Sex Differences in Coping Strategies Based on Chronic Pain Intensity Among Older Adults.

The aim of the current study was to investigate chronic pain coping strategies of older adults and the differences between sexes according to the intensity of pain. A cross-sectional study was performed in specialty clinics in midwestern Brazil. Participants comprised 276 older adults with chronic pain. The Brief Pain Inventory and Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-Brazilian version were used to assess self-reported pain intensity and pain coping strategies. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn tests were used for intergroup comparisons. The task persistence and coping self-statements subscales were the most used coping strategies. The strategies of exercise/stretching and task persistence were used differently between males and females. Males showed significant differences in asking for assistance, task persistence, and guarding subscales when pain intensity was taken into account, whereas females showed differences in the guarding and resting subscales. Adaptive coping was the most used coping strategy; however, some non-adaptive subscales were significant in both sexes when compared with levels of chronic pain intensity. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 47(10), 30-36.].

[The bioethical principlism model applied in pain management]. / O modelo bioético principialista aplicado no manejo da dor.

An integrative literature review was developed with the purpose to analyze the scientific production regarding the relationships between pain and the principles of bioethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice). Controlled descriptors were used in three international data sources (LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE), in April of 2012, totaling 14 publications categorized by pain and autonomy, pain and beneficence, pain and nonmaleficence, pain and justice. The adequate relief of pain is a human right and a moral issue directly related with the bioethical principlism standard model (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice). However, many professionals overlook the pain of their patients, ignoring their ethical role when facing suffering. It was concluded that principlism has been neglected in the care of patients in pain, showing the need for new practices to change this setting.

[The occurrence of headaches and their effect upon nursing undergraduate students]. / Ocorrência e prejuízos da cefaleia em estudantes universitárias de enfermagem.

This study was performed with the objectives of identifying the occurrence of headache as the major cause of pain and characterizing the effect headaches have on the everyday activities of nursing undergraduate students. This cross-sectional study was performed at the College of Nursing of the Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil, from May to June 2008. Participants included 203 students (mean age 21 years; s.d.=1.8), 48.5% from economic class A. Headaches were the major cause of pain for 34.5% of students; described as being of strong intensity; referred to as throbbing (74.3%), stabbing (62.9%), and causing nausea and/or vomiting (55.7%); with episodes occurring in the afternoon (52.9%), and lasting for several hours a day (51.4%). Factors related to the onset of pain were: studying (17.1%) and stress (11.4 %). The activities most affected were: their capacity to concentrate (84.3%) and their mood (84.3%) (p<0.05). Headaches are less common in the population compared to other country studies, and they affect the students' everyday activities.

Severe acute postoperative pain self-reported by children after ambulatory surgeries: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: to estimate the incidence and the risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain self-reported on the first day after hospital discharge. METHODS: cohort study with 279 children from both sexes (5-12 years old), indicated for ambulatory surgery in two Brazilian hospitals. Children were assessed at the pre-surgery, immediate postoperative and first postoperative day. Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Modified were used. Severe postoperative pain was defined as score ≥6. Cox regression analyses were used. RESULTS: the incidence of severe postoperative pain was 15.8% (95%CI:10.7%-20.4%) on the first postoperative day. Preoperative anxiety (HR=2.23; p=0.049), severe preoperative pain (HR=2.78; p=0.031) and having undergone two surgical procedures (HR=2.91; p=0.002) were associated with severe postoperative pain. CONCLUSIONS: the incidence of severe postoperative pain self-reported after hospital discharge was high. Anxiety and severe preoperative pain, in addition to performing two surgical procedures at the same time were confirmed as risk factors.

A Rasch Analysis of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-Brazilian Version.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Rasch model has not yet been used to evaluate the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI), a tool used worldwide to measure coping with chronic pain. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the adjustment of the CPCI-Brazilian version and its scales to the Rasch model. METHODS: CPCI Rasch analysis with 705 outpatients from a Brazilian hospital. RESULTS: The set of Illness-Focused coping strategies presented as a one-dimensional scale. The Rasch reliability of the person item ranged between 0.33 and 0.89, and 0.29 and 0.99, respectively. There were misfits for items 35 (MNSQOutfit = 2.12) and 54 (MNSQOutfit = 2.92), and DIF of one item regarding gender. The Wright map revealed some gaps in coping measurement. CONCLUSIONS: The scales of CPCIBrazilian Version fitted to the Rasch model after adjustments in the categories of response and exclusion of items 35 and 54.

Factors associated with quality of life of older adults with chronic pain.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with quality of life of the older adults with chronic pain. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted with 239 older adults in outpatient care in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The World Health Organization Quality of Life-Old (WHOQOL-OLD) instrument contains six domains and was applied to assess quality of life. Simple and multiple linear regressions were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The factors associated with Sensory Abilities were age (ß = - 0.52), time spent together (ß = - 14.35; - 17.86; - 15.57), and pain intensity (ß = - 1, 70). Autonomy was associated with depression (ß = - 5.99) and chest pain (ß = - 6.17). Social participation related to schooling (ß = - 0.64), diabetes mellitus (ß = - 8.15), depression (ß = - 14.53), pain intensity (ß = - 1.43), and lower limb pain (ß = - 5.94). Past, present and future activities related to depression (ß = - 6.94). Death and dying related to hypertension (ß = - 8.40), while Intimacy to depression (ß = - 5.99) and headache/face pain (ß = - 3.19). CONCLUSION: The time experiencing chronic pain and the location of this experience, as well as depression, diabetes and systemic arterial hypertension were factors that had greater influence on the older adult's Quality of Life domains.

