[Regional anesthesia: combined spinal epidural anesthesia].

The review deals with the promising method of regional anesthesia--combined epidural anesthesia. It gives indications for anesthesia, the specific features of its technical performance, and possible complications.

[Adequacy of combined spinal and epidural anesthesia during upper-abdominal operations].

The paper provides a comparative evaluation of the protective effects of combined spinal epidural anesthesia with artificial ventilation (AV) (n=86) versus combined general anesthesia with AV (n=53) from the surgical stress response at abdominal surgery. The surgical stress was estimated by the activities of the sympathoadrenal system, the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical system, the serum complement system, and lipid peroxidation, and by the blood level of glucose. The findings suggest that the combined spinal epidural anesthesia with AV has a more valid protective activity against poor surgery-associated neurohumoral, hemodynamic, and immunological changes.

[Complications of accelerated opioid detoxification].

All accelerated opioid detoxifications under anesthesia, which were performed at our district hospital during 3 years (1999 to 2002), have been retrospectively analyzed. A total of 48 detoxifications were made in 43 patients. Three serious complications were recorded. In the first case, there was incomplete detoxification using naltrexone. The naloxone test was negative. After recovery from anesthesia, the patient developed a severe withdrawal syndrome that required repeated detoxification. In the second case, the patient developed bedsores at the site of the sacrum and scapulae after 7-hour detoxification. Reddening and edema disappeared on day 3 without treatment. In the third case, there was insufficient artificial ventilation due to inspiratory valvular defect. Capnography was not applied. The symptoms of hypercapnia, such hypertension, hyperemia, sweating, were regarded as the symptoms of abstinence so anesthesia was intensified. Valvular defect was detected when the patient developed hypoxia. All the patients were discharged from hospital in a satisfactory condition.

High-frequency jet ventilation in endolaryngeal surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical experience with high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) of the lungs during endolaryngeal surgery and its effect on acid-base balance and capillary PO2 (PcO2), PCO2, central hemodynamics, and tracheobronchial mucous membrane. DESIGN: Evaluation of different modalities of HFJV. SETTING: Operating rooms and otolaryngology intensive care unit in a medical institute. PATIENTS: 218 patients undergoing elective endolaryngeal surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients receive HFJV through catheters with an inner diameter of 1.4 to 1.8 mm. Catheters were introduced orotracheally, nasotracheally, percutaneously, or through a fenestrated tracheostomy tube. Minute volume was based on body weight times 0.2, corrected for acid-base balance. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Intraoperative cardiac output, airway pressure, changes in tracheobronchial mucosa, and acid-base balance were monitored. HFJV changed central hemodynamics slightly and preserved gas exchange: PcCO2 remained within normal limits, while PcO2 increased. Use of thin catheters enhanced largyneal exposure and surgical manipulation. Percutaneous catheterization permitted resumption of HFJV in the event of laryngeal edema and inadequate spontaneous respiration after surgery. CONCLUSION: HFJV leads to optimal conditions for endolaryngeal surgery, reverses constant outflow of the respiratory gas mixture, prevents aspiration of tissue products and blood, and removes smoke from the operative site when using laser surgery.

Morphofunctional changes in spinal cord neurons after epidural lidocaine.

Morphofunctional and histoenzymological changes in spinal cord neurons of mongrel dogs were studied after epidural administration of isobaric 2% lidocaine solution. Control animals received epidural 0.9% sodium chloride. The results obtained from these studies provide evidence for the absence of pathological structural-metabolic changes in nerve tissue after treatment with lidocaine. The occurrence of certain morphofunctional rearrangements in spinal cord neurons were typical of animals of both the experimental and control groups. The changes recorded varied within the limits of physiological variation and provided evidence predominantly of the functional response of these nerve tissue structures to epidural injections of both sodium chloride and lidocaine.

[Morpho-functional changes of the spinal cord neurons after epidural administration of lidocaine]. / Morfofunktsional'nye izmeneniia v neironakh spinnogo mozga posle epidural'nogo vvedeniia lidokaina.

The analysis of morphological and histoezymological changes of spinal cord neurons has been performed in outbred dogs following epidural infusion of isobaric 2% lidocaine solution. In the control group the animals received epidural infusion of 0.9% saline. The results obtained indicate the absence of pathological structural and metabolic changes in the nervous tissue after lidocaine application. Certain signs of morpho-functional reorganization were noted in spinal cord neurons of animals in both experimental and control groups. The registered changes were found to vary within the physiological fluctuation limits and are rather indicative of the functional reaction of the studied structures of the nervous tissue to the epidural injections of either saline and lidocaine.

