[Modeling the dynamics of the effective population size of the Okhotsk Sea pollock in the Holocene era on the basis of genetic variability in the Nd2 and Cytb mtDNA loci].

We used Bayesian statistics to investigate the demographic history of the walleye pollock in the sea of Okhotks based on polymorphisms of sequences of the Nd2 and Cytb mitochondrial genes. We determined the average age for the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) as 44.1 ± 2 and 52.6 1.3 thousand years, respectively, for Nd2 and Cytb. These findings suggest that demographic expansion of the Okhotsk Sea pollock began 10-12 thousand years ago, which coincides with the period of global changes in the sea level during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene eras.

[Informativity of some of the molecular markers most frequently used in population genetics of salmonids].

The genetic parameters of donor and artificial populations of Siberian salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) have been analyzed. The parameters were obtained Wvith the use of different molecular markers as well as mathematic modeling based on experimental data. The difference between results is explained by the different resolving power of individual markers and/or stochastic effects. It is assumed that these factors together with temporal differentiation of spawning salmonid populations and the stable interpopulation gene flow constrain resolution of methods based on the use of molecular markers and designated for the analysis of differentiation of salmonid populations.

[Phylogeography of pacific herring Clupea pallasii from Eurasian seas].

Eleven samples of Pacific herring from the four seas of Eurasia (Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea, and White Sea), and one sample of Atlantic herring were analyzed. Complete and partial sequences of the mtDNA control region with the sizes up to 1071 bp were used. To verify the haplogroups identified, additional sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase I gene was performed. It was demonstrated that Pacific herring from the seas of Eurasia belonged to one mitochondrial haplogroup. The gene flow between the localities from different parts of the Far Eastern sea basins was about 11% per locality, per generation, which led to constant leveling of herring intraspecific differentiation. The data presented gave no reasons for subdivision of the herring populations in accordance to ecological characters (lacustrine and marine). Analysis of global molecular variance (global AMOVA) demonstrated that in Asian water basins, more than 98% of molecular polymorphism was found within the samples at the low level of significance (p < 0.05).

[Variability of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene in the red vole Clethrionomys rutilus pallas, 1779, population in the flood-plain middle stream of the Kolyma River].

The intrapopulation variability of a cytochrome b gene fragment and the corresponding amino acid sequence was studied in the red vole Clethrionomys rutilus Pallas, 1779 from the flood-plain of the Kolyma River. Wide polymorphic variability of these properties was observed. Differences in the cytochrome b gene sequence were determined between the red voles of the studied population and the species collected in neighborhoods of Novosibirsk and Omsk. The revealed results point to the urgency of the cytochrome b gene nucleotide sequence and the variants of the respective amino acid sequence as genetic markers of originality of different red vole populations.

[Genetic diversity of the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius Pallas, 1771) in the Russian Far East as assessed by RAPD-PCR].

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with ten-nucleotide primers of arbitrary sequences (RAPID-PCR) was used to study the genetic characteristics of five samples of the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius Pallas, 1771) from the Russian Far East (Primorye, Khabarovsk krai, and Magadan oblast). Highly significant differentiation of the samples was demonstrated, the genetic diversity of each sample was estimated, and non-neutral loci were found. The genetic diversity was the highest in a population from the outskirts of Magadan and the lowest in populations from an island on the Amur River island near Khabarovsk and from the village of Talon (Magadan oblast). These two last populations were found to be genetically close to each other. These results indicate that striped field mice have been repeatedly introduced to Magadan oblast. The Talon population is likely to have originated from the left bank of the Amur; the outskirts of Magadan are inhabited with a mixed population formed by mice from Primorye and other regions.

[Short repeats and variability in the smooth noncoding area of human mitochondrial DNA]. / Korotkie povtory i izmenchivost' glavnoi nekodiruiushchei oblasti mitokhondrial'noi DNK cheloveka.

Major non-coding region of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (1122 bp) was assessed using the method of complexity analysis of genomes. The ACT, TCA, AGT and TGA motifs (AST-repeats) were shown to form short repeats as well as more complex block structures. These motifs are intrinsic for regulatory sequences of DNA of procaryotic and eucaryotic genes. ACT-repeats based blocks happen to be the most variable parts of the region studied too. Each inherited type of mtDNA is proposed to be a pattern of short repeats arranged with the regard to their symmetry, complementarity and alternativeness thus forming block DNA structures. The existence of similar structures may be possible due to the variability of nucleotide sequences more pronounced in the blocks of repeats of major non-coding region of human mtDNA.

