Perinatal mortality: epidemiological profile, causes and avoidable factors at a reference public maternity hospital in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2011-2015.

Background This study aimed to identify the perinatal mortality coefficient, the epidemiological profile, causes and avoidable factors at a reference public maternity hospital in southern Brazil. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 334 medical records of postpartum women and newborns were evaluated between January 1st, 2011 and December 31st, 2015. The Expanded Wigglesworth Classification was used to assess the causes of perinatal mortality and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10/SEADE Foundation) was used for the preventable perinatal mortality analysis. Absolute numbers and percentages were used for data analysis. The perinatal mortality formula was used to calculate the perinatal mortality rate. Results The perinatal mortality rate was 13.2/1000 total births, with a predominance of white race/color; mothers were 21-30 years of age, had experienced their first pregnancy and had completed their high school education. Conclusion The main factors associated with perinatal death were antepartum fetal death in 182 (54.49%) cases, and avoidable death through appropriate prenatal care in 234 (70.05%) cases.

Pelvic organ prolapse: prevalence and risk factors in a Brazilian population.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Although pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a prevalent condition among Brazilians, population-based epidemiological studies of POP are scarce. We studied POP in a population of women undergoing routine examination to determine its prevalence, distribution and relationship to risk factors. METHODS: This quantitative descriptive study surveyed 432 women, based on prolapse prevalence, who sought routine care and were assessed for prolapse staging using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system (POP-Q). Demographics, health history, socioeconomic data, symptoms and risk factors for prolapse were self-reported by the participants. RESULTS: A total of 226 (52.3%) of the examined women had POP. The prevalences of POP in relation to stage were as follows: stage 1 (27.8%), stage 2 (23.1%), and stage 3 (1.4%). Regarding risk factors, a history of vaginal delivery (odds ratio, OR, 6.678, 95% confidence interval, CI, 4.16-10.73), delivery of a newborn heavier than 4 kg (OR 2.056, 95% CI 1.19-3.56) and menopausal status (OR 2.793, 95% CI 1.66-4.70) were all associated with a higher risk of prolapse. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a majority of the population sample exhibited some degree of prolapse, suggesting that POP deserves substantial clinical attention. The risk factors identified suggest that eventual prolapse may be unavoidable in some women. Public policies should be implemented with respect to modifiable risk factors and antenatal care.

Maternal prepregnancy obesity and gestational diabetes influence on adverse perinatal outcomes.

Objective: Evaluate the influence of isolated and associated prepregnancy obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on adverse perinatal outcomes. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional observational study with women who delivered at a Brazilian Maternity Hospital, between August and December 2020. Data were collected by interview with application form, and medical records. Sample was stratified by body mass index (BMI) and GDM screening in four groups: no obesity (BMI < 30 kg/m2) no GDM - reference; isolated GDM; isolated obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2); and obesity with GDM. Preeclampsia (PE), cesarean section (CS), large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborn and admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were analyzed by odds ratio (OR) adjusted for confounding factors, adopting 95% confidence interval (CI) and P < 0.05 statistically significant. Results: From 1,618 participants, isolated obesity group (233/14.40%) had high chance of PE (OR = 2.16; CI: 1.364-3.426; P = 0.001), isolated GDM group (190/11.74%) had high chance of CS (OR = 1.736; CI: 1.136-2.652; P = 0.011) and NICU admission (OR = 2.32; CI: 1.265-4.261; P = 0.007), and obesity with GDM group (121/7.48%) had high chance of PE (OR = 1.93; CI: 1.074-3.484; P = 0.028), CS (OR = 1.925; CI: 1.124-3.298; P = 0.017) and LGA newborn (OR = 1.81; CI: 1.027-3.204; P = 0.040), compared with reference (1,074/66.38%). Conclusion: Obesity and GDM enhances the chance of different negative outcomes, worsening this prognosis when associated.

Perinatal impact of the use of metformin and glyburide for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perinatal impact of metformin and glyburide in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: A randomized clinical trial conducted from July 2008 until September 2010 studied 200 pregnant women with GDM who required adjunctive therapy to diet and physical activity. Patients were randomized to use metformin (n=104) or glyburide (n=96). The drugs were replaced by insulin when they reached the maximum dose without glycemic control. Assessed outcomes: weight and neonatal blood glucose. RESULTS: No difference was found (P>0.05) between the groups regarding maternal age, gestational age at inclusion, body mass index, glucose levels in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 75 g and glycemic control. Difference was found in the number of previous pregnancies (2.84 vs. 2.47, P=0.04) and weight gain during pregnancy (7.78 vs. 9.84, P=0.04) in the metformin group and glyburide respectively. The perinatal results showed no difference (P>0.05) in the percentage of cesarean deliveries, gestational age at delivery, number of newborns large for gestational age (LGA), neonatal hypoglycemia, admission to intensive care unit and perinatal death. We found differences in weight (3193 g vs. 3387 g, P=0.01) and ponderal index (2.87 vs. 2.96, P=0.05) of newborns, and in neonatal blood glucose levels at the 1st (59.78 vs. 54.08, P=0.01) and 3rd h (61.53 vs. 55.89, P=0.01) after birth between the metformin and glyburide groups respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Weight and ponderal index were lower in the newborns of the metformin group; glucose levels (1st and 3rd h after birth) were lower in the glyburide group.

