Kidney function testing prior to contrast-enhanced CT: a comparative cost analysis of a personalised risk-stratified pathway versus a test all approach.

AIM: To map current contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) pathways, develop a risk-stratified pathway, and model associated costs and resource use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phase 1 comprised multicentre mapping of current practice and development of an alternative pathway, replacing pre-assessment of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with a scan-day screening questionnaire for risk stratification and point of care (PoC) creatinine. Phase 2 measured resource use and analysis of routinely collected data, used to populate a model comparing the costs of current and risk-stratified pathways in Phase 3. RESULTS: Site variation across a range of processes within the clinical care pathway was identified. Data from a single centre suggested that 78% (n=347/447) could have avoided their pre-scan laboratory test as they did not have post-contrast acute kidney injury (AKI) risk factors. Only 24% of outpatients who underwent computed tomography (CT) would have identified risk factors, which would have prompted a scan-day PoC test. There was a 94% probability that the risk-stratified pathway was cost-saving, with an estimated 5-year potential cost saving of £69,620 (95% CI: -£13,295-£154,603). Although the cost of a laboratory serum creatinine test is cheaper than the PoC equivalent (£5.29 versus £5.96), the screening questionnaire ruled out the need for a large majority of the eGFR measurements specifically for the CT examination. CONCLUSION: The present study proposes an alternative pathway, which has the potential to improve the efficiency of the current CT pathway. A multicentre appraisal is required to demonstrate the impact of embedding this new pathway on a wider NHS level, particularly in light of new diagnostic guidance (DG37) published by NICE.

Has the skills mix promise been broken? A scoping review of the deployment of the support and assistant workforce within diagnostic imaging in the UK.

INTRODUCTION: In the UK the development of skill mix in radiography at the end of the 20th century formalised the assistant practitioner role, separating it from the support worker function. The key aim was to increase imaging capacity whilst enabling opportunities for career progression within both the support and radiography workforce. There has been limited examination of these support and assistive roles and this review aims to explore the current evidence. METHODS: This scoping review used a systematic search strategy and interrogated MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and Google Scholar. Primary research articles published in the English-language referring to studies conducted in the UK on assistant or support roles in radiography were sought. The sourced data was uploaded to a web-based review platform for screening. RESULTS: The literature search identified only 11 articles which met the search criteria, of which only one referred to the support worker role. Adopting a primarily qualitative approach the quality of the articles varied. Thematic analysis was undertaken using a priori themes role purpose, outcomes, aspirations and capacity building. CONCLUSION: There is limited research evidence of capacity generation with most presenting individual perspectives. Job satisfaction and career aspirations within the support and assistive workforce are evident but there is still confusion over scope of practice and supervision. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The support and assistive workforce are a key part of the diagnostic imaging workforce but limited research evidence examining these roles has been published. Further research exploring the impact of skill mix changes across all levels and imaging professions is required.

Mapping the migrant diagnostic radiographers in the UK: A national survey.

INTRODUCTION: The international recruitment of healthcare workers remains a UK strategy to manage workforce gaps and maintain service delivery. Although not a new phenomenon, this has been exacerbated by chronic shortages. There is a need to profile the current international recruits and identify individual motivators to understand the opportunities for future recruitment and retention initiatives. METHOD: A UK-wide electronic survey was conducted using the Jisc platform. The survey was promoted using social media and researcher networks. Eligibility criteria were diagnostic radiographers, internationally educated, and currently working in the UK. RESULTS: 226 responses were received. Most were working in England (90.7%) and 58.0% were under 35 years of age. The majority had migrated having moved to the UK since 2020 (63.7%) and the main drivers were career and/or training opportunities. Initial education was in 30 different countries, the highest number originating from Africa and Asia, with a median of 6 years post-qualification experience (IQR 4-11yrs). Despite experience, most were employed in band 5 (n = 72) or band 6 posts (n = 95). 56% had postgraduate qualifications on entry and a third had undertaken postgraduate study in the UK. CONCLUSION: Based on the survey responses, the profile of internationally recruited diagnostic radiographers is relatively young but with pre-migration experience originating all over the globe. They are motivated to work in the UK particular for career progression opportunities. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study provides an insight into the motivations, demographics and employment patterns of internationally recruited radiographers working in the UK.