[Polymorphic biochemical systems in the population of immigrant inhabitants of the northeastern USSR. II. Genotypic distances between groups of persons with a varying duration of living under extreme environmental conditions]. / Biokhimicheskie polimorfnye sistemy v populiatsii prishlykh zhitelei C Severo-Vostoka SSSR. Soobshchenie II. GGenotipicheskie "distantsii" mezhdu gruppami zdorovykh kiudei s raznoi dlitel'nost'iu prozhivaniia v ékstremal'nykh usloviiakh sredy.

Analysis of the differences in the groups examined for phenotypes and genes has shown that the longer dwelling in the regions of the extreme conditions, the greater changes are in the genetic structure of separate selections with "retreating" from middle latitudes'population and "approaching" the aboriginal one of the North-East. This "dynamics" is mostly pronounced in men and groups characterized by very long dwelling in the region; the differences between representatives of both sexes are maximal. A slightly more isolated position is occupied by the genetic structure of individuals living in the North from the birth. The data obtained allow to assume that the genetic structure of the man's population being formed in the extreme conditions, tends to the ecological fit on account of the selectivity of migratory behaviour. The ecological fit of separate genotypes may well be assumed to be different for representatives of both sexes and on different stages of ontogenesis.

[Genetic structure of the populations of native inhabitants in the northeastern USSR. III. Asiatic Eskimos and the coast and reindeer Chukchi]. / Geneticheskaia struktura populiatsii korennykh zhitelei Severo-Vostoka SSSR. Soobshchenie III. Aziatskie éskimosy, beregovye i olennye chukchi.

The genetic structure of three Asiatic eskimos subpopulations (402 individuals), five coast chuckchies subpopulations (1793 individuals) and three reindeer chuckchies subpopulations (559 individuals) have been studied for 26 electrophoretic protein systems (33 loci). These are: adenilate-kinase (AK), diaphorase NAD X H (Dia), glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (6GPT), glutamatpyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamicoxalate transaminase (GOT), carbonic anhydrase-1 (Ca-1), catalase (Ct), acid phosphatase (AcP), lactate dehydrogenase (loci LDH-A and LDH-B), leucine aminopeptidase (Lap), malatedehydrogenase (MDH), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), superoxide dismutase (Sod), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), phosphoglucomutase (loci PGM1 and PGM2), cholinesterase (loci c1--c5), alkaline phosphatase (Pp), esterase D (EsD), red cell esterase (Est) - 4 loci, albumin (Alb), haptoglobin (Hp), hemoglobine (Hb A and B), group-specific component (Gc), transferrin (Tf), ceruloplasmin (Cp). In addition, AB0 and Rh system blood groups and phenyl thiocarbamide taste sensitivity (PTC) have been studied. 12 of 36 loci are polymorphic (33.33%), heterozygosity for all loci in eskimos, coastal and reindeer chuckchies being 0.118 +/- 0.005, 0.130 +/- 0.002 and 0.120 +/- 0.004, respectively. These estimates do not differ essentially from heterozygosity at these loci for mongoloid groups living further south. The test for interpopulation heterogeneity has permitted to estimate contribution of the loci to the differentiation of these populations. The least heterogeneity has been found at loci where gene frequency distribution is the most specific for these ethnic groups.

[Biochemical polymorphic systems in the population of immigrant inhabitants of the northeastern USSR. III. Selectivity of migration behavior with respect to the genotypes of polymorphic loci]. / Biokhimicheskie polimorfnye sistemy v populiatsii prishlykh zhitelei Severo-Vostoka SSSR. Soobshchenie III. Izbiratel'nost' migratsionnogo povedeniia po otnosheniiu k genotipam polimorfnykh lokusov.

