Phase II randomized trial of cisplatin chemotherapy regimens in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic squamous cell cancer of the cervix: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.

Cisplatin has proven to be the most active single agent in the treatment of metastatic and recurrent squamous cell cancer of the cervix. In a previous southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) pilot study, the addition of cisplatin to a mitomycin-C, vincristine, and bleomycin (MVB) regimen resulted in a relatively high percentage of durable complete responses. To gain more experience with cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens, the SWOG initiated a phase II randomized trial of cisplatin, mitomycin-C plus cisplatin (MC), and MVB plus cisplatin (MVBC) in 119 patients with advanced squamous cell cancer of the cervix and no prior chemotherapy exposure. Because of slow patient accrual early in the trial, the cisplatin arm was discontinued. Five patients were declared ineligible according to protocol criteria. The three treatment groups were relatively well matched for age, prior radiation exposure, and sites of measurable disease. The overall objective response rates for cisplatin, MC, and MVBC treated patients were 33%, 25%, and 22%, respectively. Median response durations were greater than 6 months. Median survival durations associated with cisplatin, MC, and MVBC treatment were 17.0, 7.0, and 6.9 months, respectively. There were no drug-related deaths. Severe or life-threatening leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 18% to 24% of patients treated with MVBC and MC, but in none of those receiving cisplatin alone. We conclude that the low response rates and short durations of both response and survival observed in patients randomized to the two chemotherapy combinations suggest that only enhanced toxicity was gained through the addition of mitomycin-C or MVB to cisplatin in patients with advanced cervix cancer.

Improved therapeutic index of carboplatin plus cyclophosphamide versus cisplatin plus cyclophosphamide: final report by the Southwest Oncology Group of a phase III randomized trial in stages III and IV ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: To compare cisplatin-cyclophosphamide versus carboplatin-cyclophosphamide as primary chemotherapy for stage III (suboptimal) and stage IV ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred forty-two patients were randomly assigned to treatment with six courses of intravenous (i.v.) cisplatin 100 mg/m2 plus i.v. cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, or i.v. carboplatin 300 mg/m2 plus i.v. cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2. RESULTS: The estimated median survivals were 17.4 and 20.0 months for the cisplatin and carboplatin study arms, respectively. The null hypothesis of a 30% survival superiority with the cisplatin arm was rejected at the P = .02 level. Clinical response rates were 52% for the cisplatin arm and 61% for the carboplatin arm. Pathologic complete response rates were similar for both study arms. There was less thrombocytopenia on the cisplatin arm (P less than .001); however, there was less nausea and emesis (P less than or equal to .001 for courses 1 to 5), renal toxicity (P less than .001), anemia (P = .01), hearing loss (P less than .001), tinnitus (P = .01), neuromuscular toxicities (P = .001), and alopecia (P less than .001) on the carboplatin arm. CONCLUSION: Carboplatin-cyclophosphamide proved to have a significantly better therapeutic index than cisplatin-cyclophosphamide in patients with stage III (suboptimal) and stage IV ovarian cancer.

A phase I trial of combination fludarabine monophosphate and chlorambucil in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study.

Fludarabine monophosphate is a new antimetabolite with demonstrated activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We have investigated the practicality of utilizing fludarabine in combination with chlorambucil in a disease-specific phase I trial. Twenty-one patients with advanced and previously treated, relapsed or refractory CLL were treated with chlorambucil plus fludarabine. Chlorambucil was given day 1 at 15 or 20 mg/m2 per os and fludarabine days 1-5 at 10, 15, or 20 mg/m2 intravenously, every 28 days. We concluded that with chlorambucil 15 mg/m2, the maximum tolerated dose for fludarabine was 20 mg/m2 in this patient population with this scheduling. Dose-limiting toxicity was thrombocytopenia. A low incidence of peripheral neuropathy, rash, pulmonary fungal infection, and acute tumor lysis syndrome was also encountered. Although responses were observed, it was impossible from this study to determine whether the combination was better than fludarabine alone in this heavily pretreated population. This study does, however, demonstrate the feasibility of exploring the utility of such a combination in previously untreated patients. An intergroup phase III trial utilizing this combination has been initiated.

Phase II study of fludarabine phosphate (NSC-312887) in patients with advanced endometrial cancer. A Southwest Oncology Group Study.

Nineteen evaluable patients with advanced endometrial cancer refractory to one prior chemotherapeutic regimen were treated with a 5-day schedule of fludarabine phosphate. No responses were noted. The major toxicity was grade 2 or greater leukopenia in 45% of patients. Fludarabine phosphate at this dose and schedule does not appear to be an active agent for patients with refractory endometrial cancer.