Structural validity of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-Brazilian version.

BACKGROUND: The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI) has been widely used to measure coping with pain, however, the psychometric properties of the Brazilian CPCI are unknown. AIM: To verify the validity and reliability of the CPCI-Brazilian version. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 705 outpatients with chronic pain participated in the study. Cronbach's alpha, corrected item-total correlations, and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, using the method of Diagonally Weighted Least Squares. RESULTS: Construct validity was supported with a factor loading range of 0.36-0.90 (9 factors) corroborating original loads. The final model had adequate fit with items 42 and 54 excluded, D.F = 2174, TLI = 0.96; CFI = 0.96 and RMSEA = 0.051(p = 0.067). Eight of the nine CPCI scales showed satisfactory reliability (Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.70 to 0.92). The Relaxation scale obtained a low alpha value (0.53). CONCLUSION: The CPCI-Brazilian version, after exclusion of items 42 and 54, is valid to measure chronic pain coping in Brazilian adults.

Severe acute postoperative pain self-reported by children after ambulatory surgeries: a cohort study / Dor aguda pós-operatória intensa autorreferida por crianças após cirurgias ambulatoriais: um estudo de coorte / Dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado por niños después de cirugías ambulatorias: un estudio de cohort

ABSTRACT Objectives: to estimate the incidence and the risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain self-reported on the first day after hospital discharge. Methods: cohort study with 279 children from both sexes (5-12 years old), indicated for ambulatory surgery in two Brazilian hospitals. Children were assessed at the pre-surgery, immediate postoperative and first postoperative day. Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Modified were used. Severe postoperative pain was defined as score ≥6. Cox regression analyses were used. Results: the incidence of severe postoperative pain was 15.8% (95%CI:10.7%-20.4%) on the first postoperative day. Preoperative anxiety (HR=2.23; p=0.049), severe preoperative pain (HR=2.78; p=0.031) and having undergone two surgical procedures (HR=2.91; p=0.002) were associated with severe postoperative pain. Conclusions the incidence of severe postoperative pain self-reported after hospital discharge was high. Anxiety and severe preoperative pain, in addition to performing two surgical procedures at the same time were confirmed as risk factors.

RESUMO Objetivos: estimar a incidência e os fatores de risco para dor pós-operatória intensa autorreferida no primeiro dia pós-alta. Métodos: estudo de coorte com 279 crianças de ambos os sexos (5-12 anos), com indicação para cirurgia ambulatorial em dois hospitais brasileiros. As crianças foram avaliadas no pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato e primeiro dia pós-alta. As Escala de Faces de Dor Revisada e Escala de Ansiedade Pré-operatória de Yale Modificada foram utilizadas. Dor aguda pós-operatória foi definida como pontuação ≥6. Análises de regressão de Cox foram realizadas. Resultados: a incidência de dor pós-operatória foi de 15,8% (IC95%: 10,7%-20,4%) no primeiro dia pós-alta. Ansiedade pré-operatória (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dor préoperatória intensa (HR=2,78; p=0,031) e ter sido submetido a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) foram associados à dor pós-operatória. Conclusões: a incidência de dor intensa autorreferida no pós-operatório foi elevada. Ansiedade, dor pré-operatória intensa e submissão a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos foram confirmados como fatores de risco.

RESUMEN Objetivos: estimar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado el primer día después del alta hospitalaria. Métodos: estudio de cohorte con 279 niños de ambos sexos, 5-12 años, indicados para cirugía ambulatoria en dos hospitales brasileños, evaluados en el preoperatorio, inmediato y el primer día posoperatorio. Se utilizaron: Faces Pain Scale-Revised y Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale. Dolor posoperatorio agudo fue una puntuación ≥6. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión de Cox. Resultados: la incidencia de dolor postoperatorio agudo fue del 15,8% (IC 95%: 10,7%-20,4%) en el primer día postoperatorio. Ansiedad preoperatoria (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dolor preoperatorio agudo (HR=2,78; p=0,031) y haber sido sometido a dos procedimientos quirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) se asociaron con dolor postoperatorio agudo. Conclusiones la incidencia de dolor agudo autoinformado en el postoperatorio después del alta hospitalaria fue alta. Ansiedad, dolor preoperatorio agudo y haber realizado dos intervenciones quirúrgicas al mismo tiempo fueron factores de riesgo.

Severe acute postoperative pain self-reported by children after ambulatory surgeries: a cohort study / Dor aguda pós-operatória intensa autorreferida por crianças após cirurgias ambulatoriais: um estudo de coorte / Dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado por niños después de cirugías ambulatorias: un estudio de cohort

ABSTRACT Objectives: to estimate the incidence and the risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain self-reported on the first day after hospital discharge. Methods: cohort study with 279 children from both sexes (5-12 years old), indicated for ambulatory surgery in two Brazilian hospitals. Children were assessed at the pre-surgery, immediate postoperative and first postoperative day. Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Modified were used. Severe postoperative pain was defined as score ≥6. Cox regression analyses were used. Results: the incidence of severe postoperative pain was 15.8% (95%CI:10.7%-20.4%) on the first postoperative day. Preoperative anxiety (HR=2.23; p=0.049), severe preoperative pain (HR=2.78; p=0.031) and having undergone two surgical procedures (HR=2.91; p=0.002) were associated with severe postoperative pain. Conclusions the incidence of severe postoperative pain self-reported after hospital discharge was high. Anxiety and severe preoperative pain, in addition to performing two surgical procedures at the same time were confirmed as risk factors.

