Epicardial adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome: An update protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS-related stroke is set to increase dramatically in coming decades. MetS is a complex disease that includes endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, ectopic obesity, and dyslipidaemia, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, there are no systematic analyses, or well-conducted meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and (MetS). The aim of this study is to examine this association of EAT with MetS in different ages and sex. METHODS: The update systematic review, and meta-analysis will be conducted using published studies that will be identified from electronic databases (ie, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies that firstly, examined the association between EAT and MetS, secondly, focus on cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies, thirdly, were conducted among in adults aged between 40 and 70 years, fourth, provided sufficient data for calculating ORs or relative risk with a 95% CI, fifth, were published as original articles written in English or other languages, and sixth, have been published until January year 2018 will be included. Study selection, data collection, quality assessment, and statistical syntheses will be conducted based on discussions among investigators. RESULTS: Ethics approval was not required for this study because it was based on published studies. The results and findings of this study will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. This study will provide a high quality synthesis on the association of EAT and MetS. CONCLUSION: This systematic review will provide evidence to assess whether there is a strong association of EAT and MetS, and its components.

High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol functionality and metabolic syndrome: Protocol for review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS-related stroke is set to increase dramatically in coming decades. MetS is a complex disease that includes endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, ectopic obesity, and dyslipidaemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. One function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) is the cholesterol-efflux pathway, which is the pathway where cholesterol is removed from macrophages within the arterial walls back into the bloodstream and out to the liver. As one of the key functions of HDL, their hypothesis was that if they could measure HDL-C-efflux capacity, they would have a better handle on the role of HDL in atherosclerosis. However, there are no systematic analyses or well-conducted meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between HDL-C functionality and MetS. The aim of this study is to examine this association of HDL-C functionality with MetS in different ages and sex. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The update systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted using published studies that will be identified from electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Studies that examined the association between HDL-C functionality and MetS; focused on cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies; were conducted among in adults aged 40 to 70 years; provided sufficient data for calculating odds ratio or relative risk with a 95% confidence interval; were published as original articles written in English or other languages; and have been published until January 2018 will be included. Study selection, data collection, quality assessment, and statistical syntheses will be conducted based on discussions among investigators. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was not required for this study because it was based on published studies. The results and findings of this study will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO (CRD42018083465).

The thyroid hormone receptor ß-selective agonist GC-1 does not affect tolerance to exercise in hypothyroid rats.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effect of GC-1 on tolerance to exercise in rats with experimental hypothyroidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hypothyroidism was induced with methimazole sodium and perchlorate treatment. Six groups with eight animals were studied: control group (C), hypothyroid group without treatment (HYPO); hypothyroidism treated with physiological doses of tetraiodothyronine (T4) or 10 times higher (10×T4); hypothyroidism treated with equal molar doses of GC-1 (GC-1) or 10 times higher (10×GC-1). After eight weeks, each animal underwent an exercise tolerance test by measuring the time (seconds), in which the rats were swimming with a load attached to their tails without being submerging for more than 10 sec. After the test, the animals were killed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and the heart and soleus muscle were removed for weighing and morphometric analysis of the cardiomyocyte. RESULTS: Hypothyroidism significantly reduced tolerance to exercise and, treatment with GC-1 1× or T4 in physiological doses recover tolerance test to normal parameters. However, high doses of T4 also decreased tolerance to physical exercise. Conversely, ten times higher doses of GC-1 did not impair tolerance to exercise. Interestingly, hypothyroidism, treated or not with T4 in a physiological range, GC-1 or even high doses of GC-1 (10X) did not change cardiomyocyte diameters and relative weight of the soleus muscle. In contrast, higher doses of T4 significantly increased cardiomyocyte diameter and induced atrophy of the soleus muscle. CONCLUSION: Unlike T4, GC-1 in high doses did not modify tolerance to physical exercise in the rats with hypothyroidism.

Hypertrophic response of the association of thyroid hormone and exercise in the heart of rats.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac hypertrophy is a component of cardiac remodeling occurring in response to an increase of the activity or functional overload of the heart. OBJECTIVE: Assess hypertrophic response of the association of thyroid hormone and exercise in the rat heart. METHODS: We used 37 Wistar rats, male, adults were randomly divided into four groups: control, hormone (TH), exercise (E), thyroid hormone and exercise (H+E); the group received daily hormone levothyroxine sodium by gavage at a dose of 20 µg thyroid hormone/100g body weight, the exercise group took swimming five times a week, with additional weight corresponding to 20% of body weight for six weeks; in group H+E were applied simultaneously TH treatment groups and E. The statistics used was analysis of variance, where appropriate, by Tukey test and Pearson correlation test. RESULTS: The T4 was greater in groups TH and H+E. The total weight of the heart was greater in patients who received thyroid hormone and left ventricular weight was greater in the TH group. The transverse diameter of cardiomyocytes increased in groups TH, E and H+E. The percentage of collagen was greater in groups E and H+E Correlation analysis between variables showed distinct responses. CONCLUSION: The association of thyroid hormone with high-intensity exercise produced cardiac hypertrophy, and generated a standard hypertrophy not directly correlated to the degree of fibrosis.

