Pregnancy as a window of opportunity for dementia prevention: a narrative review.

Dementia is a debilitating condition with a disproportionate impact on women. While sex differences in longevity contribute to the disparity, the role of the female sex as a biological variable in disease progression is not yet fully elucidated. Metabolic dysfunctions are drivers of dementia etiology, and cardiometabolic diseases are among the most influential modifiable risk factors. Pregnancy is a time of enhanced vulnerability for metabolic disorders. Many dementia risk factors, such as hypertension or blood glucose dysregulation, often emerge for the first time in pregnancy. While such cardiometabolic complications in pregnancy pose a risk to the health trajectory of a woman, increasing her odds of developing type 2 diabetes or chronic hypertension, it is not fully understood how this relates to her risk for dementia. Furthermore, structural and functional changes in the maternal brain have been reported during pregnancy suggesting it is a time of neuroplasticity for the mother. Therefore, pregnancy may be a window of opportunity to optimize metabolic health and support the maternal brain. Healthy dietary patterns are known to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and have been linked to dementia prevention, yet interventions targeting cognitive function in late life have largely been unsuccessful. Earlier interventions are needed to address the underlying metabolic dysfunctions and potentially reduce the risk of dementia, and pregnancy offers an ideal opportunity to intervene. This review discusses current evidence regarding maternal brain health and the potential window of opportunity in pregnancy to use diet to address neurological health disparities for women.

Toward sleep health as a focus of physical therapy practice: one lecture can positively impact sleep knowledge and beliefs in entry-level students.

BACKGROUND: Challenges to integrating health promotion including sleep health into entry-level physical therapist curricula include lack of faculty expertise, time, and support. A lecture provided by a content expert may mitigate such challenges. The purpose of this study was to determine if a sleep education session impacts Doctor of Physical Therapy students' knowledge and beliefs about sleep. METHODS: Faculty shared the opportunity to participate in the study 1-3 days prior to the remotely-provided lecture including sleep health assessment and interventions. The survey included demographics, a sleep health knowledge question, 11 questions on "What I think about sleep as a professional", and the 20-item Sleep Beliefs Scale. McNemar's and paired sample t-tests determined change in knowledge and beliefs. RESULTS: 209 individuals (70% female, 86% Caucasian, 25.5 ± 3.4 years old) completed the pre-lecture survey, and 137 individuals completed the post-lecture survey. There was an increase in knowledge about sleep health (p < .001) and change in Sleep Beliefs Scales score (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: A single remotely provided sleep education session increased DPT students' knowledge and changed their beliefs about sleep. Future studies should determine if these positive beliefs about sleep translate into clinical practice and enhance patient outcomes.

Modifying diet and exercise in multiple sclerosis (MoDEMS): A randomized controlled trial for behavioral weight loss in adults with multiple sclerosis and obesity.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis (MS) and MS-related disability. The efficacy of behavioral weight loss interventions among people with MS (pwMS) remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: Examine whether a group-based telehealth weight loss intervention produces clinically significant weight loss in pwMS and obesity. METHODS: Seventy-one pwMS were randomized to the weight loss intervention or treatment-as-usual (TAU). The 6-month program promoted established guidelines for calorie reduction and increased physical activity. Anthropometric measurements, mobility tasks, self-report questionnaires, and accelerometry were used to assess changes at follow-up. RESULTS: Mean percent weight loss in the treatment group was 8.6% compared to 0.7% in the TAU group (p < .001). Sixty-five percent of participants in the intervention achieved clinically meaningful weight loss (⩾ 5%). Participants in the treatment group engaged in 46.2 minutes/week more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity than TAU participants (p = .017) and showed improvements in quality of life (p = .012). Weight loss was associated with improved mobility (p = .003) and reduced fatiguability (p = .008). CONCLUSION: Findings demonstrate the efficacy of a behavioral intervention for pwMS and obesity, with clinically significant weight loss for two-thirds of participants in the treatment condition. Weight loss may also lead to improved mobility and quality of life.

Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in People with Type 2 Diabetes, Pilot RCT Part I: Sleep and Concomitant Symptom.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) on the severity of insomnia in people with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to a health education (HE) control group. The secondary aim was to explore the effect of CBT-I on other sleep outcomes and concomitant symptoms. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight participants with T2D were randomly assigned to CBT-I (n = 14) or HE (n = 14). METHODS: Validated assessments were used at baseline and post intervention to assess sleep outcomes and concomitant symptoms. In addition, actigraph and sleep diaries were used to measure sleep parameters. Independent sample t tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were utilized to measure between-group differences in the mean change scores. RESULTS: Participants in the CBT-I group showed higher improvements in the following mean change scores compared to the HE group: insomnia symptoms (d = 1.78; p < .001), sleep quality (d = 1.53; p =.001), sleep self-efficacy (d = 1.67; p < .001). Both actigraph and sleep diary showed improvements in sleep latency and sleep efficiency in the CBT-I group as compared to the HE group. In addition, participants in the CBT-I group showed greater improvement in the mean change scores of depression symptoms (d = 1.49; p = .002) and anxiety symptoms (d = 0.88; p = .04) compared to the HE group. CONCLUSION: This study identified a clinically meaningful effect of CBT-I on sleep outcomes and concomitant symptoms in people with T2D and insomnia symptoms. Further work is needed to investigate the long-term effects of CBT-I in people with T2D and insomnia symptoms.

The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, pilot RCT part II: diabetes health outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown the negative impact of sleep disturbances, specifically insomnia symptoms, on glucose metabolism for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). People with insomnia symptoms are at risk of poor glycemic control and suboptimal diabetes self-care behavior (DSCB). Investigating the impact of a safe and effective intervention for individuals with T2D and insomnia symptoms on diabetes' health outcomes is needed. Therefore, the aim of this exploratory study is to examine the effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) on glycemic control, DSCB, and fatigue. METHODS: Twenty-eight participants with T2D and insomnia symptoms, after passing an eligibility criteria at a medical research center, were randomly assigned to CBT-I (n = 14) or Health Education (HE; n = 14). The CBT-I and HE groups received 6 weekly one-hour sessions. This Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) used a non-inferiority framework to test the effectiveness of CBT-I. Validated assessments were administered at baseline and post-intervention to assess glycemic control, DSCB, and fatigue. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was utilized to compare within-group changes from baseline to post-intervention. A Mann-Whitney test was utilized to measure the between-group differences. Linear regression was used to assess the association between the blood glucose level and the number of days in the CBT-I group. RESULTS: The recruitment duration was from October 2018 to May 2019. A total of 13 participants completed the interventions in each group and are included in the final analysis. No adverse events, because of being a part of this RCT, were reported. CBT-I participants showed significantly greater improvement in glycemic control, DSCB, and fatigue. There was a significant association between the number of days in the CBT-I intervention with the blood glucose level before bedtime (B = -0.56, p = .009) and after awakening in the morning (B = -0.57, p = .007). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a clinically meaningful effect of CBT-I on glycemic control in people with T2D and insomnia symptoms. Also, CBT-I positively impacted daytime functioning, including DSCB and fatigue. Future research is needed to investigate the long-term effects of CBT-I on laboratory tests of glycemic control and to understand the underlying mechanisms of any improvements. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registry ( NCT03713996 ). Retrospectively registered on 22 October 2018.

The Relationship Between Apolipoprotein ε4 Carrier Status and Sleep Characteristics in Cognitively Normal Older Adults.

The apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele, a well-described genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), is associated with sleep disturbances even in cognitively normal older adults, although it is not clear whether this association is independent of sleep apnea. We sought to extend previous studies by examining whether cognitively normal older adults without self-reported sleep apnea who carry the APOE ε4 allele have altered sleep characteristics compared to noncarriers. Data from N = 36 (APOE ε4 carriers [n = 9], noncarriers [n = 27]) cognitively normal older adults (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] scale = 0) without self-reported sleep apnea were used for these analyses. Participants wore an actigraph for 7 days to determine sleep characteristics. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used to assess sleep quality and daytime sleepiness, respectively. The APOE ε4 carriers had a higher number of awakenings compared to the noncarriers ( P = .02). There was no significant difference in the PSQI global score and the ESS; however, the PSQI subcomponent of daily disturbances was significantly higher in APOE ε4 carriers ( P = .03), indicating increased daytime dysfunction is related to disrupted sleep. This study provides evidence that individuals who are cognitively normal and genetically at risk of AD may have disrupted sleep. These findings are consistent with prior studies and suggest that sleep disruption may be present in the presymptomatic stages of AD.

Executive Function Is Associated With Off-Line Motor Learning in People With Chronic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sleep has been shown to promote off-line motor learning in individuals following stroke. Executive function ability has been shown to be a predictor of participation in rehabilitation and motor recovery following stroke. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between executive function and off-line motor learning in individuals with chronic stroke compared with healthy control participants. METHODS: Seventeen individuals with chronic stroke (>6 months poststroke) and 9 healthy adults were included in the study. Participants underwent 3 consecutive nights of polysomnography, practiced a continuous tracking task the morning of the third day, and underwent a retention test the morning after the third night. Participants underwent testing on 4 executive function tests after the continuous tracking task retention test. RESULTS: Participants with stroke showed a significant positive correlation between the off-line motor learning score and performance on the Trail-Making Test from Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (r = 0.652; P = 0.005), while the healthy control participants did not. Regression analysis showed that the Trail-Making Test-Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System is a significant predictor of off-line motor learning (P = 0.008). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate that better performance on an executive function test of attention and set-shifting predicts a higher magnitude of off-line motor learning in individuals with chronic stroke. This emphasizes the need to consider attention and set-shifting abilities of individuals following stroke as these abilities are associated with motor learning. This in turn could affect learning of activities of daily living and impact functional recovery following stroke.Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A166).

Performance on a functional motor task is enhanced by sleep in middle-aged and older adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although sleep has been shown to enhance motor skill learning, it remains unclear whether sleep enhances learning of a functional motor task in middle-aged and older individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep enhances motor learning of a functional motor task in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: Twenty middle-aged and 20 older individuals were randomly assigned to either the sleep condition or the no-sleep condition. Participants in the sleep condition practiced a novel walking task in the evening, and returned the following morning for retesting. Participants in the no-sleep condition practiced the walking task in the morning and returned the same day in the evening for a retest. Outcome measures included time around the walking path and spatiotemporal gait parameters. RESULTS: Only the middle-aged and older adults in the sleep condition demonstrated significant off-line improvement in performance, measured as a decline in time to walk around the novel path and improvement in spatiotemporal gait parameters. The middle-aged and older adults in the no-sleep condition failed to demonstrate off-line improvements in performance of this functional task. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to provide evidence that sleep facilitates learning a clinically relevant functional motor task in middle-aged and older adults. Because many neurologic conditions occur in the middle-aged and older adults and sleep issues are very prevalent in many neurologic conditions, it is imperative that physical therapists consider sleep as a factor that may impact motor learning and recovery in these individuals. VIDEO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE: (See Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A73) for more insights from the authors.

The Impact of Sleep on the Lives of Women Who Have Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Qualitative Exploration.