A phase II evaluation of esorubicin in ovarian cancer. A Southwest Oncology Group study.

Patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of metastatic or advanced epithelial-type ovarian carcinoma were entered into a Phase II trial of esorubicin. Eligibility criteria included measurable disease; performance status (SWOG) 0-2; no more than one prior chemotherapeutic regimen; and no prior doxorubicin therapy. The starting esorubicin dosing schedule was 30 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for good risk patients and 25 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for poor risk patients. Twenty-one patients were eligible for evaluation of response and toxicity to treatment. These patients received a median of 3 courses of esorubicin (range 1-13 courses). None of the 21 patients experienced a response to esorubicin. Median survival was 5.5 months. Leukopenia was the major toxicity. Eleven (79%) of the good risk patients and 2 (29%) of the poor risk patients experienced severe to life-threatening leukopenia. Mild to severe anemia was seen in 10 (71%) of the good risk patients and 7 (100%) of the poor risk patients. We conclude that esorubicin is ineffective in the treatment of ovarian cancer patients who have received primary chemotherapy.

Prognostic correlation of plasma cell acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in multiple myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group study.

In 1982 a randomized trial of either alternating or syncopated VMCP/VBAP regimens for the treatment of active multiple myeloma was begun (Southwest Oncology Group Study 8229/30). A concurrent investigation was undertaken to evaluate the clinical importance and significance of cytochemically stainable plasma cell acid phosphatase (AP) and beta-glucuronidase enzymes (BG). Pretreatment bone marrow aspirates were available for analysis from 399 patients for AP and 398 patients for BG. The AP scores ranged between 42 and 395, and the BG scores ranged between 1 and 346. There was a significant increase of AP (P = .001) and BG (P = .002) in multiple myeloma as compared with a set of patients with benign plasmacytosis. The enzyme scores did not significantly relate to Ig idiotype of myeloma or other prognostic variables except that the BG scores varied significantly with the level of albumin (P = .03) and hemoglobin (P = .01). Analysis of patient groups with different levels of enzyme scores showed that 61 of 398 patients with an AP score of less than 130 had a poorer median survival of 1.7 versus 2.8 years for patients with higher scores (P = .001). In the multivariate analysis of survival, low AP score was an important prognostic factor (P = .006), but BG did not contribute significantly. It is suggested that the subset of patients presenting with low AP should be considered for specialized or more aggressive therapy.

Prognostic value of pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin in myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.

Six hundred twelve eligible, previously untreated patients with active multiple myeloma and at least some data available for analysis were entered into a randomized trial (Southwest Oncology Group [SWOG] Phase III myeloma study 8229/30), in which the prognostic significance of pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin levels was evaluated. Because there was no statistically significant survival difference between the alternating and syncopating VMCP/VBAP regimens, it was possible to evaluate serum beta 2 microglobulin for the total population all together. The serum beta 2 microglobulin measurements showed the highest significance of any prognostic factor, both in the bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. The median survival was 36 months for the 322 patients with pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin values of less than 6 micrograms/mL, as compared with a median survival of 23 months for the 225 patients with a beta 2 level of greater than or equal to 6 mcg/mL (P less than .0001). The stepwise multiple regression model first contained serum beta 2 microglobulin, followed by serum albumin, serum calcium, age, and serum creatinine. Serum beta 2 microglobulin was highly correlated with stage: median values ranged from 3.7 micrograms/mL for stage IA, to 10.1 for stage IIIB. It was possible to stratify myeloma patients based on combinations of serum beta 2 microglobulin with both albumin and age, producing excellent separation of patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories. It is concluded that serum beta 2 microglobulin is the most powerful prognostic factor currently available for multiple myeloma and that it can be used alone or in combination with other variables for pretreatment stratification.

Efficacy of prednisone in refractory multiple myeloma and measurement of glucocorticoid receptors. A Southwest Oncology Group study.