Exosome-Enriched Plasma Analysis as a Tool for the Early Detection of Hypertensive Gestations.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are closely associated with prematurity, stillbirth, and maternal morbidity and mortality. The onset of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is generally noticed after the 20th week of gestation, limiting earlier intervention. The placenta is directly responsible for modulating local and systemic physiology by communicating using mechanisms such as the release of extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes. In this study, we postulated that an analysis of exosome-enriched maternal plasma could provide a more focused and applicable approach for diagnosing HDP earlier in pregnancy. Therefore, the peripheral blood plasma of 24 pregnant women (11 controls, 13 HDP) was collected between 20th and 24th gestational weeks and centrifuged for exosome enrichment. Exosome-enriched plasma samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and by proton nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics (1H NMR). Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to analyze the Raman data, from the spectral region of 600-1,800 cm-1, to determine its potential to discriminate between groups. Using principal component analysis, we were able to differentiate the two groups, with 89% of all variances found in the first three principal components. In patients with HDP, most significant differences in Raman bands intensity were found for sphingomyelin, acetyl CoA, methionine, DNA, RNA, phenylalanine, tryptophan, carotenoids, tyrosine, arginine, leucine, amide I and III, and phospholipids. The 1H NMR analysis showed reduced levels of D-glucose, L-proline, L-tyrosine, glycine, and anserine in HDP, while levels of 2-hydroxyvalerate, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were increased. 1H NMR results were able to assign an unknown sample to either the control or HDP groups at a precision of 88.3% using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and 87% using logistic regression analysis. Our results suggested that an analysis of exosome-enriched plasma could provide an initial assessment of placental function at the maternal-fetal interface and aid HDP diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as well as to detect novel, early biomarkers for HDP.

Metformin for prevention of cesarean delivery and large-for-gestational-age newborns in non-diabetic obese pregnant women: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of metformin for preventing cesarean deliveries and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborn (NB) outcomes in non-diabetic obese pregnant women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This is a randomized clinical trial with obese pregnant women, divided into 2 groups: metformin group and control group, with followed-up prenatal routine. The gestational age of participants was less than or equal to 20 weeks and were monitored throughout entire prenatal period. For outcomes of delivery and LGA newborns, absolute risk reduction (ARR) and the number needed to treat (NNT) were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: 357 pregnant women were evaluated. From the metformin group (n = 171), 68 (39.8%) subjects underwent cesarean delivery, and 117 (62.9%) subjects from the control group (n = 186) had intercurrence (p < 0.01). As for the mothers' general characteristics, there was significance for marital status (p < 0.01). Maternal-fetal results presented reduced preeclampsia (p < 0,01). Primary prophylactic results presented an ARR of 23.1 times (95% CI: 13.0-33.4) with NNT of 4 (95% CI: 3.0-7.7) and no significant values for LGA NB (p > 0.01). Secondary prophylactic outcomes presented decreased odds ratio for preeclampsia (OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.10-0.41). CONCLUSION: The use of metformin reduced cesarean section rates, resulted in a small number of patients to be treated, but it did not reduce LGA NB. Administering a lower dosage of metformin from the early stages to the end of treatment may yield significant results with fewer side effects. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):290-7.

No effect of a low dose of metformin on the lipid profile, body mass index and weight gain in pregnant women with obesity: A randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the lipid profile, Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight gain of pregnant women with obesity and the effect of a low dose (1000 mg/day) of metformin hydrochloride on these parameters. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was performed from October 31th, 2014 to January 25th, 2018 with pregnant women diagnosed with obesity by arrival BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2. The participants were randomized into two groups: metformin and control. All pregnant women received standard prenatal follow-up and the same instructions of diet and physical exercise. Laboratory tests were performed at three different times: first moment with gestational age (GA) < 20 weeks, second (GA 24-28 weeks) and third (GA 32-34 weeks) measuring maternal serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) as well as weight gain and BMI were monitored. RESULTS: A total of 424 pregnant women with obesity were evaluated. Of these, 218 (51.41%) composed the control group and 206 (48.59%) the metformin group. There was no difference of lipid profile, BMI and weight gain values between groups during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd evaluation moments. A significant difference was observed, only in the BMI, HDL and TG values from 1st to 3rd evaluation moments. CONCLUSION: Low dose (1000 mg/day) of the drug showed no effect on the lipid profile, BMI and weight gain in pregnant women with obesity in metformin group during the evaluation moments.