RESUMO Objetivos: estimar a incidência e os fatores de risco para dor pós-operatória intensa autorreferida no primeiro dia pós-alta. Métodos: estudo de coorte com 279 crianças de ambos os sexos (5-12 anos), com indicação para cirurgia ambulatorial em dois hospitais brasileiros. As crianças foram avaliadas no pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato e primeiro dia pós-alta. As Escala de Faces de Dor Revisada e Escala de Ansiedade Pré-operatória de Yale Modificada foram utilizadas. Dor aguda pós-operatória foi definida como pontuação ≥6. Análises de regressão de Cox foram realizadas. Resultados: a incidência de dor pós-operatória foi de 15,8% (IC95%: 10,7%-20,4%) no primeiro dia pós-alta. Ansiedade pré-operatória (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dor préoperatória intensa (HR=2,78; p=0,031) e ter sido submetido a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) foram associados à dor pós-operatória. Conclusões: a incidência de dor intensa autorreferida no pós-operatório foi elevada. Ansiedade, dor pré-operatória intensa e submissão a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos foram confirmados como fatores de risco.

RESUMEN Objetivos: estimar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado el primer día después del alta hospitalaria. Métodos: estudio de cohorte con 279 niños de ambos sexos, 5-12 años, indicados para cirugía ambulatoria en dos hospitales brasileños, evaluados en el preoperatorio, inmediato y el primer día posoperatorio. Se utilizaron: Faces Pain Scale-Revised y Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale. Dolor posoperatorio agudo fue una puntuación ≥6. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión de Cox. Resultados: la incidencia de dolor postoperatorio agudo fue del 15,8% (IC 95%: 10,7%-20,4%) en el primer día postoperatorio. Ansiedad preoperatoria (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dolor preoperatorio agudo (HR=2,78; p=0,031) y haber sido sometido a dos procedimientos quirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) se asociaron con dolor postoperatorio agudo. Conclusiones la incidencia de dolor agudo autoinformado en el postoperatorio después del alta hospitalaria fue alta. Ansiedad, dolor preoperatorio agudo y haber realizado dos intervenciones quirúrgicas al mismo tiempo fueron factores de riesgo.

Factors associated with quality of life of older adults with chronic pain / Factores asociados a la calidad de vida de ancianos con dolor crónico / Fatores associados à qualidade de vida de pessoas idosas com dor crônica

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the factors associated with quality of life of the older adults with chronic pain. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted with 239 older adults in outpatient care in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The World Health Organization Quality of Life-Old (WHOQOL-OLD) instrument contains six domains and was applied to assess quality of life. Simple and multiple linear regressions were used in the statistical analysis. Results: The factors associated with Sensory Abilities were age (β = - 0.52), time spent together (β = - 14.35; - 17.86; - 15.57), and pain intensity (β = - 1, 70). Autonomy was associated with depression (β = - 5.99) and chest pain (β = - 6.17). Social participation related to schooling (β = - 0.64), diabetes mellitus (β = - 8.15), depression (β = - 14.53), pain intensity (β = - 1.43), and lower limb pain (β = - 5.94). Past, present and future activities related to depression (β = - 6.94). Death and dying related to hypertension (β = - 8.40), while Intimacy to depression (β = - 5.99) and headache/face pain (β = - 3.19). Conclusion: The time experiencing chronic pain and the location of this experience, as well as depression, diabetes and systemic arterial hypertension were factors that had greater influence on the older adult's Quality of Life domains.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores asociados a la calidad de vida (CV) de ancianos con dolor crónico. Método: Estudio transversal en el cual participaron 239 ancianos en atención ambulatoria en el estado de Goiás, Brasil. Para evaluar la calidad de vida, se aplicó el World Health Organization Quality of Life - Old (WHOQOL-OLD), que presenta seis dominios. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó la regresión lineal simple y múltiple. Resultados: Los factores asociados con el dominio Funcionamiento sensorial fueron la edad (β = − 0,52), el tiempo de convivencia (β = − 14,35; − 17,86; − 15,57) y la intensidad del dolor (β = − 1,70). El dominio Autonomía se asoció con la depresión (β = − 5,99) y el dolor torácico (β = − 6,17). La Participación social se relacionó con el nivel de estudios (β = − 0,64), diabetes mellitus (β = − 8,15), depresión (β = − 14,53), intensidad del dolor (β = − 1,43) y dolor en miembros inferiores (β = − 5,94). Las actividades pasadas, presentes y futuras se vincularon con la depresión (β = − 6,94). El dominio Muerte y morir se asoció con la hipertensión (β = − 8,40), mientras que el dominio Intimidad se relacionó con la depresión (β = − 5,99) y el dolor de cabeza/en la cara (β = − 3,19). Conclusión: El tiempo de convivencia con el dolor crónico y el local de esa experiencia, así como la depresión, diabetes y HAS, fueron los factores que más influyeron en los dominios de CV de los ancianos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados à qualidade de vida (QV) em idosos com dor crônica. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com 239 idosos em atendimento ambulatorial no estado de Goiás, Brasil. O World Health Organization Quality of Life - Old (WHOQOL-OLD) contém seis domínios e foi aplicado para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Foram utilizadas regressão linear simples e múltipla na análise estatística. Resultados: Os fatores associados ao domínio Funcionamento dos sentidos foram idade (β = − 0,52), tempo de convívio (β = − 14,35; − 17,86; − 15,57) e intensidade da dor (β = − 1,70). Ao domínio Autonomia associaram-se a depressão (β = − 5,99) e a dor no tórax (β = − 6,17). A Participação social relacionou-se à escolaridade (β = − 0,64), diabetes mellitus (β = − 8,15), depressão (β = − 14,53), intensidade da dor (β = − 1,43) e à dor em MMII (β = − 5,94). Às Atividades passadas, presentes e futuras associou-se a depressão (β = − 6,94). O domínio Morte e morrer foi associado à hipertensão (β = − 8,40), enquanto o domínio Intimidade foi relacionado à depressão (β = − 5,99) e dor na cabeça/face (β = − 3,19). Conclusão: O tempo de convívio com a dor crônica e a localização dessa experiência, assim como a depressão, diabetes e HAS foram fatores que influenciaram com maior magnitude os domínios de QV dos idosos.