Genotype frequency correlation in individuals (1448 men and 1400 women) which left and those remained in the region was studied at 12 polymorphic loci (AcP, PGM, PGD, GPT, GLO-1, AK, Pp, Hp, Gc, Tf, ABO and Rh) in four years after the first examination. It is shown that the electivity of removal with respect to the genotypes of polymorphic systems studied determines the genetic structure specificity of the population. The men, in comparison with women, have more pronounced electivity and it is most considerable in the first years of dwelling under extreme conditions. It is ascertained that the electivity of the removal is a leading but not a sole factor determining the genetic structure specificity, because the significant differences in genotype frequencies between removed and remained individuals was found for some of the loci at which the frequency gradient depending on the duration of dwelling in the region was not found.

[Polymorphic biochemical systems in a population of newly arrived inhabitants of the northeastern USSR. IV. The characteristics of the genetic structure of persons with chronic pathological processes]. / Biokhimicheskie polimorfnye sistemy v populiatsii prishlykh zhitelei Severo-Vostoka SSSR. Soobshchenie IV. Osobennosti geneticheskoi struktury u lits s khronicheskimi patologicheskimi protsessami.

Analysis of properties of the genetic structure in 2847 individuals with different chronic diseases (1261 men and 1586 women) for 14 polymorphic loci (AcP, PGM1, PGD, GPT, GLO-I, EsD, AK, Pp, E2, Hp, Gc, Tf, AB0 and Rh) is presented. Discrepancy between the observed and expected phenotype frequencies for PGM1, GLO-I, EsD and AB0 loci is observed in a sample of patients Deviation from the expected frequencies is unequal for the representatives of different sex. Male and female portions of the sample differ significantly from each other for AcP, GPT, GLO-I, AK, EsD, Tf and AB0 loci, i. e. for 7 from 14 systems analysed. Highly significant differences between healthy and sick individuals have been detected: in general samples for 8 loci (AcP, PGM1, GPT, GLO-I, AK, Pp, Hp, AB0); in men for 8 loci (AcP, GPT, AK, PGD, Pp, Tf, AB0); in women for 5 loci (PGD, Pp, Gc, Tf, AB0). The difference between sick and healthy individuals of different sex is not only of qualitative but also of quantitative expression. The difference between sick and healthy men is much stronger, as compared to that between women. A decline in the average heterozygosity is noted in sick individuals. From the results obtained it is possible to conclude that the group of different pathologic conditions for the complex of genetic parameters differs significantly from that of healthy individuals. This may be a reflection of adaptation and disadaptation processes under the extreme environmental conditions.

[Ecologically conditioned changes in gene frequencies for polymorphic systems in the nonnative population of the northeastern USSR]. / Ekologicheskaia obuslovlennost' izmeneniia gennykh chastot po polimorfnym sistemam u prishlogo naseleniia Severo-Vostoka SSSR.

Examination of 1051 healthy residents of Magadan in terms of nine polymorphic systems has shown changes in phenotype frequencies depending on duration of the persons' staying in the North. The frequency pattern of phenotypes is significantly different among men and women. The phenotype frequencies of alkaline serum phosphatase and acidic erythrocyte phosphatase were found in a more strict correlation with the northern residence term. The part played by selective migratory behaviour in development of genetic structure of population is discussed and also possible ecologic factors resulting in phenotype and gene frequency changes are analysed.

[Correlation of genetic and demographic differences between populations of indigenous inhabitants of the Northeastern USSR]. / Korreliatsiia geneticheskikh i demograficheskikh razlichii mezhdu populiatsiiami korennogo naseleniia severo-vostoka SSSR.

Correlative analysis is given for some demographic characteristics in populations of asiatic eskimos, coastal and reindeer chuckchies, Kamchatka koryaks and Chukotka evens. Summarized estimation of population differences for 7 demographic parameters is presented. Highly reliable correlation of genetic distinctions as defined for 17 polymorphic loci, and demographic differences between populations estimated for 7 parameters (r = 0.868, P less than 0.001) was found. The role of ecological factors in formation of genetic structure features and application of demographic characteristics, as possible indicator of ecological particularities of the given populations, is considered.

[Relative role of selective migration and pathology in the formation of genetic structure]. / Sootnositel'naia rol' izbiratel'noi migratsii i patologii v formirovanii osobennostei geneticheskoi struktury.