A systematic review comparing the effective radiation dose of musculoskeletal cone beam computed tomography to other diagnostic imaging modalities.

PURPOSE: Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) is well established in orofacial diagnostic imaging and is currently expanding into musculoskeletal applications. This systematic review sought to update the knowledge base on radiation dose comparisons between imaging modalities in MSK imaging and consider how research studies have reported dose measures. METHODS: This review utilised a database search and an online literature tool. Studies with potential relevance were screened then before full text review, each performed by two independent reviewers, with a third independent reviewer available for conflicts. Data was extracted using a bespoke tool created within the literature tool. RESULTS: 21 studies were included in the review which compared CBCT with MSCT (13), conventional radiography (1), or both (7). 19 studies concluded that CBCT provided a reduced radiation dose when compared with MSCT: the factor of reduction ranging from 1.71 to 50 with an average of 12. Studies comparing CBCT to DR found DR to have an average dose reduction of 4.55. CONCLUSIONS: The claims that CBCT produces a lower radiation dose than MSCT is borne out with most studies confirming doses less than half that of MSCT. Fewer studies include DR as a comparator but confirm that CBCT results in a higher effective dose on average, with scope for CBCT to provide an equivalent radiation dose. This review highlighted a need for consistency in methodology when conducting studies which compare radiation dose across different technologies. Potential solutions lie outside the scope of this review, likely requiring multi-discipline approach to ensure a cohesive outcome.

Research designs of publications in radiography professional journals - A modified bibliometric analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence based practice relies on availability of research evidence mostly through peer-reviewed journal publications. No consensus currently exists on the best hierarchy of research evidence, often categorised by the adopted research designs. Analysing the prevalent research designs in radiography professional journals is one vital step in considering an evidence hierarchy specific to the radiography profession and this forms the aim of this study. METHODS: Bibliometric data of publications in three Radiography professional journals within a 10-year period were extracted. The Digital Object Identifier were used to locate papers on publishers' websites and obtain relevant data for analysis. Descriptive analysis using frequencies and percentages were used to represent data while Chi-square was used to analyse relationship between categorical variables. RESULTS: 1830 articles met the pre-set inclusion criteria. Quantitative descriptive studies were the most published design (26.6%) followed by non-RCT experimental studies (18.7%), while Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT) were the least published (1.0%). Systematic reviews (42.9%) showed the highest average percentage increase within the 10-year period, however RCTs showed no net increase. Single-centre studies predominated among experimental studies (RCT = 88.9%; Non-RCT = 95%). Author collaboration across all study designs was notable, with RCTs showing the most (100%). Quantitative and qualitative studies comparatively had similar number of citations when publication numbers were matched. Quantitative descriptive studies had the highest cumulative citations while RCTs had the least. CONCLUSION: There is a case to advocate for more study designs towards the peak of evidence hierarchies such as systematic reviews and RCT. Radiography research should be primarily designed to answer pertinent questions and improve the validity of the profession's evidence base. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: The evidence presented can encourage the adoption of the research designs that enhances radiography profession's evidence base.

A qualitative analysis of the role of the diagnostic radiographer in child safeguarding.

BACKGROUND: The role of medical imaging in the investigation of suspected child abuse is well documented. However, the role of the radiographer as an instigator of such concerns is less well understood. The fast-paced development of related technology and the evolution of the profession into new areas of work is argued to have impacted upon the traditional interaction between patient and professional; thus requiring a contemporary analysis of current practice. OBJECTIVE: As part of a wider multimethod thesis, this qualitative study sought to fill a gap in the literature with regard the role of the radiographer in child safeguarding by exploring their knowledge of, attitude towards and practical experience of the phenomenon. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Online, semi-structured interviews were conducted with n=12 radiographers from across England between 2020 and 2021. Recruitment occurred via an initial survey and interviews were conducted online. METHODS: Verbatim transcripts were analysed using a framework analysis approach to create initial codes which led to themes for discussion. RESULTS: The framework analysis approach resulted in the identification of three constituent themes: (1) Patient, (2) Examination and (3) Radiographer. Each constituent themes were built from a comprehensive coding of the data. Analysis of these themes are presented in terms of quotes and diagrammatic depiction. CONCLUSION: For radiographers to be able to identify child safeguarding concerns, alignment of these constituent themes is necessary with the radiographer being the theme that can be greater controlled in terms of knowledge and attitude. Conceptually, this analysis could be extended to other professionals. Contemporary practice within medical imaging has made it more challenging to assess some physical and social signs of child safeguarding concern, and thus for the alignment to occur, as compared with previous generations. To maximise the contribution, education needs to account for wider paediatric practice and the imaging modality utilised by the radiographer. A case study approach demonstrating the potential that exists for the profession to contribute would be beneficial. Interprofessionally, greater involvement of radiographers in the assessment and escalation of any concerns could provide benefit to the patient.