[Increase in the effectiveness of microbial absorption on activated charcoal upon sorbent polarization]. / Povyshenie éffektivnosti sorbtsii mikroorganizamov na aktivirovannom ugle pri poliarizatsii sorbenta.

The effect of Staphylococcus albus and the contact time on hydrolytic adsorption of ions on activated charcoal SKN-2K in the physiological solution (0.9% NaCl) was investigated. Experiments were performed without polarization or with cathodic and anodic polarization of the adsorbent. The adsorbed microorganisms decreased the rate of electrolyte ion adsorption, especially in case of cathodic polarization. When activate charcoal was at negative potential (-0.2 V), up to 95% of active microorganisms was adsorbed at the initial concentration of 5.75.10(6) microorganisms per ml, while in case of anodic polarization only 43-44% of microorganisms was adsorbed.

[Concept of epidural and associated combined spinal-epidural anesthesia concerning prevention of a neurodystrophic component of intra- and postoperative complications in patients subjected to thoracic and abdominal surgery]. / Kontseptsiia épidural'noi i sochetannoi kombinirovannoi spinal'no-épidural'noi anestezii o preduprezhdenii neirodistroficheskogo komponenta intra- i posleoperatsionnykh oslozhnenii u bol'nykh, podvergnutykh torakal'nym i abdominal'nym operatsiiam.

The stimulation of reflexogenic zones and interoreceptors in experiments and in patients during operations on the heart, lungs and organs of the gastrointestinal tract induces hyperactivation of the sympatho-adrenal system and associated with it neurogenic dystrophic alterations of the internal organs (markedly decreased level of noradrenaline, destruction of the cell ultrastructure, mitochondria in particular) and energy metabolism. The use of high epidural anesthesia as the main component of narcosis in operations on the heart (mitral commissurotomy) and on the lung prevents the development of intra- and postoperative complications, the above mentioned dystrophic alterations in particular. Similar protecting effects in the abdominal operations are obtained when using associated combined spinal-epidural anesthesia.

[The clinical evaluation of some preparations for postoperative epidural anesthesia]. / Klinicheskaia otsenka nekotorykh preparatov dlia posleoperatsionnoi épidural'noi anestezii.

The drugs under study may be disposed as follows according to the efficiency of postoperative epidural anesthesia: pyromecain, clophelin, trimecain-albumin complex. Most effective are clophelin and trimecain-albumin complex. All the three drugs exert an inconsiderable influence on indices of central hemodynamics. The use of clophelin and trimecain-albumin complex reduces loading the medical personnel. Clophelin is most expedient economically.

[Effect of prolonged peridural anesthesia on the indices of external respiration, lung gas exchange and central hemodynamics after partial lung resections]. / Vliianie dlitel'noi peridural'noi anestezii na pokazateli vneshnego dykahniia, legognogo gazoobemna i tsentral'noi gemodinamiki u bol'nykh polse chastichnykh rezektsii legkikh.

The use of prolonged peridural anesthesia in the operation area and the zone of drainage openings during the postoperative period of patients after partial lung resections allows to avoid many complications. The restricting changes of external ventilation were found to decrease and the ablity of the patients to expectorate the sputum contributes to the liquidation of obstructive changes in tracheobronchial pathways, promotes earlier expansion of lungs and early normalization of indices of pulmonary gas exchange and central hemodynamics.

[Effect of blood transfusions during surgery on pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics after partial lung resections]. / Vliianie gemotransfuzii vo vremia operatsii na legochnyi gazoobmen i gemodinamiku u bol'nykh posle chastichnykh rezektsii legkikh.

Under conditions of a thoracic trauma and injection of even a small amount of microaggregates of blood during the operation is known to considerably deteriorate the functional state of the system of external ventilation in the postoperative period. In this connection, hemotransfusions during intrathoracic operations should be prescribed for strict indications. Microfiltration of blood is found to be necessary even for the transfusion of small amount of conserved blood.

[New possibilities of the use of central adreno-positive preparations in anesthesiology]. / Novye vozmozhnosti primeneniia tsentral'nykh adrenopozitivnykh preparatov v anesteziologii.

New clinical findings demonstrate a high efficacy of clofelin (100-200 mcg epidurally) as a nonopiate analgesic at the pre-, intra-, and postoperative stages of anesthesiologic care. Prospects of using clofelin in combination with morphine are discussed, as is the use of guanfacine as an agent for prolonged analgesia in the postoperative period.