It is shown that elective migration, with respect to polymorphic loci genotypes, and their association with pathology affect unequally formation of genetic structure features of the population analysed. The correlative role of two processes mentioned is more or less specific, with respect to every concrete locus: the elective migration and the pathology have unidirectional impact in all groups, which leads to maximum dynamics of genotypes in groups with different duration of dwelling under extreme conditions (AcP, Pp loci). These processes act as antagonists, preserving constant genotype frequency (AK locus). Genotype frequency dynamics is mainly determined by the elective migration (Rh locus) or the pathology (PGD locus). The correlative role of the elective migration and the pathology is often unequal in groups with different duration of dwelling under the North-East conditions, as applied to concrete locus (GLO-1, PGM1), though the elective migration participates in groups with comparatively small dwelling-term in the North and the pathology has more influence as this term increases. The problem of genetic aspects of human adaptation is under discussion.

[Phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP. E. C. 3..3.18) polymorphism in Magadan inhabitants]. / Polimorfizm fosfoglikolatfosfatazy (PGP; K.F.3.1.3.18) u zhitelei Magadana.

PGP phenotype and gene frequency distribution in 457 Russians and 33 Chuckchies is presented. Gene frequencies are: PGP1-0.887 and 0.970; PGP2-0.101 and 0.030; PGP3-0.030 and 0.000, correspondingly. It is shown that frequency of heterozygotes decreases in healthy Russians with increase of duration of dwelling under the North conditions. Such a dynamics causes approaching of PGP phenotype distribution of "long-livers" of the North to that of aboriginal population and moving away from European distribution type.

[Genetic structure of the native populations of the northeastern USSR. II. Phenotype frequencies of the polymorphic systems in generations of the coast Chukchi]. / Geneticheskaia struktura populiatsii korennykh zhitelei Severo-Vostoka SSSR. Soobshchenie II. Chastoty fenotipov polimorfnykh sistem v pokoleniiakh beregovykh chukchei.

Reliable differences between phenotype frequencies in generations for six of ten polymorphic systems were received. Unequal selective value of separate phenotypes at different stages of ontogeny is supposed, which results in heterogeneity of generations in a population. A possible significance of ecological factors in the formation of the genotypic structure of a population is discussed.

[Polymorphic biochemical systems in the population of immigrant inhabitants of the northeastern USSR. I. The genetic structure and its heterogeneity due to sexual dimorphism and to the duration of separate groups living under extreme environmental conditions]. / Biokhimicheskie polimorfnye sistemy v populiats ii prishlykh zhitelei Severo-Vostoka SSSR. Soobshchenie I. Geneticheskaia struktura i ee geterogennost', obuslovlennaia polovym dimorfizmom i dlitel'nost, iu prozhivaniia otdel'nykh grupp v ékstremal'nykh usloviiakh sredy.

Analysis of frequencies of phenotypes and genes for 12 polymorphic loci of 2891 healthy inhabitants of Magadan showed that the frequencies are different in men and women (loci AcP, GPT, Tf), and in individuals selected according to various duration of dwelling under extreme conditions. Therewith, the "dynamics" of phenotype and gene frequencies is not synonymous to the representatives of both sexes. Confirmed are the previous data indicating that the formation of man's population in the extreme conditions entails changes in the genetic structure. The following are the most informative loci for revealing ecologically determined population heterogeneity: acid erythrocyte phosphatase (AcP); alkaline serum phosphatase (Pp); glyoxalase-I (GLO-I); group specific component (Gc) and blood groups Rh.

[Biochemical polymorphic systems in the migrant population of northeastern USSR. VI. Genetic structure of patients in separate nosological groups]. / Biokhimicheskie polimorfnye sistemy v populiatsii prishlykh zhitelei Severo-Vostoka SSSR. Soobshchenie VI. Osobennosti geneticheskoi struktury bol'nykh po otdel'nym nozologicheskim gruppam.

Genotype frequency distribution for a number of polymorphic loci in patients differs significantly in different nosologic groups, in relation to each other and to a sample of healthy individuals. Genetic structure specificity of each nosologic group and different trends of genetic frequency variations, in relation to the sample of healthy individuals, leads to considerable decrease in genetic differences between the united group of pathology and healthy individuals' sample. Spatial differentiation of genetic structure of separate nosologic groups and healthy individuals' sample also confirms genetic isolation of each of these groups and, at the same time, reveals clearly nonspecific biological resistance of human organism.

