establish the etiology and provide appropriate treatment.

Acute myocardial infarction complicating acute ulcerative colitis: A clinical conundrum.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated multisystem inflammatory disease that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract, but it also has various extraintestinal manifestations like cardiovascular, dermatological, musculoskeletal, or hepatobiliary tract involvement. Herein, we describe a case of a 46-year-old female, who presented with acute coronary syndrome on the background of acute relapse of ulcerative colitis (UC), requiring a pragmatic clinical approach due to a labile balance between hemorrhagic and ischemic risk.

Type A aortic dissection during diagnostic coronary angiography in normal coronary arteries: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: Aortic dissection is one of the rare complication of coronary angiography. The main treatment underlies surgical intervention however; management should be done with patient's decision. Abstract: Coronary angiography (CA) is a widely utilized diagnostic procedure used to evaluate blood flow through the coronary arteries and detect coronary artery disease (CAD). Despite its widespread use, it has complications including non-life-threatening, while there are some rare complications that can occur. We present a case of an elderly woman who presented with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and underwent CA without evidence of CAD. However, the patient later developed type A aortic dissection (AD) as a complication of the procedure. Surgery is considered emergent treatment for type A-AD, but the patient was asymptomatic without any complaint, shared decision making was conducted and the patient decided to pursue conservative treatment without surgical intervention. Therefore, managing AD should be tailored to each patient individually through shared-decision making.

Concerns over cardiovascular manifestations associated with monkeypox immunization: a literature review.

Following the recent surge in monkeypox cases worldwide, vaccines have gained popularity due to their protective role against the disease in the absence of specific pharmacological therapies for the disease. This article explores the possible challenges associated with the treatment and prevention of monkeypox with special emphasis on cardiovascular concerns relating to vaccines, warranting further investigation and research. Methods: Multiple electronic databases from inception till October 2022 were searched to find articles reporting the cardiovascular adverse events associated with monkeypox immunization. Results: Smallpox vaccines ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, and modified vaccinia Ankara have been used for monkeypox. ACAM2000 has been reported to have major cardiovascular adverse events such as myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Whereas JYNNEOS and modified vaccinia Ankara are associated with minor cardiovascular adverse events such as tachycardia, palpitation, electrocardiogram changes such as T wave inversion, and ST elevation. Conclusions: Despite having cardiovascular issues with the existing vaccines, clinicians and public health experts should measure the risk benefit aspect of smallpox vaccines to decide whether to go for mass immunization or not. Based on the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, immunization will be a better strategy to halt the monkeypox spread throughout the globe. However, further research is needed to determine the exact incidence and susceptibility to develop cardiovascular complications among monkeypox immunized individuals.