BACKGROUND: Prednisone is an active drug in the treatment of multiple myeloma. The optimal dose, frequency, and role of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in response to prednisone is unknown. PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were (1) to estimate the response rate of alternate-day high dose prednisone in patients with relapsing and refractory multiple myeloma; (2) to measure the rate of GR levels; and (3) to correlate the response of prednisone with GR status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 8/86 and 1/90, 127 patients were entered onto the study with 121 evaluable for response. The number of GR sites/cell was determined on mononuclear cells isolated from pretreatment bone marrow aspirates using a one point GR binding assay. Patients received prednisone 100 mg po qod x 2 weeks, followed by 50 mg po qod x 10 weeks. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 10% (95% CI: 5-15%) with a median survival of 11.8 months. The GR sites/cell ranged from 0-53,212 with a mean of 8,371 sites/cells. Stratification of GR sites into 0-2,500, 2,501-6,000 and > 6,000 sites/cells was associated with a response rate of 6%, 27% and 4% respectively (p = 0.009). The median survival of patients in these categories was 8.1, 14.9 and 10.6 months respectively. This was not significant by the logrank test (p = 0.11). Although myeloma patients with intermediate levels of GR sites/cell initially responded more favorably to prednisone, their long-term survival was not significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS: Alternate-day high-dose prednisone was well tolerated and may provide palliative benefit for a subset of patients with relapsing and refractory multiple myeloma. The survival of patients on this study was comparable to that reported with other but more toxic doses of glucocorticoids.

Efegatran sulfate as an adjunct to streptokinase versus heparin as an adjunct to tissue plasminogen activator in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ESCALAT Investigators.

BACKGROUND: Previous clinical studies have shown that direct antithrombins can accelerate clot lysis after treatment with streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction (MI). Efegatran is a new direct antithrombin, which in experimental animals has been shown to enhance thrombolysis, reduce rate of reocclusion, and limit infarct size. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of efegatran plus streptokinase versus heparin plus accelerated tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in coronary reperfusion in acute MI. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this randomized, dose-finding study (n = 245), we initially explored 4 doses of efegatran sulfate in combination with streptokinase (1.5 million U) given intravenously within 12 hours of symptom onset. The optimal dosage group of 0.5 mg/kg per hour was expanded and compared with heparin plus accelerated TPA. The primary end point was complete patency (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] grade 3) at 90 minutes after thrombolytic therapy, assessed in a core angiographic laboratory. Infarct-related vessel patency (TIMI grade 2 or 3) and complete patency (TIMI grade 3) were 73% and 40% in the efegatran/streptokinase group versus 79% and 53% in the heparin/TPA group (P = not significant). In-hospital mortality rate was 5% for the efegatran/streptokinase group versus 0% for the heparin/TPA group (P = not significant). Major bleeding occurred in 23% of patients in the efegatran/streptokinase group versus 11% in the heparin/TPA group (P = not significant). No intracranial hemorrhage occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of efegatran plus streptokinase is not superior to the current therapy of heparin and accelerated TPA in achieving early patency. In addition, there is no indication that this experimental treatment can achieve better clinical outcome.

Analysis of patient age as an independent prognostic factor for survival in a phase III study of cisplatin-cyclophosphamide versus carboplatin-cyclophosphamide in stages III (suboptimal) and IV ovarian cancer. A Southwest Oncology Group study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of age (i.e., less than 65 years or 65 years of age and older) on survival in a recently completed phase III Southwest Oncology Group study in ovarian cancer patients. METHODS: Multivariate and univariate regression analyses were used to identify independent prognostic factors of survival in 342 patients with previously untreated Stage III (suboptimal) or Stage IV ovarian cancer who participated in a randomized, phase III study of intravenous (I.V.) carboplatin 300 mg/m2 plus I.V. cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 versus I.V. cisplatin 100 mg/m2 plus I.V. cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 every 4 weeks for six courses. RESULTS: Multivariate regression analysis showed the following variables to be independent prognostic factors of survival: age (P = 0.04); performance status (P = 0.004); disease stage (P = 0.03); and race (P = 0.05). Patients under 65 years of age survived significantly longer than those 65 years or older, especially patients with a performance status of 2. Patients with a baseline performance status of 0-1 survived longer than patients with a performance status of 2, and Stage III patients longer than those with Stage IV disease. An unexpected finding was that white patients survived significantly longer than black patients, regardless of age, performance status, or stage of disease. Carboplatin-cyclophosphamide-treated patients experienced similar survival and significantly less nausea and emesis, renal toxicity, hearing loss, tinnitus, neuromuscular toxicities, and alopecia. CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian cancer patients with advanced disease who are 65 years of age or older and/or with a performance status of 2 have significantly decreased survival compared to their younger and/or less debilitated counterparts. Carboplatin-cyclophosphamide is the recommended treatment (rather than cisplatin-cyclophosphamide), especially for older or debilitated patients because it is associated with less toxicity and similar survival.