Factors Associated with the Need for Insulin as a Complementary Treatment to Metformin in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors associated with the need for insulin as a complementary treatment to metformin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: A case-control study was performed from April 2011 to February 2016 with pregnant women with GDM who needed complementary treatments besides diet and physical exercise. Those treated with metformin were compared with those who, in addition to metformin, also needed the combination with insulin. Maternal characteristics and glycemic control were evaluated. Multinomial logistic regression models were developed to evaluate the influence of different therapies on neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 475 pregnant women who needed pharmacological therapy were evaluated. Of these, 366 (77.05%) were submitted to single therapy with metformin, and 109 (22.94%) needed insulin as a complementary treatment. In the analysis of the odds ratio (OR), fasting glucose (FG) < 90 mg/dL reduced the odds of needing the combination (OR: 0.438 [0.235-0.815]; p = 0.009], as well as primiparity (OR: 0.280 [0.111-0.704]; p = 0.007]. In obese pregnant women, an increased chance of needing the combination was observed (OR: 2,072 [1,063-4,039]; p = 0,032). CONCLUSION: Obesity resulted in an increased chance of the mother needing insulin as a complementary treatment to metformin, while FG < 90 mg/dL and primiparity were protective factors.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores associados à necessidade de insulina como tratamento complementar à metformina em gestantes com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). MéTODOS: Um estudo caso-controle foi realizado de abril de 2011 a fevereiro de 2016 com gestantes portadoras de DMG que necessitaram de tratamentos complementares além de dieta e exercícios físicos. Aquelas tratadas com metformina foram comparadas com aquelas que, além da metformina, também precisaram de combinação com insulina. Foram avaliadas as características maternas e de controle glicêmico. Modelos de regressão logística multinomial foram construídos para avaliar a influência das diferentes terapias nos desfechos neonatais. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 475 gestantes que necessitaram de terapia farmacológica. Destas, 366 (77,05%) utilizaram terapia única com metformina, e 109 (22,95%) necessitaram de insulina como tratamento complementar. Na análise da razão de possibilidades (RP), a glicemia de jejum (GJ) < 90 mg/dL reduziu as chances de necessidade da combinação (RP: 0,438 [0,235­0,815]; p = 0,009), bem como a primiparidade (RP: 0,280 [0,111­0,704]; p = 0,007). Em gestantes obesas, foi observada uma chance maior de necessidade da combinação (RP: 2.072 [1.063­4.039]; p = 0,032). CONCLUSãO: A obesidade resultou em um aumento na chance de a mãe precisar de insulina como tratamento complementar à metformina, enquanto a GJ < 90 mg/dL e a primiparidade foram fatores de proteção.

Validation of ROPScore to predict retinopathy of prematurity among very low birth weight preterm infants in a southern Brazilian population.

PURPOSES: To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff points for the ROPScore, which is based on cumulative risk factors for the prediction of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), in a population of very low birth weight (BW) preterm infants in southern Brazil. METHODS: The medical records of all preterm infants with a very low birth weight ≤1,500 g and/or gestational age ≤32 weeks screened for retinopathy of prematurity in two Brazilian institutions between August 2009 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. ROPScores were calculated using birth weight and gestational age, the use of oxygen therapy with mechanical ventilation, and weight gain proportional to birth weight, as measured at postpartum week six and the need for blood transfusions. RESULTS: The study cohort included 322 infants with a mean birth weight of 1181.8 ± 292.5 g and mean gestational age of 29.5 ± 2.3 weeks. The incidences of any stage of retinopathy of prematurity and severe retinopathy of prematurity were 68.3% and 17%, respectively. ROPScore values ranged from 8.7 to 19.9. The best cutoff point for sensitivity and specificity was 11 for any stage of retinopathy of prematurity and 14.5 for severe retinopathy of prematurity. For any stage of retinopathy of prematurity, the sensitivity and specificity of the ROPScores were 98.6% (95% confidence interval = 97.9%-99.3%) and 35.3% (95% confidence interval= 32.3%-38.3%), with a positive predictive value of 76.6% (95% confidence interval= 74.0%-79.2%) and a negative predictive value of 92.3% (95% confidence interval= 90.6%-94.0%). For severe retinopathy of prematurity, the sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 57.3% (95% confidence interval= 54.2%-60.4%), with positive predictive value of 22% (95% confidence interval= 19.4%-24.6%) and negative predictive value of 100%. The cutoff points correctly identified all infants that developed severe retinopathy of prematurity in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The ROPScore was useful to identify preterm babies at risk for retinopathy of prematurity. In this population, the ROPScore detected all patients at risk for any stage retinopathy of prematurity and severe retinopathy of prematurity. The ROPScore values in this study were similar to those previously described, thereby successfully validating the ROPScore for early detection of retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight preterm infants.