[Biochemical polymorphic systems in the immigrant population of northeastern USSR. V. Dynamics of genetic structure in individuals with different pathological processes depending upon the duration of living under extreme conditions]. / Biokhimicheskie polimorfnye sistemy v populiatsii prishlykh zhitelei Severo-Vostoka SSSR. Soobshchenie V. Dinamika geneticheskoi struktury u lits s razlichnymi patologicheskimi protsessami v zavisimosti ot dlitel'nosti prozhivaniia v ékstremal'nykh usloviiakh.

It is shown that specificity of the genetic structure in individuals with different pathologic processes is interrelated to the duration of life under the extreme conditions, and its "dynamics" is contrary to that of healthy inhabitants of the region. The extent of genetic differences between groups in man and woman samples, and also between men and women in groups does not depend on the extent of differences between these groups in frequency of nosologic forms. The latter indicate that the genotype shows nonspecific disease resistance on the whole, but not to the given pathologic process. The prevalence of the average real heterozygosity over the theoretical one in sick men and the reverse effect in healthy men points to formation of new heterozygosity optimum in the extreme conditions, leading to decline in the population genetic diversity, which rather corresponds to the specific ecology. The comparison of groups of sick and healthy individuals of different life duration in the North shows that the specific weight of genotype nonspecific resistance to diseases depends mostly on the duration of life of individuals under extreme conditions, this dependence being not linear.

[Genetic structure of the populations of native inhabitants in the northeastern USSR. V. The Chukot Evens]. / Geneticheskaia struktura populiatsii korennykh zhitelei Severo-Vostoka SSSR. Soobshchenie V. Eveny Chukotki.

The genetic structure of two Chukot Evens subpopulations (314 individuals) for electrophoretic protein systems and taste sensitivity to PTC was studied. 17 of the 39 loci were polymorphic (43.59%). The following systems were completely monomorphic: diaphorase NAD H (Dia); glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD); glutamatoxalate transaminase (GOT); carbonic anhydrase (Ca-1); catalase (Ct), lactate dehydrogenase (loci LDH-A and LDH-B); leucine aminopeptidase (Lap); malate dehydrogenase (MDH); purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP); superoxide phosphorylase (PNP); superoxide dismutase (SOD); phosphoglucomutase-2 (PGM2); cholinesterase (locus E1); red cell esterase (4 loci); albumin (Alb); hemoglobin (Hb A and B); ceruloplasmin (Cp); and blood, gren, using the standard method. The following systems were polymorphic: red cell acid phosphatase (AcP); phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1); 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD); glutamatepyruvate transaminase (GPT); glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1); esterase (EsD); adenilatkinase (AK); alkaline phosphatase (Pp); cholinesterase (locus E2); haptoglobin (Hp); transferrin (Tf); group-specific component (Gc) and ABO, MN, Lewis, P blood groups and taste sensitivity to PTC. The following allele frequencies for polymorphic loci have been detected: AKI = 0.994; GLO = 1I = 0.082; GPT1 = 0.653; AcPA = 0.400; AcPB = 0.599; AcPC = 0.001; PGDA = 0.944; PGM1(1) = 0.906; EsD1 = 0.897; E2+ = 0.048; HpI = 0.394; GcI = 0,919; Tfc = 0.987; r(O) = 0.669; p(A) = 0.184; q(B) = 0.146; M = 0.711; Le = 0.411; P1+ = 0.521; t = 0.295. The genetic structure of Chukot Evens population is significantly nearer to that of the other ethnic groups of the North-East, in comparison with the genetic structure of Evenks of the Middle Siberia.

[Divergence of the cytochrome b gene in grouse species]. / Divergentsiia gena tsitokhroma b u teterevinykh ptits.

A 720-bp cytochrome b gene fragment of the mitochondrial genome was sequenced in ten species and seven potential subspecies of grouse. Of 187 variable sites detected, 140 were parsimony informative. The distribution of nucleotides in three positions of codons had a similar pattern with and did not fundamentally differ from that of the nucleotide composition of this gene in other animals, including birds. The nucleotides found at the first codon position were shown to be uniformly distributed, whereas the third position was characterized by a significant decrease in the amount of guanine and, to a lesser extent, thymine. Based on the data on the nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene fragment, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. This tree fits well the morphological and ecological differentiation of the species studied.