Prevalence and intensity of chronic pain and self-perceived health among elderly people: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the prevalence and intensity of chronic pain among elderly people of the community and to analyze associations with the self-perceived health status. METHOD: cross-sectional study with a populational sample (n=934), conducted through household interviews in the city of Goiânia, Brazil. The intensity of chronic pain (existing for 6 months or more) was measured using a numerical scale (0-10) and the self-perceived health through a verbal scale (very good, good, fair, poor, very poor). For the statistical analysis, the absolute frequency and percentage, CI (95%), Chi-square test, Odds ratio, and regression analysis were used. Significance of 5%. RESULTS: The prevalence of chronic pain was 52.8% [CI (95%):49.4-56.1]; most frequently located in the lower limbs (34.5%) and lumbar region (29.5%); with high or the worst possible intensity for 54.6% of the elderly people. The occurrence of chronic pain was associated with (p<0.0001) a worse self-perception of health (OR=4.2:2.5-7.0), a greater number of chronic diseases (OR=1.8:1.2-2.7), joint disease (OR=3.5:2.4-5.1) and the female gender (OR=2.3:1.7-3.0). A lower intensity of chronic pain was associated with a better self-perception of health (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: the majority of the elderly people of the community reported chronic pain, of a severe intensity, and located in areas related to movement activities, thus influencing the morbidity and mortality of this population.

Cross-cultural adaptation of Chronic Pain Coping Inventory - Brazilian version / Adaptação transcultural do Chronic Pain Coping Inventory - versão brasileira

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory is a widely used instrument to evaluate pain coping, however, there are no Brazilian publications about this tool. The objective of the study was to adapt the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory to the Brazilian culture. METHODS: According to the international guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of measurement instruments, the study was developed in the stages: planning, translation, synthesis, analysis by an expert committee, back-translation, evaluation by the original author, discussion with lay people, pre-test and final evaluation. RESULTS: A pre-test of the consensus version approved by the committee was conducted with 59 people, resulting in the Brazilian Version of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory adapted according to the Brazilian culture. A preliminary reliability analysis showed adequate values for the subscale of protection, ask for help, seek social support, coping self-statements and exercise/stretch. Its use in clinical practice and research shows a promising future towards a multidisciplinary pain management in Brazil. CONCLUSION: Future research is needed to determine the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory and to confirm the need to include items related to religious practices, and the use of pharmacological methods and complementary therapies as coping strategies for chronic pain.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O Chronic Pain Coping Inventory trata-se de um instrumento largamente utilizado para a avaliação do enfrentamento de dor, no entanto, ainda não há publicações brasileiras sobre essa ferramenta. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar o Chronic Pain Coping Inventory para a cultura brasileira. MÉTODOS: De acordo com as diretrizes internacionais para a adaptação transcultural de instrumentos de medida, o estudo foi desenvolvido nas etapas: planejamento, tradução, síntese, análise por comitê de especialistas, retrotradução, avaliação pelo autor original, discussão com leigos, pré-teste e avaliação final. RESULTADOS: Foi realizado o pré-teste da versão consensual aprovada pelo comitê em 59 pessoas, obtendo-se ao final o Chronic Pain Coping Inventory - Versão Brasileira adaptado conforme as nuances da cultura no Brasil. Análise preliminar da fidedignidade mostraram valores adequados para a subescala de proteção, pedido por ajuda, busca por suporte social, autoafirmações de enfrentamento e exercícios/alongamento. Seu uso na prática clínica e de pesquisa aponta futuro promissor para o avanço no manejo multidisciplinar da dor no Brasil. CONCLUSÃO: Pesquisas futuras são necessárias para determinar as propriedades psicométricas do Chronic Pain Coping Inventory - Versão Brasileira e confirmar a necessidade de inclusão de itens relacionados às práticas religiosas, e ao uso de métodos farmacológicos e terapias complementares como estratégias de enfrentamento da dor crônica.

The prevalence and characterization of self-medication for obtaining pain relief among undergraduate nursing students.