Desfechos materno-fetais adversos relacionados a paridade em uma maternidade do sul do Brasil / Adverse maternal-fetal outcomes related to parity in a maternity hospital in Southern Brazil

Avaliar os desfechos adversos perinatais relacionados à primiparidade. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, realizado na Maternidade Darcy Vargas em Joinville­SC, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2020. Dividiu-se as pacientes em 2 grupos, primíparas e multíparas. Através da análise do Prontuário Único do Paciente (PUP), os desfechos perinatais adversos foram avaliados com cálculo de razão de chance ajustado, utilizando intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os fatores de confusão adotados foram: idade, tabagismo, alcoolismo e outras drogas. As puérperas foram divididas em primíparas (n=522/31,2%) e multíparas (n=1148/68,7%). Após o cálculo de razão de chance ajustado, primíparas tiveram aumento da chance de episiotomia (RC=7,069 IC95% 4,275-11,690), prematuridade (RC=1,784 IC95% 1,011-3,148) e redução da chance de recém-nascidos Grandes para a Idade Gestacional (GIG) (RC=0,555 IC95% 0,388-0,793), não interferiu nos demais desfechos. Pacientes primíparas apresentaram maior chance de episiotomia, prematuridade e menor chance de recém-nascidos GIG.

To investigate the effects of perinatal primiparity. This was a cross-sectional cohort study, carried out at the Darcy Vargas Maternity Hospital in Joinville, state of Santa Catarina, from August to December 2020. Patients were assigned to 2 groups, primiparous and multiparous. With the analysis of electronic medical records, perinatal adverse outcomes were evaluated using the adjusted odds ratio, using a 95% confidence interval. Confounding factors adopted were: age, smoking, alcoholism, and other drugs. Postpartum women were divided into primiparous (n=522/31.2%) and multiparous (n=1,148/68.7%) women. After calculating the adjusted odds ratio, primiparous women had an increased chance of having an episiotomy (OR= 7,069 CI95% 4,275-11,690), prematurity (OR=1,784 CI95% 1,011-3,148) and reduced chance of Large for Gestational Age (LAG) newborns (OR=0,555 CI95% 0,388-0,793). Primiparous patients had a higher chance of having an episiotomy, prematurity, and a lower chance of LAG newborns.

Evaluation of Preeclampsia Results after Use of Metformin in Gestation: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Does the use of metformin have an influence on the outcomes of preeclampsia (PE)? SOURCES OF DATA: The descriptors pregnancy, metformin, treatment, and preeclampsia associated with the Boolean operators AND and OR were found in the MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase and Cochrane databases. A flowchart with exclusion criteria and inclusion strategy using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, and eligibility criteria was used. Data were extracted regarding the type of study, the applied dosage, treatment time, segment, bias risks, and the Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) strategy to identify the quality of the study. SELECTION OF STUDIES: Total number of journals in the initial search (n = 824); exclusions from repeated articles on different search engines (n = 253); exclusions after reading the titles, when the title had no correlations with the proposed theme (n = 164); exclusions due to incompatibility with the criteria established in the methodological analysis (n = 185), exclusion of articles with lower correlation with the objective of the present study (n = 187); and final bibliographic selection (n = 35). DATA COLLECTION: At first, a systematic review of the literature was performed. Subsequently, from the main selection, randomized and non-randomized trials with metformin that presented their results in absolute and relative numbers of PE outcomes were selected. The variables were treated statistically in the meta-analysis with the Review Manager software (RevMan), version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Denmark in the Hovedistaden region. SYNTHESIS OF DATA: The study showed that metmorfin presented greater preventive effects for pregnancy-induced hypertension and was less effective for PE. CONCLUSION: Metformin may gain place in preventive treatments for PE, once the dosages, the gestational age, and treatment time are particularly evaluated. A methodological strategy with an improved perspective of innovative and/or carefully progressive dosages during pregnancy to avoid side effects and the possibility of maternal-fetal risks is suggested.

