Alternative control of grape rots by essential oils of two Eucalyptus species.

BACKGROUND: Essential oils (EOs) are volatile natural compounds produced by plant secondary metabolism, and some of them exhibit antimicrobial activity. The objective of the present study was to determine the chemical composition the EOs of Eucalyptus staigeriana and Eucalyptus globulus, and their effect in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum, the most important fungal rot diseases of grapes. Moreover, grapes collected from field experiments were used to evaluate the impact of the alternative control on the alcoholic fermentation and wine composition. RESULTS: The major compound of E. staigeriana EO were citral 30.91% (19.74% geranial, 11.17% neral), 1.8-cineole (24.59%) and limonene (19.47%), while 1.8-cineole represented 68.26% of E. globulus EO. The two EOs showed in vitro antifungal activity against both pathogens. Eucalyptus staigeriana EO exhibited the highest activity inhibiting mycelial growth (MG) and conidial germination at 0.5 µL mL-1 . Moreover, this EO was able to reduce the incidence and severity of grey rot caused by B. cinerea and the severity of ripe rot caused by C. acutatum The alternative control did not significantly influence alcoholic fermentation, the physicochemical characteristics, and the volatile composition of wines. CONCLUSION: These results are promising and indicate that E. staigeriana EO might be further investigated as a natural alternative for the control of fungal rots on wine grapes. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Evolution of the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among schoolchildren in Caxias do Sul, RS]. / Evolução da prevalência de parasitoses intestinais em escolares em Caxias do Sul, RS.

Reports on the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in Brazil have been local in nature, with descriptions of different populations, which makes comprehensive diagnosis difficult. With the aim of studying the variation in the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among schoolchildren in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, over a 35-year period, 9,787 parasitological stool tests that had been performed using centrifugal sedimentation were evaluated. There were positive results from 5,655 samples (58%), and the most prevalent infestations were of Ascaris lumbricoides (47%), Trichuris trichiura (36%), Enterobius vermicularis (8%) and the protozoa Giardia lamblia (24%) and Entamoeba coli (20%). The overall prevalence diminished from 89% to 37%, indicating an average decrease of 1.4% per year. Reductions in prevalence were observed for Ascaris lumbricoides (61 to 26%) and Trichuris trichiura (38 to 18%). No significant change was observed for Giardia lamblia. The prevalence of Entamoeba coli increased from 29 to 46%. The decreases in helminth prevalence were probably due to infrastructure improvements and educational actions undertaken in schools.

Endophytic yeasts and filamentous fungi associated with southern Brazilian apple (Malus domestica) orchards subjected to conventional, integrated or organic cultivation.

Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves, flowers and fruit of healthy apple trees (Malus domestica , Borkh.) growing in southern Brazilian orchards under three different cultivation systems (conventional, integrated and organic), during two vegetative cycles. The greatest total number of endophytic isolates was obtained from the orchards under organic cultivation when compared to integrated and conventional cultivation systems. Filamentous fungi from the genera Colletotrichum , Xylaria and Botryosphaeria were the most frequent ones and the most representative yeast genera were Sporobolomyces , Rhodotorula , Debaryomyces and Cryptococcus . It is suggested that some isolates may be used as indicators of the different management systems.

Evolução da prevalência de parasitoses intestinais em escolares em Caxias do Sul, RS / Evolution of the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among schoolchildren in Caxias do Sul, RS

Relatos da prevalência das parasitoses intestinais no Brasil são pontuais e têm sido descritos em diferentes populações, tornando difícil um diagnóstico abrangente. Visando estudar a variação em 35 anos da prevalência de enteroparasitoses em escolares de Caxias do Sul, RS, foram avaliados 9.787 exames parasitológicos de fezes realizados por centrífugo-sedimentação. Resultaram positivas 5.655 (58 por cento) amostras sendo mais prevalente a infestação por Ascaris lumbricoides (47 por cento), Trichuris trichiura (36 por cento), Enterobius vermicularis (8 por cento) e os protozoários: Giardia lamblia (24 por cento) e Entamoeba coli (20 por cento). A prevalência geral diminuiu de 89 por cento para 37 por cento, com um decréscimo médio de 1,4 por cento ao ano. Houve redução na prevalência de Ascaris lumbricoides de 61 para 26 por cento e de Trichuris trichiura de 38 a 18 por cento. Para Giardia lamblia não houve alteração significativa. A prevalência de Entamoeba coli cresceu de 29 a 46 por cento. Os decréscimos obtidos na prevalência dos helmintos são provavelmente devidos às melhorias da infra-estrutura e às ações formativas desenvolvidas nas escolas.

Reports on the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in Brazil have been local in nature, with descriptions of different populations, which makes comprehensive diagnosis difficult. With the aim of studying the variation in the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among schoolchildren in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, over a 35-year period, 9,787 parasitological stool tests that had been performed using centrifugal sedimentation were evaluated. There were positive results from 5,655 samples (58 percent), and the most prevalent infestations were of Ascaris lumbricoides (47 percent), Trichuris trichiura (36 percent), Enterobius vermicularis (8 percent) and the protozoa Giardia lamblia (24 percent) and Entamoeba coli (20 percent). The overall prevalence diminished from 89 percent to 37 percent, indicating an average decrease of 1.4 percent per year. Reductions in prevalence were observed for Ascaris lumbricoides (61 to 26 percent) and Trichuris trichiura (38 to 18 percent). No significant change was observed for Giardia lamblia. The prevalence of Entamoeba coli increased from 29 to 46 percent. The decreases in helminth prevalence were probably due to infrastructure improvements and educational actions undertaken in schools.