Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes About Pain Management in Pediatric Surgical Wards: An Educational Intervention Study.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric pain management is a constantly developing field. Despite extensive research, several studies have concluded that children's pain is still underestimated and undertreated. Nurses working with children have an important professional and ethical responsibility to possess up-to-date knowledge of pediatric pain management. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management in pediatric surgical wards and to investigate the short- and long-term effects of a tailored educational intervention. METHODS: This study has a quasi-experimental design without a control group and uses a previously validated questionnaire, the Pediatric Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain-Norwegian version (PNKAS-N). Nurses in four pediatric surgical wards in one university hospital in Norway answered the survey once before and three times after a tailored educational intervention. RESULTS: Eighty-three nurses answered the PNKAS-N at baseline (response rate of 75%). The nurse's total PNKAS-N mean score was 27.8 (77.3%) at baseline. We identified knowledge and attitude deficits regarding items related to opioid doses, the risk of drug addiction, the risk of respiratory depression, and the choice of pain medication for children. The total PNKAS-N mean score was statistically significantly increased after the intervention, at T2 (85.2%), as compared to baseline, and this improvement was sustained at T3 (83.8%) and T4 (81.4%). CONCLUSION: The tailored educational intervention had a significant effect on nurses' knowledge and attitudes about pediatric pain management.

Children's views on postsurgical pain in recovery units in Norway: A qualitative study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore children's postsurgical experiences with pain and pain management in the recovery unit. BACKGROUND: Children's pain is underestimated and undertreated. Untreated pain can cause unnecessary suffering, increased complication risks and may lead to chronic pain. Research exploring children's experiences with postoperative pain and pain management is limited. DESIGN: A qualitative, exploratory study. The study complied with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ). METHODS: Children (N = 20), 8-16 years old, took part in semi-structured interviews about their experiences with pain and postoperative pain management while they were in a recovery unit. Data were collected at two university hospitals in Norway. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the interviews: "children's experiences of what felt unpleasant and painful," "children's experiences with pain management" and "children's recommendations for future pain management". About half of the children reported moderate to severe pain while in the recovery unit and they did not always tell their nurses when they had pain. They also reported experiencing pain in places other than their surgical wounds and stated that nausea and vomiting felt unpleasant and painful. The children indicated that pain medications and the use of nonpharmacological methods helped them cope with their pain and provided several recommendations about how to improve pain management. CONCLUSION: Paediatric postoperative pain management remains suboptimal. The children in our study provided useful information about their pain experiences, how to improve pain management and explained why they did not tell their nurses when they were in pain. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: These findings should direct further improvements in paediatric postoperative pain management, such as increased use of pain assessment tools and preparatory information, as well as more appropriate administration of pain medications.

Nurses' Knowledge, Attitudes and Clinical Practice in Pediatric Postoperative Pain Management.

BACKGROUND: Despite readily available evidence to guide practice, children continue to experience moderate to severe pain in hospital postoperatively. Reasons for this may include attitudes of nurses toward pain management and their lack of knowledge in key areas. AIMS: To identify nurses' knowledge and clinical practice of pediatric postoperative pain management and whether there is a link between knowledge and practice. DESIGN AND SETTING: A descriptive cross-sectional study including a questionnaire and observations was conducted in postanesthesia care (recovery) units in six university hospitals in Norway. METHODS: Nurses completed the Pediatric Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain Questionnaire-Norwegian Version (PNKAS-N). We observed their clinical practices using a structured observational tool and field notes. RESULTS: Nurses completed the PNKAS-N (n = 193) and were observed (n = 138) giving postoperative care to 266 children (70 hours per unit, 416 hours in total). The mean PNKAS-N score was 29 (standard deviation 4.2) of 40. We identified knowledge deficits, mainly in pharmacologic management, such as in risk of addiction and respiratory depression. We found that, overall, pain was assessed using validated tools in 19% of the children; this fell to 9% in children aged <5 years. More than 66% of children received an inadequate dose of morphine postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Nurses have knowledge deficits about pediatric pain management and do not always use their knowledge in practice, particularly in relation to pain assessment. There is a need to improve nurses' knowledge of pediatric pain management and to test interventions that support the use of that knowledge in practice.