OBJETIVO: O uso de metformina tem influência nos resultados da pré-eclâmpsia (PE)? FONTES DE DADOS: Os descritores gravidez, metformina, tratamento e pré-eclâmpsia associados aos operadores booleanos AND e OR foram encontrados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase e Cochrane. Foi utilizado um fluxograma com critérios de exclusão e estratégia de inclusão, utilizando o protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA e critérios de elegibilidade. Os dados foram extraídos quanto ao tipo de estudo, dosagem aplicada, duração do tratamento, segmento, riscos de viés e estratégia Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) para identificar a qualidade do estudo. SELEçãO DE ESTUDOS: Número total de periódicos na busca inicialmente realizada (n = 824); exclusões de artigos repetidos nos diferentes sites de busca (n = 253); exclusões após a leitura dos títulos, quando o titulo não apresentava correlações com o tema proposto (n = 164); exclusões por incompatibilidade com os critérios estabelecidos na análise metodológica (n = 185), exclusão de artigos com menor correlação com o objetivo do presente estudo (n = 187); e seleção bibliográfica final (n = 35). COLETA DE DADOS: Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Posteriormente, a partir da seleção principal, foram selecionados estudos randomizados e não randomizados com metformina, os quais apresentaram em seus resultados números absolutos e relativos de desfechos de PE. As variáveis foram tratadas estatisticamente na metanálise por meio do Review Manager software (RevMan), version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Denmark in the Hovedistaden region. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: O estudo demonstrou que a metmorfina apresenta maiores efeitos preventivos para a hipertensão induzida pela gravidez e é menos eficaz para a PE. CONCLUSãO: A metformina pode conquistar seu espaço nos tratamentos preventivos da PE, uma vez que as dosagens, a idade gestacional e o tempo de tratamento são particularmente avaliados. Sugere-se uma estratégia metodológica com uma perspectiva aprimorada de doses inovadoras e/ou cuidadosamente progressivas durante a gravidez, a fim de evitar efeitos colaterais e a possibilidade de riscos materno-fetais.

Effectiveness of Metformin in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Pregnant Women.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of metformin in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in obese pregnant women attending a public maternity hospital in Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. METHODS: Randomized clinical trial including obese pregnant women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, divided into two groups (control and metformin). Both groups received guidance regarding diet and physical exercise. The participants were assessed at two moments, the first at enrollment (gestational age ≤ 20) and the second at gestational weeks 24-28. The outcomes assessed were BMI and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis. The data distribution was assessed with the Friedman test. For all the analytical models, the p-values were considered significant when lower than 0.05. The absolute risk reduction was also estimated. RESULTS: Overall, 164 pregnant women were assessed and further divided into 82 participants per group. No significant difference was observed in BMI variation between the control and metformin groups (0.9 ± 1.2 versus 1.0 ± 0.9, respectively, p = 0.63). Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 15.9% (n = 13) of the patients allocated to the metformin group and 19.5% (n = 16) of those in the control group (p = 0.683). The absolute risk reduction was 3.6 (95% confidence interval 8.0-15.32) in the group treated with metformin, which was not significant. CONCLUSION: Metformin was not effective in reducing BMI and preventing GDM in obese pregnant women.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade da metformina na incidência de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) em gestantes obesas de uma maternidade pública de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. MéTODOS: Ensaio clínico randomizado desenvolvido com gestantes obesas com índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥ 30 kg/m2, divididas em dois grupos (controle e metformina). Ambos os grupos receberam orientação sobre dieta e exercício físico. As participantes foram avaliadas em dois momentos, o primeiro na inclusão (com idade gestacional ≤ 20 semanas) e o segundo entre 24 e 28 semanas de gestação. Os desfechos avaliados foram IMC e diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). A distribuição dos dados foi avaliada com o teste de Friedman. Para todos os modelos analíticos, foram considerados significativos os valores de p inferiores a 0,05. Foi estimada também a redução absoluta de risco. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 164 gestantes, divididas em 82 participantes em cada grupo. Não houve diferença significativa na variação do IMC entre os grupos controle e metformina (0,9 ± 1,2 versus 1,0 ± 0,9, respectivamente, p = 0,63). O DMG foi diagnosticado em 15,9% (n = 13) das pacientes alocadas para o grupo metformina e 19,5% (n = 16) das incluídas no grupo controle (p = 0,683). A redução absoluta de risco foi de 3,6 (intervalo de confiança de 95% 8,0­15,32) no grupo metformina, o que não foi significativo. CONCLUSãO: A metformina não foi eficaz em reduzir o IMC e prevenir o DMG em gestantes obesas.

Dyslipidemia and maternal obesity: Prematurity and neonatal prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the changes caused by dyslipidemia and obesity in pregnancy suggesting causes for premature birth, and the prognosis for the newborn. METHOD: Systematic review based on the Medline, Lilacs, Embase and Cochrane library databases between 1996 and 2016. The search for studies included the following keywords: "dyslipidemia, pregnancy, obesity, preterm birth." A protocol was programmed and a protocol for inclusion/exclusion of studies was implemented. RESULTS: Of the 5,789 articles initially selected between March 1996 and July 2016, only 32 were in accordance with the established criteria. Of these, 28.12% discussed risk factors of prematurity; 37.50%, metabolic alterations and gestational dyslipidemia; 21.87%, dyslipidemic complications in preterm birth; and 12,50%, lipid metabolism, glycemic and placental transfer. CONCLUSION: There is a reduced adaptation of obese pregnant women to the metabolic changes of gestation. This favors dyslipidemic intercurrences in the mother, which, directly or indirectly, suggests the occurrence of premature births and high lipid transfer to the fetus. Therefore, preterm newborns, whose mothers were dyslipidemic during pregnancy, have greater risk of epicardial fat, both in early (first year of life) and in later (adult) phases of life.