This study investigates the prevalence of self-medication among undergraduate nursing students seeking to relieve pain and characterizes the pain and relief obtained through the used medication. This epidemiological and cross-sectional study was carried out with 211 nursing students from a public university in Goiás, GO, Brazil. A numerical scale (0-10) measured pain intensity and relief. The prevalence of self-medication was 38.8%. The source and main determining factor of this practice were the student him/herself (54.1%) and lack of time to go to a doctor (50%), respectively. The most frequently used analgesic was dipyrone (59.8%) and pain relief was classified as good (Md=8.5;Max=10;Min=0). The prevalence of self-medication was higher than that observed in similar studies. Many students reported that relief obtained through self-medication was good, a fact that can delay the clarification of a diagnosis and its appropriate treatment.

A enfermagem no manejo da dor em unidades de atendimento de urgência e emergência / Nursing in pain management at urgency and emergency care units

A enfermagem deve manejar a dor no atendimento em urgência e emergência, baseando-se em evidências científicas, mas isso parece apresentar obstáculos. Objetivou-se identificar e analisar as estratégias de manejo da dor e as barreiras para sua utilização entre as categorias profissionais da enfermagem nos serviços de urgência e emergência. Revisão integrativa, com buscas no LILACS, SciVerse Scopus, PUBMED e na literatura cinzenta do Google acadêmico. Foram selecionados 15 artigos publicados entre 2012 e 2015. A enfermagem avaliou as características da dor por meio de anamnese e uso de instrumentos. As intervenções restringiram-se prioritariamente às farmacológicas, apontando a necessidade de associá-las às não farmacológicas. A monitorização da dor ainda é incipiente. Os profissionais necessitam avançar no uso de instrumentos válidos para avaliação, intervenção e monitoramento da dor, com o propósito de vencer as barreiras que profissionais, clientes e gerentes das unidades de urgência e emergência encontram para sistematizar o seu manejo.

Nursing must manage pain in urgency and emergency care based on scientific evidences but there seems to be obstacles to this practice. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze pain management strategies and barriers for their use among the nursing professional categories at urgency and emergency care units. An integrative review was conducted with searches on LILACS, SciVerse Scopus, PUBMED, and in the Academic Google grey literature. Fifteen articles published between 2012 and 2015 were selected. Nursing professionals assessed pain characteristics through anamneses and use of instruments. Interventions were primarily limited to pharmacological ones, pointing to the need to associate them with non-pharmacological interventions. The monitoring of pain is still incipient. Professionals need to further the use of valid instruments for pain assessment, intervention, and monitoring to overcome the barriers faced by professionals, patients, and managers at urgency and emergency units to systematize its management.

Prevalence and intensity of chronic pain and self-perceived health among elderly people: a population-based study / Prevalência, intensidade de dor crônica e autopercepção de saúde entre idosos: estudo de base populacional / Prevalencia, intensidad de dolor crónico y autopercepción de la salud entre ancianos: estudio de base poblacional

OBJECTIVE: to identify the prevalence and intensity of chronic pain among elderly people of the community and to analyze associations with the self-perceived health status. METHOD: cross-sectional study with a populational sample (n=934), conducted through household interviews in the city of Goiânia, Brazil. The intensity of chronic pain (existing for 6 months or more) was measured using a numerical scale (0-10) and the self-perceived health through a verbal scale (very good, good, fair, poor, very poor). For the statistical analysis, the absolute frequency and percentage, CI (95%), Chi-square test, Odds ratio, and regression analysis were used. Significance of 5%. RESULTS: The prevalence of chronic pain was 52.8% [CI (95%):49.4-56.1]; most frequently located in the lower limbs (34.5%) and lumbar region (29.5%); with high or the worst possible intensity for 54.6% of the elderly people. The occurrence of chronic pain was associated with (p<0.0001) a worse self-perception of health (OR=4.2:2.5-7.0), a greater number of chronic diseases (OR=1.8:1.2-2.7), joint disease (OR=3.5:2.4-5.1) and the female gender (OR=2.3:1.7-3.0). A lower intensity of chronic pain was associated with a better self-perception of health (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: the majority of the elderly people of the community reported chronic pain, of a severe intensity, and located in areas related to movement activities, thus influencing the morbidity and mortality of this population. .

OBJETIVO: identificar a prevalência e a intensidade de dor crônica entre idosos da comunidade e analisar associações com a autopercepção do estado de saúde. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, com amostra populacional (n=934), conduzido por meio de entrevista domiciliar, na cidade de Goiânia, Brasil. A intensidade da dor crônica (existente há 6 meses ou mais) foi mensurada por meio de escala numérica (0-10) e a autopercepção de saúde por meio de escala verbal (muito boa, boa, regular, ruim, muito ruim). Para análise estatística utilizou-se frequência absoluta e porcentual, IC (95%), teste do qui-quadrado, Odds ratio e análise de regressão. Significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de dor crônica foi de 52,8% [IC (95%):49,4-56,1]; localizada com maior frequência em membros inferiores (34,5%) e região lombar (29,5%); de intensidade forte ou pior possível para 54,6% dos idosos. Ocorrência de dor crônica associou-se (p<0,0001) a pior autopercepção de saúde (OR=4,2:2,5-7,0), número de doenças crônicas (OR=1,8:1,2-2,7), doença articular (OR=3,5:2,4-5,1) e sexo feminino (OR=2,3:1,7-3,0). Menor intensidade de dor crônica associou-se a melhor autopercepção de saúde (p<0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: a maioria dos idosos da comunidade relata dor crônica, de elevada intensidade, e localizada em regiões relacionadas às atividades de deslocamento, podendo influenciar na morbimortalidade dessa população. .