Background: Breast cancer survivors (BCSs) have many lifelong symptoms of anxiety, depression, lymphedema, and fatigue that can be exacerbated by sleep disturbance. However, little is known about unique factors contributing to sleep disturbance among BCSs with lymphedema; this requires further investigation to offer appropriate support and treatment to these individuals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to capture perceptions and experiences of lymphedema and sleep among BCSs with lymphedema. Methods and Results: Qualitative description guided data collection and analysis as part of a mixed-methods investigation to characterize sleep disturbance among BCSs with and without lymphedema. The participants were interviewed one-on-one using a semistructured interview guide. Inductive content analysis was completed using an iterative coding approach, condensing, and categorizing to develop four themes. Seven BCSs with lymphedema participated. From their narratives, four themes were developed: (1) mind and body fatigue are exacerbated by sleep disturbance; (2) fatigue impacted fragile coping and support systems; (3) fatigue influenced self-identity and roles in society; and (4) self-management strategies were used for sleep health. Conclusion: The participants' perceptions of sleep disturbances' impact on their lives endorse further investigation into optimal interventions to improve sleep quality and modify these impactful findings to create a higher quality of life for survivorship.

Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Sleep Health into Outpatient Physical Therapist Practice: A Survey Study.

AIMS: While challenges and barriers to incorporating health promotion into physical therapist (PT) practice have been previously described, none have specifically assessed the challenges and barriers to incorporating sleep health into PT practice. The objective of this study was to elucidate the perceived barriers and facilitators of incorporating sleep health into outpatient PT practice. METHODS: An electronic survey was developed via qualitative interview and expert feedback. Invitation to participate was posted on two professional organization's discussion boards and sent via email to alumni, clinical instructors, and PT colleagues. Descriptive analyses were conducted. RESULTS: 128 individuals (72% female, age 39.6 ± 10.3 years) completed the survey. The top three barriers were: "Patient's low motivation to change their sleep behavior" (87%), and "Lack of sleep assessment resources" and "Lack of sleep intervention resources" (both 82%). The top three facilitators were: "Growing knowledge of importance of sleep in PT practice" (86%), "Shift in PT practice to emphasis on health promotion and wellness" (84%), and "Shift in PT practice to person-centered focus" (80%). CONCLUSION: Understanding factors contributing to the "knowledge-to-action" sleep health gap in PT practice will aid in the development of strategies to mitigate the barriers and strengthen the facilitators.

Application accuracy of the sleep decision tree to standardized patient cases by physiotherapists: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Physiotherapists assess lifestyle factors, including sleep health, that contribute to poor health outcomes. Recommendations of sleep screening assessments have been provided; however, physical therapists' ability to successfully identify which patients would benefit from additional consultation has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To determine if physiotherapists can accurately apply an evidence-based sleep decision tree to four hypothetical standardized patient cases. METHODS: Participants applied the sleep decision tree to the four standardized cases via an online platform. Likert scales were used to assess perception of ease of use, likelihood of use, and how helpful they thought the sleep decision tree would be. Descriptive analyses and multiple linear regression models were conducted. RESULTS: Eighty-eight individuals participated in the study. Most participants correctly answered the cases with 1 and 3 decision points (92% and 84%, respectively). In contrast, few participants correctly answered the cases with 4 and 5 decision points (7% and 14%, respectively). Seventy-four (84%) respondents indicated the sleep decision tree was easy to use; 57 (65%) answered they were likely to use the sleep decision tree in clinical practice; and 66 (75%) said the sleep decision tree would be helpful to their clients. CONCLUSIONS: Physiotherapists were able to accurately apply a sleep decision tree to simpler patient cases but were frequently unable to apply it to more complex patient cases. This may be due to lack of education, perceived ease of using, and relevance of the sleep decision tree to their clinical practice. The sleep decision tree may aid physiotherapists in assessing sleep health, screening for sleep disturbances, and referring for further assessment.