Espiritualidade e dor em pacientes com câncer de mama metastático / Spirituality and pain in patients with metastatic breast cancer / Espiritualidad y dolor en pacientes con cáncer de mama metastásico

Resumo Mediante estudo observacional, transversal e quantitativo que utilizou os instrumentos de avaliação Brief Pain Inventory (dor), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Spiritual Well-Being (bem-estar espiritual) e Beck Depression Inventory - Short Form (depressão), busca-se avaliar a influência da espiritualidade e da depressão na percepção de dor de pacientes acometidas por neoplasia de mama metastática. A idade média foi 57,3 anos e, das 30 participantes, 24 (80%) tratavam-se em serviço público; 17 (57%) tinham diagnóstico de câncer de mama há mais de cinco anos; e 27 (90%) realizavam alguma prática religiosa/espiritual. Pacientes com escore de bem-estar espiritual acima da mediana apresentaram menor escore dos sintomas depressivos (3 vs . 6; p =0,021). Não houve diferença significativa em relação à mediana do escore total do bem-estar espiritual quando estratificado pela mediana da percepção de dor (31,5% vs . 28,5%; p =0,405). Maior manifestação de bem-estar espiritual pode estar relacionada a menores índices de depressão.

Abstract This observational, cross-sectional and quantitative study, by means of the assessment instruments Brief Pain Inventory, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Spiritual Well-Being and Beck Depression Inventory - Short Form, evaluated the influence of spirituality and depression in the pain perception of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Mean age was 57.3 years. Of the 30 participants, 24 (80%) were treated in a public service, 17 (57%) had been diagnosed with breast cancer for more than 5 years, and 27 (90%) were religious or spiritual. Patients with spiritual well-being scores above the median had lower depressive symptom scores (3 vs. 6; p =0.021). The median total score of spiritual well-being showed no significant difference when stratified by median pain perception (31.5% vs. 28.5%; p =0.405). Greater spiritual well-being may be related to lower rates of depression.

Resumen Este estudio observacional, transversal y cuantitativo utilizó los instrumentos Brief Pain Inventory (dolor), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Spiritual Well-Being (bienestar espiritual) y Beck Depression Inventory - Short Form (depresión), para evaluar si la espiritualidad y la depresión influencian en la percepción del dolor en pacientes con cáncer de mama metastásico. La edad promedio fue de 57,3 años; de las 30 participantes, 24 (80%) recibían atención pública; 17 (57%) tenían diagnóstico de cáncer de mama hace más de cinco años; y 27 (90%) solían tener alguna práctica religiosa/espiritual. Aquellas con puntuación de bienestar espiritual superior a la mediana tuvieron una puntuación más baja de síntomas depresivos (3 vs. 6; p =0,021). No hubo diferencias significativas en la mediana de la puntuación total de bienestar espiritual cuando se estratificó por la percepción mediana del dolor (31,5% vs. 28,5%; p =0,405). Una mayor sensación de bienestar espiritual se relacionó a bajas tasas de depresión.

Maternal prepregnancy obesity and gestational diabetes influence on adverse perinatal outcomes

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the influence of isolated and associated prepregnancy obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on adverse perinatal outcomes. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional observational study with women who delivered at a Brazilian Maternity Hospital, between August and December 2020. Data were collected by interview with application form, and medical records. Sample was stratified by body mass index (BMI) and GDM screening in four groups: no obesity (BMI < 30 kg/m2) no GDM - reference; isolated GDM; isolated obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2); and obesity with GDM. Preeclampsia (PE), cesarean section (CS), large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborn and admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were analyzed by odds ratio (OR) adjusted for confounding factors, adopting 95% confidence interval (CI) and P < 0.05 statistically significant. Results: From 1,618 participants, isolated obesity group (233/14.40%) had high chance of PE (OR = 2.16; CI: 1.364-3.426; P = 0.001), isolated GDM group (190/11.74%) had high chance of CS (OR = 1.736; CI: 1.136-2.652; P = 0.011) and NICU admission (OR = 2.32; CI: 1.265-4.261; P = 0.007), and obesity with GDM group (121/7.48%) had high chance of PE (OR = 1.93; CI: 1.074-3.484; P = 0.028), CS (OR = 1.925; CI: 1.124-3.298; P = 0.017) and LGA newborn (OR = 1.81; CI: 1.027-3.204; P = 0.040), compared with reference (1,074/66.38%). Conclusion: Obesity and GDM enhances the chance of different negative outcomes, worsening this prognosis when associated.