Factors that influence the quality of the clinical supervision experience in a first contact physiotherapy (FCP) role - The perspectives of supervisors and supervisees - A qualitative analysis.

PURPOSE: First contact practitioner (FCP) roles have been developed to supplement the primary care workforce in managing the burden of musculoskeletal conditions. In order to quality assure and standardise capability of these clinicians an educational framework was developed by NHS England. The Roadmap to Practice (2020) was the curriculum designed to support and develop capability for FCP roles. This secondary analysis of a broader research project aimed to understand the factors affecting the supervisory experience from both a supervisor and supervisee perspective. METHODS: A qualitative design using group interviews and an online survey was utilised to examine the experiences of these clinicians on their journey navigating and supporting the Roadmap to Practice portfolio process. FINDINGS: Three principal themes were identified that affected the supervisory process; preparation of both supervisors and supervisee; the person (supervisor) and the practicalities associated with supervision. CONCLUSION: There were numerous factors influencing the quality of clinical supervision. Adequate preparation of the supervisor and supervisee is critical to success. The attributes of the supervisor were important in the enhancing the quality of supervisory process. Time afforded to undertake supervision and access to appropriate supervisors need to be adequate and accounted for in workforce planning. A paradigm shift in workplace culture is required so clinical supervision is seen as an integral component in maintaining quality and assuring patient safety.

Recognition of advanced level practice against multiprofessional capabilities: Experiences of the first radiography applicants.

INTRODUCTION: Advanced practice is well established in the health professions with multiprofessional capabilities in place in England. To recognise achievement of these capabilities an ePortfolio (supported) route was initiated in 2022. This study aimed to review the demographics and experiences of radiographers applying for recognition in the first year of operation. METHODS: The multi method evaluation consisted of quantitative data analysis of information regarding the first three cohorts of radiographers (n = 40) participating in the NHS England (NHSE) scheme. Interviews with 12 participants was undertaken with thematic analysis of the transcripts. RESULTS: Self-rated scores of expertise were significantly higher by therapeutic radiographers (n = 8) compared to their 32 diagnostic colleagues (t = 5.556; p < 0.01). Radiographers saw the ePortfolio as an opportunity to validate their experience and to evidence parity with other professions. Participants felt the process also enabled critical reflection and gave unseen insight into themselves and their roles. The support of experienced educational supervisors was felt to be vital in this process and for successful completion of portfolio. CONCLUSIONS: Several radiographers have now achieved the necessary standards to achieve NHSE recognition. The evaluation exposed that most radiographers did not have the relevant evidence to hand and the ongoing collection of evidence around capabilities and impact is critical to evidencing advanced practice capabilities. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Radiographers are able to achieve the capabilities expected for multiprofessional practice. Cultural change is required to normalise recording of evidence within practice including case-based discussions, clinical supervision and feedback from colleagues and patients. The support of an experienced educational supervisor aided the critical reflection on practice level.