Examining the prevalence of sleep disturbances in patients seeking physical therapy services.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of sleep disturbances in adults seeking physical therapy services. METHODS: Participants were issued an electronic survey to provide demographic information and the following questionnaires: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), STOP-BANG (obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk), and restless leg syndrome (RLS) risk. Percentages were calculated to describe prevalence of sleep disturbances, and Spearman's correlations were used to identify associations between pain and sleep questionnaires. RESULTS: Eighty-eight participants (47.9 ± 15.8 years, 68 females) completed the survey. Seventy-eight percent (n = 69) scored >5 on the PSQI; 32% (n = 28) scored ≥10 on the ESS; 52% (n = 46) scored ≥16 on the SHI; 51% (n = 45) scored ≥10 on the ISI; 28% (n = 25) had intermediate or high risk of OSA; and 40% (n = 35) indicated possible RLS. Pain level was significantly associated with PSQI (r(86) = 0.277, p = .009) and ISI (r(86) = 0.268, p = .012). CONCLUSIONS: There was a higher prevalence of sleep disturbances in adults seeking physical therapy services than in the general population. Increased pain severity was associated with poorer sleep quality and increased insomnia symptoms. This study highlights the need to screen patients for sleep disturbances.

Telehealth-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study.

Background: Over 50% of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) have moderate or severe sleep disturbances, insomnia being the most common. In-person cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (F2F-CBTi) is currently the first-line treatment for insomnia. However, given potential limitations to access including mobility difficulty, fatigue, or living in a rural area, telehealth-delivered CBT-I (tele-CBTi) has been considered as an alternative treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and treatment effect of tele-CBTi in people with MS and compare it to outcomes from a F2F-CBTi study in individuals with MS. Methods: 11 individuals with MS and symptoms of insomnia participated in 6 weekly CBT-I sessions with a trained CBT-I provider via live video. Insomnia severity (ISI), sleep quality (PSQI), and fatigue severity (FSS and MFIS) were assessed pre- and posttreatment as primary outcomes. Sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE) and total sleep time (TST) from the PSQI, depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), sleep self-efficacy (SSES), and quality of life (MSIS-29) were also assessed pre- and posttreatment as secondary outcomes. Results: Participants resided in 9 different states. Retention and adherence rates were 100%. There were significant improvements in ISI, PSQI, MFIS, FSS, SOL, SSES, PHQ-9, and MSIS-29, but not SE, TST, or GAD-7. There were no significant differences between the F2F-CBTi group and tele-CBTi group for magnitude of change in the primary outcomes (ISI, PSQI, MFIS, and FSS) or the secondary outcomes (SOL, SE, TST, SSES, PHQ-9, GAD-7, and MSIS-29). Conclusions: Tele-CBTi is feasible and has outcome measures that are similar to that of in-person CBT-I treatment. Tele-CBTi may increase access to insomnia treatment in individuals with MS.

Knowledge and attitudes of physiotherapists toward sleep: A survey study.

BACKGROUND: Sleep has been considered as a critical brain state that affects various body functions relevant to physiotherapy (PTs) practice such as motor learning and relearning, pain management, and cognitive function. Despite the importance of sleep for successful rehabilitation outcomes, sleep is often overlooked by PTs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the attitude and perception of PTs on the need to assess sleep and provide education about sleep for their patients, as well as the perceived need for PTs to be educated on sleep topics. METHODS: A survey questionnaire to assess physical therapist's perceptions and attitudes about sleep was utilized in this study. RESULTS: 90 PTs fill out the survey. All respondents agreed that poor sleep is important to people's health, 93% agreed that PTs should assess patients' sleep habits and sleep quality and 88% agreed that addressing sleep issues may impact PTs outcomes. The majority did not receive education about sleep during PT education (75%) or following graduation (86%). Most respondents (95%) think PTs should receive education about sleep. CONCLUSIONS: our findings indicated that PTs recognize that sleep impacts their outcomes and patients' sleep should be assessed, as well as the need to receive education about sleep. Therefore, PT education programs may consider incorporating education about sleep, and the development of continuing education courses is also needed.