Predictors of cesarean delivery in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate which risk factors may lead patients with gestational diabetes mellitus to cesarean delivery. Methods This was a retrospective, descriptive study. The subjects of the study were pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus attending a public maternity hospital in the south of Brazil. The primary outcomes assessed were based on maternal and fetal characteristics. The data were correlated using an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI), calculated using multinomial logistic regression. Results A total of 392 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus were analyzed, and 57.4% of them had cesarean deliveries. Among the maternal characteristics, the mean age of the patients and the pregestational body mass index were greater when a cesarean delivery was performed (p = 0.029 and p < 0.01 respectively). Gestational age at birth, newborn weight, weight class according to gestational age, and Apgar score were not significant. The analysis of the OR showed that the chance of cesarean delivery was 2.25 times (95%CI = 1.49-2.39) greater if the pregnant woman was obese, 4.6 times (95%CI = 3.017-7.150) greater if she was a primigravida, and 5.2 times (95%CI = 2.702-10.003) greater if she had a previous cesarean delivery. The other parameters analyzed showed no differences. Conclusion The factors that led to an increase in the occurrence of cesarean deliveries included history of a prior cesarean section, first pregnancy, and obesity.

Prevalence of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Fetuses of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes before Initiating Treatment.

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in fetuses of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the beginning of the treatment. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed between July 1, 2013, and December 20, 2013, in a public maternity clinic in southern Brazil. The subjects were 63 fetuses of mothers with gestational diabetes, with a single pregnancy and no other associated pathologies. We diagnosed HCM through a fetal echocardiography before treatment and evaluated the maternal and fetal characteristics. Results The average age of the pregnant women was 32.32 (±6.2) years, and the average gestational age at the time of the evaluation was 30.59 (±2.27) weeks. The interventricular septum thickness showed a standard deviation of more than two in 50.8% of the fetuses (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 38.1-63.5%). The left ventricular wall thickness showed a standard deviation of more than 2 in 13 (20.6%) fetuses (95%CI: 11.1-30.2%). The HCM was confirmed in 54% of the fetuses (95%CI: 41.3-65.1%). The fetal abdominal circumference was normal in 46 (73%) fetuses, and 50% of these fetuses had HCM. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in fetuses of pregnant women with GDM before treatment was of 54% (95%CI: 41.3-65.1%).

Neonatal outcomes according to different therapies for gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: To compare different neonatal outcomes according to the different types of treatments used in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. The study population comprised pregnant women with gestational diabetes treated at a public maternity hospital from July 2010 to August 2014. The study included women aged at least 18 years, with a singleton pregnancy, who met the criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus. Blood glucose levels, fetal abdominal circumference, body mass index and gestational age were considered for treatment decision-making. The evaluated neonatal outcomes were: type of delivery, prematurity, weight in relation to gestational age, Apgar at 1 and 5min, and need for intensive care unit admission. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 705 pregnant women. The neonatal outcomes were analyzed based on the treatment received. Women treated with metformin were less likely to have children who were small for gestational age (95% CI: 0.09-0.66) and more likely to have a newborn adequate for gestational age (95% CI: 1.12-3.94). Those women treated with insulin had a lower chance of having a preterm child (95% CI: 0.02-0.78). The combined treatment with insulin and metformin resulted in higher chance for a neonate to be born large for gestational age (95% CI: 1.14-11.15) and lower chance to be born preterm (95% CI: 0.01-0.71). The type of treatment did not affect the mode of delivery, Apgar score, and intensive care unit admission. CONCLUSIONS: The pediatrician in the delivery room can expect different outcomes for diabetic mothers based on the treatment received.

Taxa de parto normal versus cesárea em gestantes com uma cesárea anterior e fatores associados / Normal birth rate versus cesarean in pregnant women and associated factors