OBJETIVO: identificar la prevalencia y la intensidad de dolor crónico entre ancianos de la comunidad y analizar asociaciones con la autopercepción del estado de salud. MÉTODO: estudio transversal, con muestra poblacional (n=934), realizado por medio de entrevista domiciliar, en la ciudad de Goiania, Brasil. La intensidad de dolor crónico (existente hace 6 meses o más) fue medida por medio de escala numérica (0-10) y la autopercepción de la salud por medio de escala verbal (muy buena, buena, regular, mala, muy mala). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la frecuencia absoluta y los porcentajes, IC(95%), la prueba del Chi-cuadrado, Odds ratio y el análisis de regresión. Significación de 5%. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de dolor crónico fue de 52,8% [IC(95%):49,4-56,1]; localizado con mayor frecuencia en miembros inferiores (34,5%) y región lumbar (29,5%); intensidad fuerte o peor posible para 54,6% de los ancianos. La ocurrencia de dolor crónico se asoció (p<0,0001) a peor autopercepción de la salud (OR=4,2:2,5-7,0), número de enfermedades crónicas (OR=1,8:1,2-2,7), enfermedad de las articulaciones (OR=3,5:2,4-5,1) y sexo femenino (OR=2,3:1,7-3,0). La menor intensidad de dolor crónico se asoció a mejor autopercepción de la salud (p<0,0001). CONCLUSIÓN: la mayoría de los ancianos de la comunidad relata dolor crónico, de elevada intensidad, y localizado en regiones relacionadas a las actividades de locomoción, pudiendo influenciar en la morbimortalidad de esa población. .

O modelo bioético principialista aplicado no manejo da dor / El principialismo bioético modelo aplicado en el tratamiento del dolor / The bioethical principlism model applied in pain management

Trata-se de revisão integrativa da literatura, com o objetivo de analisar a produção científica referente às relações entre a dor e os princípios da bioética: autonomia, beneficência, não maleficência e justiça. Foram utilizados descritores controlados em três bases de dados internacionais (LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE), em abril de 2012, resultando em 14 publicações, distribuídas nas categorias Dor e autonomia, Dor e beneficência, Dor e não maleficência, Dor e justiça. O alívio adequado da dor é um direito humano e uma questão moral que se relaciona diretamente com a bioética principialista. Entretanto, muitos profissionais negligenciam a dor de seus pacientes, desconsiderando seu papel ético frente ao sofrimento.Concluiu-se que o principialismo tem sido negligenciado no atendimento aos pacientes com dor, evidenciando a necessidade de novas práticas para mudança desse panorama.

Se realizó una revisión de la literatura para analizar la producción científica relacionadas con el dolor y los principios de la bioética (autonomía, beneficencia, no maleficencia y justicia). Se utilizaron descriptores controlados en tres fuentes de datos internacionales (LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE), en abril de 2012, totalizando14 publicaciones, distribuidas en las clases: el dolor y la autonomía, el dolor y la beneficencia, el dolor y no maleficencia, el dolor y la justicia. El adecuado alivio del dolor es un derecho humano y un problema moral relacionado directamente con el principialismo bioético (beneficencia, no maleficencia, autonomía y justicia). Sin embargo, muchos profesionales negligencian el dolor de sus pacientes, ignorando su papel ético frente al sufrimiento. Se concluyó que el principialismo ha sido descuidado en la atención de los pacientes con dolor evidenciando la necesidad de nuevas prácticas para cambiar este panorama.

An integrative literature review was developed with the purpose to analyze the scientific production regarding the relationships between pain and the principles of bioethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice). Controlled descriptors were used in three international data sources (LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE), in April of 2012, totaling 14 publications categorized by pain and autonomy, pain and beneficence, pain and nonmaleficence, pain and justice. The adequate relief of pain is a human right and a moral issue directly related with the bioethical principlism standard model (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice). However, many professionals overlook the pain of their patients, ignoring their ethical role when facing suffering. It was concluded that principlism has been neglected in the care of patients in pain, showing the need for new practices to change this setting.

Ocorrência e prejuízos da cefaleia em estudantes universitárias de enfermagem / The occurrence of headaches and their effect upon nursing undergraduate students / Ocurrencia y perjuicios de la cefalea en estudiantes universitarios de enfermería

O estudo teve como objetivos verificar a ocorrência de cefaleia como a principal dor e caracterizar essa experiência e o prejuízo causado por ela nas atividades cotidianas de estudantes universitárias de enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado na Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil, de maio a junho de 2008, com 203 estudantes, (idade média de 21 anos; d.p.=1,8), 48,5% da classe econômica A. A cefaleia foi a principal dor para 34,5% das universitárias; de forte intensidade; descrita como latejante (74,3%), pontada (62,9%) e enjoada (55,7%); com episódios à tarde (52,9%), com duração de algumas horas do dia (51,4%). Os fatores relacionados ao início da dor foram: os estudos (17,1%) e o estresse (11,4 %) e as atividades mais prejudicadas: a capacidade de concentração (84,3%) e o humor (84,3%) (p<0,05). A cefaleia é menos frequente nesta população comparada a estudos realizados em outros países e prejudica as atividades cotidianas das universitárias.