High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol functionality and metabolic syndrome: Protocol for review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS-related stroke is set to increase dramatically in coming decades. MetS is a complex disease that includes endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, ectopic obesity, and dyslipidaemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. One function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) is the cholesterol-efflux pathway, which is the pathway where cholesterol is removed from macrophages within the arterial walls back into the bloodstream and out to the liver. As one of the key functions of HDL, their hypothesis was that if they could measure HDL-C-efflux capacity, they would have a better handle on the role of HDL in atherosclerosis. However, there are no systematic analyses or well-conducted meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between HDL-C functionality and MetS. The aim of this study is to examine this association of HDL-C functionality with MetS in different ages and sex. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The update systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted using published studies that will be identified from electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Studies that examined the association between HDL-C functionality and MetS; focused on cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies; were conducted among in adults aged 40 to 70 years; provided sufficient data for calculating odds ratio or relative risk with a 95% confidence interval; were published as original articles written in English or other languages; and have been published until January 2018 will be included. Study selection, data collection, quality assessment, and statistical syntheses will be conducted based on discussions among investigators.

Epicardial adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome An update protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS-related stroke is set to increase dramatically in coming decades. MetS is a complex disease that includes endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, ectopic obesity, and dyslipidaemia, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, there are no systematic analyses, or well conducted meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and (MetS). The aim of this study is to examine this association of EAT with MetS in different ages and sex. METHODS: The update systematic review, and meta-analysis will be conducted using published studies that will be identified from electronic databases (ie, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies that firstly, examined the association between EAT and MetS, secondly, focus on cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies, thirdly, were conducted among in adults aged between 40 and 70 years, fourth, provided sufficient data for calculating ORs or relative risk with a 95% CI, fifth, were published as original articles written in English or other languages, and sixth, have been published until January year 2018 will be included. Study selection, data collection, quality assessment, and statistical syntheses will be conducted based on discussions among investigators. RESULTS: Ethics approval was not required for this study because it was based on published studies. The results and findings of this study will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. This study will provide a high quality synthesis on the association of EAT and MetS. CONCLUSION: This systematic review will provide evidence to assess whether there is a strong association of EAT and MetS, and its components.

Epicardial adipose tissue and carotid artery disease Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is now widely recognized as a multifactorial disease with outcomes that arise from complex factors such as plaque components, blood flow, and inflammation. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically active fat depot, abundant in proinflammatory cytokines, and has been correlated with the extent and severity of carotid artery disease (CD). The locations most frequently affected by carotid atherosclerosis are the proximal internal carotid artery (ie, the origin) and the common carotid artery bifurcation. Progression of atheromatous plaque at the carotid bifurcation results in luminal narrowing, often accompanied by ulceration. However, there are no systematic analyses or well-conducted meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between EAT and CD. The aim of this study is to examine this association of EAT with CD in different ages and sex. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted using published studies that will be identified from electronic databases (ie, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies that (1) examined the association between EAT and CD, (2) focus on cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies, (3) will conducted among in adults aged 40 to 70 years, (4) provided sufficient data for calculating ORs or relative risk with a 95% CI, (5) will published as original articles written in English or other languages, and (6) have been published until January 2018 will be included. Study selection, data collection, quality assessment and statistical syntheses will be conducted based on discussions among investigators. Results: We propose the current protocol to evaluate the evaluation of EAT with ED. CONCLUSION: This systematic review will not need ethical approval, because it does not involve human beings. The results and findings of this study will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal.

Action of leucine in heart hypertrophy induced by thyroid hormone in rats / Ação da leucina na hipertrofia cardíaca induzida pelo hormônio tireoidiano em ratos

Leucine is a regulator of protein metabolism in vivo, but there is little information regarding its effect on hyperthyroidism-induced cardiac hypertrophy. This study aimed to verify the action of leucine in heart hypertrophy using an experimental model of hyperthyroidism in rats. A total of 40 Wistar rats were used and allocated randomly into four groups: control (C), hormone (H), leucine (L) and hormone plus leucine (HL). Hyperthyroidism was induced by administering daily by gavage 20 µg of levothyroxine sodium in aqueous suspension per 100 g of body weight, and leucine was supplemented by adding 5% of the amino acid to conventional food. After 28 days, the heart was removed and weighed; the left ventricle was separated along with the interventricular septum and weighed. Histological slides were made from the left ventricle and stained with hematoxylin-eosin to measure the transverse diameter of cardiomyocytes. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-test were used and significance level set at 5%. There was a significant increase in the absolute heart weight, the left ventricular weight and cardiomyocyte diameter in rats of the H group compared to the other groups. The addition of leucine inhibited heart hypertrophy. Levothyroxine sodium-induced cardiac hypertrophy in Wistar rats is inhibited by leucine.