Objetivo: Calcular taxa de parto vaginal e cesárea em pacientes com uma cesárea anterior e gestação a termo, bem como fatores associados à recorrência de cesaria- na. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, por meio de dados de prontuário de gestantes a termo com uma cesárea prévia admitidas para parto na Maternidade Darcy Vargas do município de Joinville (SC), em 2019. Resultados: Foram analisadas 788 pacientes, das quais 331 (42,00%) tiveram parto normal (PN) e 457 (58,00%), cesárea (CS). O grupo PN foi composto por mulheres mais velhas (29; 28) e com mais gestações que o grupo CS, possuindo pelo menos um parto normal prévio (171; 57; p < 0,001). Como fator de risco para recorrência de cesárea, destacou-se a presença de colo desfavorável no momento do parto (47; 356; p < 0,001). Internação por trabalho de parto (284; 92; p < 0,001) e ruptura prematura de membranas (RUPREME) (33; 79; p = 0,030) estão entre os fatores de proteção para ocorrência de uma nova cesariana. Conclusão: A taxa de parto vaginal pós-cesariana (VBAC) foi de 42% e a de parto cesáreo foi de 58%, condi- zente com valores de referência mundiais. O fato de ter um ou mais partos normais anteriores e internar-se em trabalho de parto ou com RUPREME foi fator protetor contra a repetição da cesárea, enquanto o colo desfavorável no momento da inter- nação foi fator de risco. Há grande divergência na literatura, sendo necessários mais estudos para elaborar estratégias que auxiliem profissionais e pacientes a decidirem pela melhor via de parto após cesariana anterior.(AU)

Objective: To calculate the rate of vaginal and cesarean delivery in patients with pre- vious cesarean section and pregnancy to term, as well as factors associated with recur- rent abdominal delivery. Methods: Case-control study, by medical records of pregnant women to term with a previous cesarean section admitted for delivery at Maternity Dar- cy Vargas in the city of Joinville (SC) in 2019. Results: 788 patients, of which 331 (42,00%) had a normal delivery (PN) and 457 (58,00%) cesarean section (CS). The PN group was composed of older women (29;28), and who had more pregnancies than the CS group, having at least 1 previous vaginal birth (171; 57; p < 0,001). As a risk factor for cesarean recurrence, the presence of an unfavorable cervix at the time of delivery was highlighted (47; 356; p < 0,001). Hospitalization for labor (284; 92; p < 0,001) and premature rupture of membranes (33; 79; p = 0,030) are among the protective factors for the occurrence of a new cesarean section. Conclusion: The post-cesarean vaginal birth (VBAC) rate was 42% and the cesarean delivery rate was 58%, consistent with world reference values. The fact of having one or more previous normal bir- ths, hospitalization in labor or with premature rupture of fetal membranes were protective factors against the repetition of cesarean section, while the unfavorable cervix at the time of hospitalization was a risk factor. There is divergence in litera- ture, therefore more studies are needed to develop strategies that help professionals and patients to decide on the best way of delivery after a previous cesarean section.(AU)

Evaluation of prenatal care according to indicators for the Prenatal and Birth Humanization Program / Avaliação da assistência pré-natal segundo indicadores do Programa de Humanização no Pré-natal e Nascimento

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate prenatal care provided to low-risk pregnant women users of the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (Public Health System) in the city of Joinville, SC. Methods: this is a cross-sectional observational study carried out from March 2018 to February 2019, through interview and analysis of the Pregnant Card of puerperal over 18 years old, from Joinville, who underwent prenatal care at SUS, excluding recent given up puerperal. Prenatal care was evaluated according to the recommended criteria by the Prenatal and Birth Humanization Program. Results: 683 mothers were interviewed. The criteria with the highest levels of adequacy were accessibility (99.6%), early initiation on prenatal care (92.7%) and 6 or more consultations (87.1%) and the criteria with the lowest rates of adequacy were the set of guidelines (17.7%) and the third and first trimester exams (42.5% and 63.5% respectively). Conclusion: it is concluded that the prenatal care provided by SUS in the city of Joinville, despite the almost universal accessibility, the early onset and the prevalence of puerperal women with more than 6 consultations, showed a sharp decline in the analysis of the recommended indicators.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a assistência pré-natal prestada a gestantes de baixo risco usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde da cidade de Joinville - SC. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal realizado de março de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019, mediante entrevista e análise do Cartão da Gestante de puérperas maiores de 18 anos, procedentes de Joinville, que realizaram o pré-natal no SUS, sendo excluídas puérperas desistentes. Avaliou-se a assistência pré-natal mediante critérios preconizados pelo Programa de Humanização no Pré-natal e Nascimento. Resultados: foram entrevistadas 683 puérperas. Os critérios com maiores índices de adequação foram acessibilidade (99,6%), início precoce do pré-natal (92,7%) e realização de 6 ou mais consultas (87,1%) e os critérios que apresentaram as menores taxas de adequação foram o conjunto de orientações (17,7%) e os exames do terceiro e primeiro trimestre (42,5% e 63,5% respectivamente). Conclusão: conclui-se que a assistência pré-natal realizada pelo SUS da cidade de Joinville, não obstante da acessibilidade praticamente universal, do início precoce e da prevalência de puérperas com mais de 6 consultas, demonstrou declínio acentuado na análise dos indicadores preconizados.