This study was performed with the objectives of identifying the occurrence of headache as the major cause of pain and characterizing the effect headaches have on the everyday activities of nursing undergraduate students. This cross-sectional study was performed at the College of Nursing of the Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil, from May to June 2008. Participants included 203 students (mean age 21 years; s.d.=1.8), 48.5% from economic class A. Headaches were the major cause of pain for 34.5% of students; described as being of strong intensity; referred to as throbbing (74.3%), stabbing (62.9%), and causing nausea and/or vomiting (55.7%); with episodes occurring in the afternoon (52.9%), and lasting for several hours a day (51.4%). Factors related to the onset of pain were: studying (17.1%) and stress (11.4 %). The activities most affected were: their capacity to concentrate (84.3%) and their mood (84.3%) (p<0.05). Headaches are less common in the population compared to other country studies, and they affect the students' everyday activities.

El estudio objetivó verificar la ocurrencia de cefalea como dolor principal y caracterizar tal ocurrencia y el perjuicio derivado en las actividades cotidianas de estudiantes universitarias de enfermería. Estudio transversal, realizado en Facultad de Enfermería de Universidad Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO, Brasil, entre mayo y junio de 2008, con 203 estudiantes (edad promedio 21 años; d.p.=1,8), 48,5% de segmento económico A. La cefalea constituyó el dolor principal para 34,5% de estudiantes; de fuerte intensidad; descrita como intermitente (74,3%), con puntadas (62,9%) y náuseas (55,7%); prevaleciendo de tarde (52,9%), durando algunas horas al día (51,4%). Los factores relacionados con el inicio del dolor fueron: los estudios (17,1%) y el estrés (11,4%), y las actividades más perjudicadas: la capacidad de concentración (84,3%) y el humor (84,3%) (p<0,05). La cefalea es menos frecuente en esta población en comparación con otros países, y perjudica las actividades diarias de las estudiantes.

Terapias não farmacológicas no alívio da dor neuropática diabética: uma revisão bibliográfica / Nonpharmacologic therapies in diabetic neuropathic pain: a review / Terapias no farmacológicas en el alivio del dolor neuropático diabético: una revisión bibliográfica

A neuropatia diabética dolorosa caracteriza-se pela dor de difícil controle. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a produção bibliográfica a respeito das terapias não farmacológicas utilizadas no alívio dessa dor. Pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio de seis (6) fontes de dados, nos últimos 12 anos (1998 a 2010), utilizando os descritores diabetes, diabetes mellitus, neuropatia dolorosa, dor neuropática, tratamento e similares. Foram selecionados 13 artigos, que abordaram o uso de acupuntura, reike, fotoestimulação, estimulação eletromagnética neural, estimulação elétrica, terapia a laser. As terapias não farmacológicas estão sendo utilizadas com o propósito de aliviar a dor neuropática diabética, no entanto, ainda não há consenso sobre a eficiência desse tipo de tratamento na redução dessa dor. A produção de conhecimento sobre a temática é escassa, especialmente, no Brasil.

Painful diabetic neuropathy is characterized by intense pain. The objective was to conduct a literature review regarding the pharmacologic therapies used to relieve that pain. A literature search was conducted of six (6) data sources, in the last 12 years (1998 to 2010) using the keywords: diabetes, diabetes, painful neuropathy, neuropathic pain, treatment, and other similar terms. Thirteen articles were selected that addressed the use of acupuncture, reiki, photic stimulation, electromagnetic stimulation of neural electrical stimulation, laser therapy. The non-pharmacological therapies are being used to alleviate diabetic neuropathic pain, however, there is no consensus about the effectiveness of such treatment in reducing this pain. The knowledge base on the subject is scarce, especially in Brazil.

La neuropatía diabética dolorosa se caracteriza por el dolor de difícil control. El objetivo del estudo fue analizar la producción bibliográfica respecto a las terapias no farmacológicas utilizadas en el alivio de ese dolor. Se trata de una investigación bibliográfica, por medio de seis (6) fuentes de datos, en los últimos 12 años (1998 a 2010), utilizando los descriptores diabetes, diabetes mellitus, neuropatía dolorosa, dolor neuropático, tratamiento y similares. Fueron seleccionados 13 artículos, que abordaron el uso de acupuntura, reike, fotoestimulación, estimulación electromagnética neural, estimulación eléctrica, terapia con laser. Las terapias no farmacológicas están siendo utilizadas con el propósito de aliviar el dolor neuropático diabético, mientras tanto, aun no hay consenso sobre la eficiencia de ese tipo de tratamiento en la reducción de ese dolor. La producción de conocimiento sobre la temática es escasa, especialmente, en el Brasil.