The radiation dose, clinical and anatomical implications of erect lumbar spine radiography: A single centre pre-post implementation evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Lumbar radiographs remain a common imaging examination despite strategies to reduce their use. Many authors have demonstrated benefits in changing from traditional supine and recumbent lateral projections to a prone and/or erect orientation. Despite evidence of clinical and radiation dose optimisation, widespread adoption of these strategies has stalled. This article describes the single-centre implementation and evaluation of erect PA and lateral projections. METHOD: This was an observational study pre- and post-implementation of an erect imaging protocol. Patient BMI, image field size, source image and source object distances and DAP were collected together with assessment of radiographic spinal alignment and disc space demonstration. Effective dose was calculated with organ specific doses. RESULTS: 76 (53.5%) patients were imaged in the supine AP and recumbent lateral position, 66 (46.5%) had erect PA and lateral radiographs. Despite the larger BMI of the erect cohort and similar field sizes, effective dose was lower in the PA position by an average of 20% (p < 0.05), however, no significant difference in lateral dose. Anatomical improvements were evident with greater visualisation of intervertebral disc spaces in the PA erect (t = -9.03; p < .001) and lateral (t = -10.298; p < .001) orientations. Erect PA radiographs demonstrated a leg length discrepancy in 47.0% (0.3-4.7 cm) and a scoliosis in 21.2% of cases, with a significant link between these findings (r (64) = 0.44; p < .001). CONCLUSION: Erect lumbar spine radiography provides information on clinical outcomes not available with recumbent projections. The improvements in anatomical visualisation and radiation dose reduction supports the local change in practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: - Erect imaging can reduce effective dose with an optimised acquisition protocol - additional pathological information can be revealed by the erect posture. - postural awareness is critical to interpret images accurately.

Evidence based practice, research and the diagnostic radiographer role. An exploration of engagement, expectations and attitudes at a single centre.

INTRODUCTION: The benefits of evidence-based practice (EBP) and research in healthcare are widely accepted for the patient, professional and organisation. However, allied health professional and radiographer activity remains lacking; this study aimed to explore this at a local level. METHODS: This single centre study utilised mixed methods research methodology to triangulate findings from three parallel data collections. Document analysis of radiographer job descriptions (JDs) and appraisal frameworks, retrospective review of completed research activities, and a survey of radiographer perspectives were undertaken. Data analysis included content analysis, thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. RESULTS: In three years (2018-2020), 290 EBP activities were completed; 287 were audit and three were service evaluations. There were no documented research projects and no entry level radiographer involvement. The survey response rate was 65.3% (n = 77/118). All JDs describe research engagement, but 50.6% of survey respondents did not realise this. There were inconsistencies and lack of clear progression in these expectations and no direct reference to research in the standard appraisal documentation. Radiographers demonstrated a positive attitude towards research and EBP but felt there were barriers preventing activity. Generally, they did not perceive a strong research culture in their department. CONCLUSION: As part of EBP, research is a requirement for diagnostic radiographers of all levels. There is widespread enthusiasm and a positive attitude from radiographers to engage, yet activity remains low. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: A strong evidence-based culture needs to be prioritised, to embrace the current enthusiasm from radiographers to engage, and accordingly bridge the gap between aspirations of their professional body and actual clinical practice.

Expectations of radiographer reporting roles: A multimethod evaluation across a single imaging network.

INTRODUCTION: Prior studies have demonstrated inconsistent development and utilisation of radiographers in the reporting of radiographs, and there is ongoing consideration of the level at which such radiographers should be educated to and operating at. This study aimed to explore and evaluate expectation and utilisation of radiographers currently, or training in, reporting in projection radiography across one integrated care system (ICS). METHODS: A multi-method approach was utilised, with document analysis of projection radiography reporting role job descriptions and person specifications and an online survey of managers and clinical leads. A single ICS in the north of England formed the setting for the study. RESULTS: This study demonstrated variation in implementation and utilisation of the role across trusts within the ICS. Inconsistencies in scope, expected underpinning education and role activity were identified. Radiographers autonomously reporting in projection radiography were titled advanced practitioners, however are not expected to achieve national educational standards for such roles and are not empowered to work at this level of practice by their employers. It was acknowledged that staffing pressures hinder appropriate role utilisation and reporting capacity. CONCLUSION: Inconsistent development and utilisation of radiographers in such roles may hamper collaboration and service delivery across a network. Identifying variation and working towards role standardisation could promote cross-organisational working and improve career progression opportunities. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Scoping the reporting radiographer workforce may assist and guide future imaging service and workforce planning.

Evaluating the role of the diagnostic radiographer in identifying child safeguarding concerns: A knowledge, attitude and practice survey approach.