Social support predicts sleep quality in people with multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Poor sleep quality is one of the most prominent patient-reported problems in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in PwMS having less contact with physicians, therapists, support groups, and family, which led to decreased access to typical supports. The purpose of this study was to assess how social support impacted sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic in PwMS within the United States. METHODS: Anonymous surveys were utilized to gather data from February - May 2021 from 209 PwMS during their return appointments (face-to-face and virtual) at the University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC)'s MS Clinic in the United States. SPSS 27 was used to run four regressions in order to determine if social support predicted sleep quality with and without the inclusion of covariates (age, education, disability, anxiety/depression). RESULTS: The results indicate that overall feelings of being socially supported predict sleep quality. Additionally, various facets of social support predict sleep quality, even when controlling for covariates. Interestingly, while depression and anxiety were significant predictors of sleep quality, those constructs do not attenuate the social support-sleep relationship. CONCLUSION: These findings will provide key information pertaining to the association between social support and sleep in PwMS during COVID-19 where typical supports were limited. Understanding the challenges facing those living with chronic illnesses, specifically PwMS, will help researchers and clinicians alike create interventions to promote social support in the midst of a global pandemic.

Dual-task demands of hand movements for adults with stroke: a pilot study.

UNLABELLED: For adults with stroke, walking while performing a cognitive task can be challenging, resulting in slower walking, poorer cognitive performance, or decreased performance on both tasks. It is not known if dual-task deficits are also present for upper limb movements for adults with stroke. PURPOSE: To determine if unilateral movements of the affected and less affected hand are compromised when walking or talking. METHODS: Nineteen community-dwelling adults with stroke were video- and audiotaped while performing in single- and dual-task conditions. Tasks included repeated, rhythmic hand movements with the affected and less affected hand, walking a narrow pathway, and speaking. For dual-task conditions, movements of each hand were done while walking and while talking. The rate of hand movement, cadence, and speech rate were analyzed using repeated measures analyses of variance. RESULTS: Affected hand movement rate was the same for single- and dual-task conditions. The rate of less affected hand movement was affected by dual-task conditions; this was due to an increase in hand movement rate while talking. Examination of cadence and speech rates revealed that cadence was decreased when moving the affected hand. Speech rate increased when accompanied by hand movements, but post hoc analyses were not significant. CONCLUSION: For those with stroke, dual-task deficits are seen with slower walking while moving the affected hand. In contrast, hand movements while speaking may have a more complex relationship, with possible faster speech rates in dual-task conditions.

Older adults with and without stroke reduce cadence to meet the demands of talking.

PURPOSE: Cognitive tasks performed while walking can be challenging for older adults, especially for those with stroke. Conversational speech requires attention and working memory. The purpose of this study was to examine how older adults with and without stroke meet the demands of walking while talking. METHODS: Community-dwelling older adults, 12 without stroke and 24 with, were videotaped walking an irregular elliptical pathway. Audio recordings were made as subjects discussed topics such as describing a memorable vacation. Each participant performed in single and dual task conditions: speaking, walking, and speaking while walking. Primary measures of interest included cadence and speech rate. Components of language including measures of fluency, grammatical complexity, and semantic content were analyzed to examine additional changes in speech. Paired t-tests were used to compare single and dual task performance for each group. Group differences for dual task effects were examined with independent sample t tests. RESULTS: Cadence decreased with the addition of talking for those without stroke, P < .007, and those with stroke, P < .001. Speech rates did not change with walking for either group; those without stroke did not alter the language components. Participants with stroke reduced the grammatical complexity and semantic content of speech when walking, P's < .013. Those without stroke spent more time doing both tasks at once than those with stroke, P < .023. CONCLUSION: Clinicians can expect older adults to reduce walking speed to meet the demands of walking and talking. Older adults with stroke may use additional strategies to walk and talk simultaneously.