The prevalence and characterization of self-medication for obtaining pain relief among undergraduate nursing students / Prevalência e caracterização da prática de automedicação para alívio da dor entre estudantes universitários de enfermagem / Prevalencia y caracterización de la práctica de automedicación para alivio del dolor entre estudiantes universitarios de enfermería

This study investigates the prevalence of self-medication among undergraduate nursing students seeking to relieve pain and characterizes the pain and relief obtained through the used medication. This epidemiological and cross-sectional study was carried out with 211 nursing students from a public university in Goiás, GO, Brazil. A numerical scale (0-10) measured pain intensity and relief. The prevalence of self-medication was 38.8 percent. The source and main determining factor of this practice were the student him/herself (54.1 percent) and lack of time to go to a doctor (50 percent), respectively. The most frequently used analgesic was dipyrone (59.8 percent) and pain relief was classified as good (Md=8.5;Max=10;Min=0). The prevalence of self-medication was higher than that observed in similar studies. Many students reported that relief obtained through self-medication was good, a fact that can delay the clarification of a diagnosis and its appropriate treatment.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: estimar a prevalência de automedicação entre estudantes universitários de enfermagem com dor e caracterizar a experiência dolorosa e o alívio obtido, por meio dos fármacos utilizados. É estudo epidemiológico seccional, do qual participaram 211 estudantes de uma universidade pública de Goiás, Brasil. A dor e o alívio foram medidos por meio de escala numérica (0-10). A prevalência de automedicação foi de 38,8 por cento. A fonte geradora e o fator determinante prevalentes dessa prática foram o próprio estudante (54,1 por cento) e a falta de tempo para ir ao médico (50 por cento), respectivamente. A dipirona foi o analgésico mais utilizado (59,8 por cento) e o alívio da dor classificado como bom (Md=8,5; máx=10; mín=0). A prevalência da automedicação foi maior do que aquela observada em estudos semelhantes e, para muitos estudantes, o alívio foi bom, fato que pode retardar a elucidação do diagnóstico e o tratamento adequado da dor.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron estimar la prevalencia de automedicación entre estudiantes universitarios de enfermería con dolor y caracterizar la experiencia dolorosa y el alivio obtenido por medio de los fármacos utilizados. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico seccional, del cual participaron 211 estudiantes de una universidad pública de Goiás, en Brasil. El dolor y el alivio fueron medidos por medio de una Escala Numérica (0-10). La prevalencia de automedicación fue de 38,8 por ciento. La fuente generadora y los factores determinantes prevalentes de esta práctica fueron el propio estudiante (54,1 por ciento) y la falta de tiempo para ir al médico (50 por ciento), respectivamente. La dipirona fue el analgésico más utilizado (59,8 por ciento) y el alivio del dolor clasificado como bueno (Md=8,5;Máx=10;Mín=0). La prevalencia de la automedicación fue mayor que aquella observada en estudios semejantes y para muchos estudiantes el alivio fue bueno, hecho que puede retardar la elucidación del diagnóstico y del tratamiento adecuado del dolor.

Prevalência de dor crônica em estudantes universitários de enfermagem / Prevalence of chronic pain in nursing undergraduate students / La prevalencia del dolor crónico en estudiantes de enfermería

A dor crônica é uma das principais causas de incapacidade entre os indivíduos. O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência deste tipo de dor em estudantes universitários de enfermagem e caracterizá-la segundo a ocorrência, localização, duração, intensidade e qualidade. Estudo transversal, desenvolvido em uma Faculdade de Enfermagem de Goiás, entre maio e junho de 2008, com 211 estudantes. A prevalência de dor crônica autorrelatada foi de 59,7 por cento, frequentemente localizada na cabeça (38,1 por cento), região lombar (11,9 por cento) e ombros/ membros superiores (11,9 por cento). Em 46 por cento dos casos, o convívio com a dor variou de um a cinco anos; a intensidade foi caracterizada como forte (Mediana do escore de dor=7,0) e descrita como latejante, pontada, cansativa, enjoada, que incomoda e aperto. A alta prevalência de dor entre jovens universitários de enfermagem aponta o futuro da saúde dessa população, a necessidade de intervenções para redução de agravos e adequado alívio dessa experiência.

Chronic pain is one of the major causes of disability among individuals. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of this type of self-reported pain by undergraduate nursing students and characterize it concerning its occurrence, location, duration, intensity, and quality. This cross-sectional study was developed at a Nursing College in Goiás, Brazil, between May and June of 2008 with 211 students. The prevalence of self-reported chronic pain was 59.7 percent, frequently located in the head (38.1 percent), lower back (11.9 percent) and shoulder/upper members (11.9 percent). In 46 percent of the cases, living with the pain ranged from one to five years with a strong intensity (Median pain scores=7) and was described as throbbing, stabbing, tiring, sickening, that bothers, and tight. The prevalence of pain is higher than that estimated in similar studies, pointing to the future health of this generation and the need for disease prevention and health promotion programs for adequate relief among this population.

El dolor crónico es una de las principales causas de discapacidad entre las personas. Los objetivos de este estudio: estimar la prevalencia este tipo de dolor en los estudiantes universitarios de enfermería, caracterizar el dolor según la aparición, localización, duración, intensidad y calidad. Se trata de un estudio transversal desarrollado en un Facultad de Enfermería de Goiás, de mayo a junio de 2008, con 211 estudiantes. La prevalencia del dolor crónico informado fue del 59,7 por ciento, localizado a menudo en la cabeza (38,1 por ciento), en la región lumbar (11,9 por ciento) y en el hombro/extremidades superiores (11,9 por ciento). En el 46 por ciento de los casos, la convivencia con el dolor varió de uno a cinco años, la intensidad se caracterizó por ser muy fuerte (puntación de dolor media=7,0) y se describe como palpitante, agudo, agotador, repugnante, y que incomoda y aprieta. La alta prevalencia de dolor entre los estudiantes de enfermería indica la salud futura de esta población, la necesidad de intervenciones para reducir las lesiones y el alivio adecuado de esta experiencia.