INTRODUCTION: Child safeguarding and the appropriate identification of suspected victims represents a global phenomenon. Diagnostic imaging is acknowledged as a contributory diagnostic service but the role of the radiographer in the identification and escalation process is less well understood. METHOD: A Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) survey was constructed to evaluate knowledge base in the context of the patient-radiographer interaction, the shaping of attitude towards child safeguarding and attitudes held towards their role plus the actual practical experiences of managing child safeguarding concerns. RESULTS: Respondents demonstrated a inconsistent knowledge base with respect to physical, social and radiographic signs and symptoms of child safeguarding concern. A positive attitude towards the role of the radiographer in child safeguarding was demonstrated but one that was shaped more by experience than pre-registration education. Assessment of concerns was chiefly influenced by clinical history and appreciation of aetiology. Practically, radiographers have infrequent involvement with the identification and escalation of concerns. Whilst some statistically significant relationships between responses and demographics did exist, these were either sporadic or argued to be a result of natural variation. CONCLUSION: Assessment of physical and social signs of child safeguarding concern are argued to be becoming more challenging. Radiological signs continue to be visible to radiographers but with increasing use of other imaging modalities these signs are becoming more varied in nature and are providing new challenges. Radiographers are capable of escalation when required to do so. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: To maximise the contribution of the profession, education needs to account for imaging modality worked with, in combination with an understanding of related aetiology. Previously existing concerns with respect to escalating processes are no longer in evidence and radiographers are both willing and able to contribute to that process.

A retrospective evaluation of supine pelvic radiography image quality using centring points and anatomical axial rotation, including reliability of measurements (ARLEX-P STUDY).

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic radiographs are commonly used for the investigation of a variety of conditions. Comparison between examinations requires a consistent radiographic technique but variations in image quality and radiographic centring points are frequently reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to establish the amount of variation in the radiographic centring point (RCP) and pelvic axial rotation (PAR), with a secondary aim of reporting the reliability of such measures. METHODS: Using a previously acquired imaging archive, 633 adult pelvis/hip radiographs were identified on a Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Radiographs with bilateral prostheses, evidence of acute pelvic trauma, projections acquired on a stretcher/trolley and those demonstrating large discontinuity between the detector and X-ray field centre were excluded. To determine centring point variation (+ values denote superior variations) and axial rotation multiple measurements were obtained from each radiograph. A video was used to train five observers and each of these reviewed ten random cases to determine inter- and intra-rater reliability. One of the five observers then performed the measurements on all remaining radiographs. RESULTS: Following exclusions 380 radiographs were evaluated. The median (IQR) RCP deviation from the inter-acetabular line was +22 (+2 to +43) mm where both iliac crests were present and -29 (-45 to -12) mm where they were not. Eleven (3%) cases demonstrate RCP variation from the midline of greater than 25 mm (no bias towards the left or right side). The median (IQR) PAR was 0.0 (-1.5 to 1.4) degrees with greater variance in PAR for male participants (p = 0.004). Almost 60% of inter-rater ICC measurements were categorised as excellent, good or moderate. CONCLUSION: Variations in RCP and PAR exist when evaluating a sample of routinely acquired pelvis radiographs. Some initial factors, such as sex and sub-examination type (full pelvis [XPEL] or low centred pelvis [XHIPB]) have been identified as having a statistical affect on variability. Further research and methods to standardise radiographic techniques is required and must be multidimensional in nature. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Selection of radiographic technique, including RCP, appears to influence components of the pelvis radiograph. Given the increasing clinical requirements for pelvic radiography further standardisation alongside individual optimisation is warranted.

Career intentions, their influences and motivational factors in diagnostic radiography: A survey of undergraduate students.

INTRODUCTION: The choice of career and speciality can be a complex process. It is unclear what influences career decisions within undergraduate radiographers and whether the curriculum provides sufficient support. METHODS: An online cross-sectional survey was undertaken. All undergraduate diagnostic radiography students within one UK higher education institution were invited to participate. Questions were related to anticipated career choice, motivational factors and influences. RESULTS: The response rate was 67.6% (90/133). The most popular specialist area for career preference was general radiography. The top three motivational factors were work life balance, career development and job satisfaction. The most influential factors on career choice were clinical placements, radiographers on placements and formal teaching. Career guidance was predominantly sourced from the personal academic tutor and was informed by role models. CONCLUSION: Radiography academic teams and clinical placement providers must work together to ensure that students have access to high quality placements across specialities. The experiences received during undergraduate training are important in specialty choice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Career guidance is essential and should begin as early as possible. Clinical and academic radiographers need to appreciate the influence they have on students future career plans.