A leucina é um regulador do metabolismo proteico in vivo, e existem poucas informações referentes à sua ação na hipertrofia cardíaca induzida pelo hipertireoidismo. O estudo teve por objetivo verificar a ação da leucina na hipertrofia cardíaca de ratos Wistar em um modelo experimental de hipertireoidismo. Foram utilizados 40 animais, alocados ao acaso em quatro grupos, sendo: grupo controle (C), grupo hormônio (H), grupo leucina (L) e grupo hormônio + leucina (HL). O hipertireoidismo foi induzido administrando-se, diariamente, 20µg/100 gramas de levotiroxina sódica em suspensão aquosa, por gavagem e a leucina foi suplementada adicionando-se 5% do aminoácido à ração convencional. Ao final do período experimental, o coração foi removido e pesado. Foi separado o ventrículo esquerdo juntamente com o septo interventricular e pesado. Foram feitas lâminas histológicas a partir do ventrículo esquerdo, coradas com hematoxilina-eosina, para a medida do diâmetro transversal dos cardiomiócitos. Foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA) de duas vias e pós-teste de Tukey e adotado um P<0,05. Houve aumento significante para o peso do coração, peso do ventrículo esquerdo e diâmetro dos cardiomiócitos no grupo H em relação aos demais grupos. A adição de leucina inibe a hipertrofia. A hipertrofia cardíaca induzida em ratos Wistar pela levotiroxina sódica é inibida pela leucina.

The thyroid hormone receptor β-selective agonist GC-1 does not affect tolerance to exercise in hypothyroid rats

Objective Investigate the effect of GC-1 on tolerance to exercise in rats with experimental hypothyroidism. Materials and methods Hypothyroidism was induced with methimazole sodium and perchlorate treatment. Six groups with eight animals were studied: control group (C), hypothyroid group without treatment (HYPO); hypothyroidism treated with physiological doses of tetraiodothyronine (T4) or 10 times higher (10×T4); hypothyroidism treated with equal molar doses of GC-1 (GC-1) or 10 times higher (10×GC-1). After eight weeks, each animal underwent an exercise tolerance test by measuring the time (seconds), in which the rats were swimming with a load attached to their tails without being submerging for more than 10 sec. After the test, the animals were killed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and the heart and soleus muscle were removed for weighing and morphometric analysis of the cardiomyocyte. Results Hypothyroidism significantly reduced tolerance to exercise and, treatment with GC-1 1× or T4 in physiological doses recover tolerance test to normal parameters. However, high doses of T4 also decreased tolerance to physical exercise. Conversely, ten times higher doses of GC-1 did not impair tolerance to exercise. Interestingly, hypothyroidism, treated or not with T4 in a physiological range, GC-1 or even high doses of GC-1 (10X) did not change cardiomyocyte diameters and relative weight of the soleus muscle. In contrast, higher doses of T4 significantly increased cardiomyocyte diameter and induced atrophy of the soleus muscle. Conclusion Unlike T4, GC-1 in high doses did not modify tolerance to physical exercise in the rats with hypothyroidism. .

Resposta Hipertrofica da Associacao de Hormonio Tireoidiano e de Exercicio Fisico no Coracao de Ratos / Hypertrophic response of the Association of Thyroid Hormone and Exercise in the Heart of Rats

Fundamento: A hipertrofia cardíaca constitui um dos componentes do remodelamento cardíaco e ocorre em resposta a aumento da atividade ou da sobrecarga funcional do coração. Objetivo: Avaliar a resposta hipertrófica da associação do hormônio tireoidiano e do exercício físico no coração de ratos. Método: Foram utilizados 37 ratos da linhagem Wistar, machos, adultos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: controle, hormônio (HT), exercício (E), hormônio tireoidiano e exercício (H + E). O grupo hormônio recebeu diariamente levotiroxina sódica por gavagem, na dose de 20 μg de hormônio tireoidiano/100 g de peso corporal; o grupo exercício realizou natação cinco vezes por semana, com peso adicional correspondente a 20% do peso corporal, durante seis semanas; no grupo H + E foram aplicados simultaneamente os tratamentos dos grupos HT e E. A estatísica utilizada foi a análise de variância complementada, quando necessário, pelo teste de Tukey e o teste de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: O T4 foi mais elevado nos grupos HT e H + E. O peso total do coração foi maior nos grupos que receberam hormônio tireoidiano, e o peso ventricular esquerdo foi maior no grupo HT. O diâmetro transversal dos cardiomiócitos aumentou nos grupos HT, E e H + E. A porcentagem de colágeno foi maior nos grupos E e H + E. A análise da correlação entre as variáveis apresentou distintas respostas. Conclusão: A associação do hormônio tireoidiano com exercício físico de elevada intensidade produziu hipertrofia cardíaca e gerou um padrão hipertrófico não correlacionado diretamente ao grau de fibrose. .