Feasibility and Treatment Effect of a Web-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Program in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: At least 40% of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience chronic insomnia. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is an effective treatment for insomnia symptoms in individuals with MS. Delivery of CBT-I using Web-based applications has been shown to be effective and may increase access to CBT-I for individuals with MS who have mobility difficulties, experience fatigue, or live in rural areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and treatment effect of CBT-I delivered using a Web-based application with or without biweekly telephone calls to improve sleep quality and fatigue in individuals with MS and symptoms of insomnia. METHODS: Forty-one individuals with MS and symptoms of insomnia were randomized into either a group that participated in a 6-week Web-based CBT-I program (wCBT-I) or a group that participated in a 6-week Web-based CBT-I program and received biweekly support telephone calls (wCBT-I + calls). Participants completed surveys online to assess insomnia severity, sleep quality, fatigue, sleep self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, and motivation to change their sleep behavior. RESULTS: The overall retention rate was 48.8%, and the adherence rate was 96.34%. Both groups had significant improvement in insomnia severity, sleep quality, sleep self-efficacy, and anxiety. Only the wCBT-I group had significant improvement in depression and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Web-delivered CBT-I is feasible and effective in improving sleep outcomes and concomitant symptoms in individuals with MS. Web-based CBT-I may increase access to CBT-I treatment and provide a stepped-care approach to treating chronic insomnia in individuals with MS.

Poor Sleep Hygiene is Associated with Decreased Discrimination and Inattention on Continuous Performance Task in Doctor of Physical Therapy Students: A Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Reduced sleep quality impairs learning, memory formation, attention, and executive function ability. Poor sleep quality or sleep hygiene has been shown to impair academic performance of undergraduate and medical students. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between sleep quality, sleep hygiene, and cognitive performance in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students. METHODS: Fifty DPT students at the University of Kansas Medical Center completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). Cognitive performance was assessed using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) which is a test of sustained attention and the Trail-Making Task (TMT) to assess executive functioning. An actigraph was worn for one week to objectively characterize sleep outcomes. Spearman's correlations were performed to assess the association between self-report sleep quality, sleep hygiene, and outcomes on the cognitive tasks. Post-hoc Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to examine group differences between sleep outcomes and cognitive performance for demographic variable categories. RESULTS: Twenty-three students (46%) reported poor sleep quality, and 27 participants (54%) had objectively-reported poor sleep quality. There was a significant positive correlation between SHI and Detectability (rs= 0.297, p= 0.036) and Omissions (rs=.343, p=0.015). There were group differences between sex and number of pets on the CPT outcomes, and there was a significant group difference between the number of drinks/week categories on the SHI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: About half of the participants were identified as having poor sleep quality. Poorer sleep hygiene was associated with poorer discrimination and inattention, which could potentially impact the students' academic and clinical performance as well as their health and wellbeing. Also, certain demographic variables may modulate the results.

Gaze stability in young adults with previous concussion history.

BACKGROUND: Disruption of visual-vestibular interaction after concussion can cause gaze instability with head movements. The long-term impact of concussion on gaze stability is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional comparative pilot study examined gaze stability in the chronic stage after concussion (greater than one year). A secondary objective was to examine the relationship between gaze stability and sleep. METHODS: Outcome measures included: 1. Gaze stability in logMAR (mean loss of dynamic visual acuity (DVA) in the yaw and pitch planes); 2. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); 3. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), time since injury, and number of concussions were collected for the people with concussion. RESULTS: The study sample included thirty-four adults (mean age 23.35±1.3 years). Seventeen had a history of 1-9 concussions, with a mean duration of 4.4±1.9 years since last concussion; and 17 were age and sex-matched controls. Mean pitch plane DVA loss was greater in the concussion group compared to the control group (p = 0.04). Participants with previous concussion had lower sleep quality based on the PSQI (p = 0.01) and increased daytime sleepiness based on the ESS (p = 0.01) compared to healthy controls. Mean DVA loss in the pitch plane was significantly correlated with the PSQI (r = 0.43, p = 0.01) and the ESS (r = 0.41, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Significant differences in dynamic visual acuity may be found in young adults long after a concussion, compared with those who have no concussion history. Furthermore, loss of dynamic visual acuity was associated with poorer sleep quality and higher daytime sleepiness.