A single-centre experience of implementing a rapid CXR reporting and CT access pathway for suspected lung cancer: Initial outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer remains a major cause of preventable death and early diagnosis is critical to improving survival chances. The chest X-ray (CXR) remains the most common initial investigation, but clinical pathways need to support timely diagnosis through, where necessary, escalation of abnormal findings to ensure priority reporting and early CT scan. METHODS: This single-centre study included a retrospective evaluation of a rapid lung cancer CXR pathway in its first year of operation (May 2018-April 2019). The pathway was initially designed for primary care referrals but could also be used for any CXR demonstrating abnormal findings. A parallel cross-sectional survey of radiographers explored their understanding, adherence and concerns regarding their role in the pathway operation. RESULTS: Primary care referrals on the rapid diagnostic pathway were low (n = 51/21,980; 0.2%), with 11 (21.6%) requiring a CT scan. A further 333 primary care CXR were escalated by the examining radiographer, with 100 (30.0%) undergoing a CT scan. Overall, 64 of the CT scans (57.7%) were abnormal or demonstrated suspicious findings warranting further investigation. There were 39 confirmed primary lung carcinomas, most with advanced disease. Survey responses showed that most radiographers were familiar with the pathway but some expressed concerns regarding their responsibilities and limited knowledge of CXR pathologies. CONCLUSION: This baseline evaluation of the rapid lung cancer pathway demonstrated poor referral rates from primary care and identified the need for improved engagement. Radiographer escalation of abnormal findings is an effective adjunct but underlines the need for appropriate awareness, training, and ongoing support. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Engagement of the multiprofessional team is critical in new pathway implementation. Rapid diagnostic pathways can enable early diagnosis and the radiographer has a key role to play in their success.

Comparison of scattered entrance skin dose burden in MSCT, CBCT, and X-ray for suspected scaphoid injury: Regional dose measurements in a phantom model.

INTRODUCTION: Scaphoid radiography has poor sensitivity for acute fracture detection and often requires repeat delayed imaging. Although magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is considered the gold standard, computed tomography (CT) is often used as an alternative due to ease of access. Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) offers equivalent diagnostic efficacy to Multi Slice CT (MSCT) at reduced dose. We aimed to establish the difference in scattered dose between modalities for scaphoid imaging. METHODS: Anatomical regional entrance surface dose measurements were taken at 3 regions on an anthropomorphic torso phantom positioned as a patient to a wrist phantom undergoing scaphoid imaging for three modalities (CBCT, MSCT, four-view projection radiography). Exposure factors were based on audit of clinical exposures. Each dose measurement was repeated three times per anatomical region, modality, exposure setting and projection. RESULTS: Under unpaired T-test CBCT gave significantly lower mean dose at the neck (1.64 vs 18 mGy), chest (2.78 vs 8.01) and abdomen (1.288 vs 2.93) than MSCT (p < .0001). However CBCT had significantly higher mean dose than four-view radiography at the neck, chest and abdomen (0.031, 0.035, and 0.021 mGy) (p < .0001). CONCLUSION: CBCT of the wrist carries a significantly higher scattered radiation dose to the neck, chest and abdomen than four view scaphoid radiography, but significantly lower scattered dose than MSCT of the wrist of equivalent diagnostic value. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The use of CBCT for scaphoid injury carries significantly lower scattered dose to radio-sensitive structures investigated here than equivalent MSCT, and may be of greater use as an early cross-sectional investigation for suspected scaphoid fracture.

Radiographers' self-perceived competencies after attending postgraduate courses in CT and MRI.