Background: Cardiac hypertrophy is a component of cardiac remodeling occurring in response to an increase of the activity or functional overload of the heart. Objective: Assess hypertrophic response of the association of thyroid hormone and exercise in the rat heart. Methods: We used 37 Wistar rats, male, adults were randomly divided into four groups: control, hormone (TH), exercise (E), thyroid hormone and exercise (H + E); the group received daily hormone levothyroxine sodium by gavage at a dose of 20 μg thyroid hormone/100g body weight, the exercise group took swimming five times a week, with additional weight corresponding to 20% of body weight for six weeks; in group H + E were applied simultaneously TH treatment groups and E. The statistics used was analysis of variance, where appropriate, by Tukey test and Pearson correlation test. Results: The T4 was greater in groups TH and H + E. The total weight of the heart was greater in patients who received thyroid hormone and left ventricular weight was greater in the TH group. The transverse diameter of cardiomyocytes increased in groups TH, E and H + E. The percentage of collagen was greater in groups E and H + E Correlation analysis between variables showed distinct responses. Conclusion: The association of thyroid hormone with high-intensity exercise produced cardiac hypertrophy, and generated a standard hypertrophy not directly correlated to the degree of fibrosis. .

Efeito da leucina na hipertrofia cardíaca e na concentração sérica de creatina quinase em ratos Wistar em hipertireoidismo experimental / Effect of leucine in cardiac hypertrophy and serum creatine kinase in rats in experimental hyperthyroidism

A leucina é um regulador do metabolismo proteico in vivo, e existem poucas informações referentes à sua ação na hipertrofia cardíaca induzida pelo hipertireoidismo experimental e sua relação com a creatina quinase sérica. O estudo teve por objetivo verificar a ação da leucina na hipertrofia cardíaca e na concentração sérica de creatina quinase em ratos Wistar em hipertireoidismo. Foram utilizados 20 animais, divididos em quatro grupos sendo estes o controle, hormônio, leucina e hormônio + leucina. O hipertireoidismo foi induzido administrando-se, diariamente, 20µg/100 gramas de levotiroxina sódica em suspensão aquosa, por gavagem. A leucina foi suplementada adicionando-se 5% do aminoácido à ração convencional. O sangue foi coletado por punção cardíaca e as análises feitas em kits para CK-NAC, CK-MB e TSH. Ao final do período experimental de sete dias o coração foi removido e pesado. Posteriormente, foi separado o ventrículo esquerdo juntamente com o septo interventricular e pesado. Na comparação estatística foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA) de duas vias e pós-teste de Tukey, considerando-se significativos valores de p<0,05. As concentrações séricas de CK-MB sérica foram menores no grupo leucina (p<0,05) e hormônio + leucina (p<0,05) em comparação a controle. O grupo hormônio, apresentou peso relativo do coração maior que o grupo controle (p<0,05) e peso absoluto do coração maior que hormônio + leucina (p<0,05). Em conclusão, a leucina parece reduzir a hipertrofia cardíaca e a concentração sérica da creatina quinase por mecanismos ainda desconhecidos.

Leucine is a regulator of protein metabolism in vivo, and there is little information regarding its action on cardiac hypertrophy induced by experimental hyperthyroidism and its relationship to serum creatine kinase. The study aimed to verify the effect of leucine in cardiac hypertrophy and serum creatine kinase in rats with hyperthyroidism. We used 20 animals were divided into four groups and these control, hormone, hormone + leucine and leucine. Hyperthyroidism was induced by administration of daily 20µg/100 grams of levothyroxine sodium in aqueous suspension by gavage. Leucine was supplemented by adding 5% of the amino conventional diet. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and analyzes made in kit CK-NAC, CK-MB and TSH. At the end of the trial period of seven days the hearts were removed and weighed. Subsequently, the left ventricle was separated together with the interventricular septum and weighed. In statistical comparison was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-way post-Tukey test, considering p values <0.05. Serum concentrations of serum CK-MB were lower in leucine (p <0.05) and hormone + leucine (p <0.05) compared to control. The hormone group, showed greater relative heart weight than the control group (p <0.05) and absolute heart weight greater than hormone + leucine (p <0.05). In conclusion, leucine appears to reduce cardiac hypertrophy and serum concentration of creatine kinase by unknown mechanisms.