INTRODUCTION: Postgraduate education in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) varies globally. Multiple factors affect the development of associated core skills and competencies for these specialist roles. Previous research has highlighted that different teaching standards and methods may influence radiographers' confidence and competencies. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge of skill development and capabilities in post-registration roles. Hence, the aim of this research was to explore radiographers' self-perceived competencies before, during and after successful completion of postgraduate study. METHODS: Radiographers enrolled on the CT and MRI courses voluntarily completed questionnaires at three time points. As part of the last survey, questions were added to evaluate their perceptions of the courses' impact on their clinical and professional practice. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank and Friedman tests, were performed to analyse results across the different time points. RESULTS: 53 students completed the baseline survey, with initial perceived areas of weakness being lack of knowledge relating to CT or MR technology, cross-sectional anatomy and pathology. Follow up surveys, highlighted a significant increase in self-described competence in technical knowledge, literature appraisal and image viewing skills. As a result of completing the course, students described favourable changes to their departmental practices and their own continuing professional development (CPD). Challenges detailed included but not limited to lack of study time provided by employers, and the demands of balancing studies and work commitments. CONCLUSION: Postgraduate education has value and positively impacts radiographers and their clinical departments. The courses enabled the radiographers, including those experienced in CT and or MRI to develop skills they could translate into clinical practice, thereby contributing towards service delivery. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Post graduate education has the potential to enhance self-perceived competency in aspects of CT and MRI practice.

Evaluating cone-beam CT in the diagnosis of suspected scaphoid fractures in the emergency department: preliminary findings.

OBJECTIVES: Scaphoid fractures are challenging to accurately diagnose with delayed and missed diagnoses risking poor patient outcomes. Cone beam CT (CBCT) is an emerging technology facilitating alternative access to multi-planar imaging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of early CBCT in the diagnosis of suspected scaphoid fractures presenting via the Emergency Department (ED). METHODS: In this single centre the imaging pathway was adapted to include early CBCT in adult patients with a persisting high index of clinical suspicion for scaphoid fracture despite normal radiographs. Evaluation of referrals between September 2019 and February 2020 was undertaken. Statistical analysis and temporal pathway metrics were assessed including interrater agreement for CBCT and radiography examinations. RESULTS: Over the six-month timeframe 100 CBCT wrist scans were performed on 99 adult patients. 94% of CBCT scans were performed within 1 day of referral. 25% of scans demonstrated acute injuries including 12 radius, 6 trapezium and 2 scaphoid fractures. For fracture, CBCT had a sensitivity of 96.2% and specificity of 100%. There was a highly significant difference in interobserver variation between fracture detection on CBCT and radiographs. CONCLUSION: CBCT heralds the potential for early accurate diagnosis of radiocarpal fractures, at lower cost, shortening clinical pathways and reducing clinical risk in the ED.

Emergency ultrasound in the prehospital setting: the impact of environment on examination outcomes.

This study aimed to compare ultrasound examinations performed within a land ambulance (stationary and moving) with those completed in a simulated emergency department (ED) to determine the feasibility of undertaking ultrasound examinations within the UK prehospital care environment. The findings suggest that abdominal aortic aneurysm and extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma emergency ultrasound examinations can be performed in the stationary or moving land ambulance environment to a standard consistent with those performed in the hospital ED.

Review and optimisation of foot radiography technique.

INTRODUCTION: Radiography is an important tool in the diagnosis of trauma and diseases of the foot. Consistent image quality and anatomical appearances are essential to ensure that images are interpreted correctly and this study aims to evaluate current technique and use anthropomorphical phantoms in order to investigate the most optimal radiographic technique. METHODS: A two part study was conducted. An electronic survey was administered in order to ascertain the current radiographic technique utilised within the United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS) and compare this with techniques published within radiographic positioning textbooks in common use within the UK. A phantom experiment also sought to identify the most appropriate angulation of the central beam to employ in order to optimally visualise the anatomy for standard non-trauma radiography of the foot. A relative visual grading analysis technique was used to assess radiographic quality. RESULTS: The electronic survey was completed by 38% of departments (n = 69/182) and demonstrated wide inconsistencies in projections, centring points and beam angulations employed across the NHS. The most commonly employed techniques no longer match the majority of positions described in textbooks. The phantom experiment modelled the ability to accurately visualise anatomy with a variation of the central beam angulation. The results demonstrated that the most commonly described textbook techniques remain the most optimal for accurately visualising the anatomy of the foot. CONCLUSION: This study has validated the radiographic techniques of the foot described in many of the key texts, however self-reported current practice has diverged from this textbook description. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Reinforcement of fundamental principles will benefit the patient with increased image quality, improved diagnosis and improved consistency of images, particularly when patient care is transferred between centres.