[Use of epidural analgesia for the arresting of pronounced lumbar pains]. / Primenenie épidural'noi anal'gezii dlia kupirovaniia vyrazhennykh bolei v poiasnitse.

A combination of local anesthetics (2% lydokaine solution, 2 mg/kg; 0.5% bupivakaine solution, 0.4 mg/kg or 0.75% ropivakaine solution, 0.55 mg/kg), promedol (20 mg) and corticosteroids (125 mg hydrocortisone or 80 mg kenalog) was epidurally administered in 78 patients to arrest the pronounced root pain syndrome of the lumbar-sacral localization provoked by intervertebral disk hernias. The most prolonged analgesic effect was registered in groups, whose patients received bupivakaine or ropivakaine, which prevented the onset of pain before the antiinflammatory effect of corticosteroids started. The patient must be informed well in advance about the possibility of a momentary relapse of pains and about the intensification (at the same time moment) of pharmacotherapy prescribed by neuropathologist.

[The effect of hemosorption on the activity of free radical oxidation in destructive diseases of the abdominal cavity organs]. / Vliianie gemosorbtsii na aktivnost' svobodnoradikal'nogo okisleniia pri destruktivnykh zabolevaniiakh organov briushnoi polosti.

Depletion of antioxidant system which accompanies excessive formation of oxygen radicals and increased activity of lipid peroxidation in destructive diseases of the abdominal organs leads to the generalization of the pathological process and severe endogenous intoxication. Hemosorption as part of intensive therapy in patients with peritonitis ensures a decrease in endotoxemia degree due to elimination of toxic LPO metabolites from the blood flow and stabilizes in the post-hemosorption period the activity of free radical reactions due to an increase in antioxidant activity.

[Effect of sodium oxybutyrate on reflex hemodynamic reactions]. / O vliianii oksibutirata matriia na reflektornye gemodinamicheskie reaktsii.

Clinical examination of patients with diseases of the lungs and locomotor system during the surgical treatment and experiments in animals has shown that sodium hydroxybutyrate used as an anesthetizing drug under conditions of the neuroleptic analgesia fails to provide an effective defense against the surgical trauma. This is shown by the instability in the hemodynamic indices, metabolic shifts and the presence of nociceptive viscero-somatic reflexes.

[The storage and preparation of autologous plasma for transfusions to patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the vessels of the lower extremities]. / O khranenii i podgotovke autoplazmy k transfuziiam bol'nym obliteriruiushchim aterosklerozom sosudov nizhnikh konechnostei.

An investigation of the regimen of storage and sorption of plasma in patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of lower extremity vessels has shown that the optimum regimen of storage of plasma is freezing (with addition of 1 thousand of heparin units per 100 ml of plasma) at t = -20 degrees C followed by thawing at t = +6(+/- 2) degrees C in running water before sorption. The optimal sorbent for sorption of plasma of patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of lower extremity vessels is "Actilen" charcoal. The optimal method of sorption is sorption after thawing the plasma. The sufficient degree of plasma purification can be reached in the ratio sorbent/sorbate for charcoal "Actilen" equal to 1:100 and a single perfusion of plasma through the column.

[Analysis of morphological changes in the spinal cord and ganglia of dogs after epidural administration of prosidol, clopheline and prosidol-clopheline combination]. / Analiz morfologicheskikh izmenenii spinnogo mozga i spinno-mozgovogo gangliia sobak posle épidural'nogo vvedeniia prosidola, klofelina i kombinatsii proosidola s klofelinom.

Experiments were carried out on 22 mongrel dogs (12-20 kg). Group 1 consisted of 5 dogs to which prosidol in a dose of 0.65 mg/kg was injected epidurally; group 2, 5 dogs, clofelin (6.5 micrograms/kg) epidurally; group 3, 5 dogs, prosidol (0.65 mg/kg) + clofelin (6.5 micrograms/kg) epidurally. Control groups were as follows: 1) 5 intact dogs; 2) 2 dogs epidurally injected with 0.9% normal saline. Analysis of the spinal cord and ganglia in control groups showed no dystrophic changes in neurons. After epidural injections of prosidol, clofelin, or both only solitary cells with degenerative changes were detected or none at all. Nissle granules were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of anterior and posterior spinal horn neurons in all control and experimental animals. The majority of ganglious cells in control and experiment had the nucleus and nucleolus. Hence, morphological analysis showed that epidural injection of prosidol, clofelin, and a combination of both caused no degenerative or necrobiotic changes in the anterior and posterior spinal horn neurons and in ganglious cells of spinal ganglia.

[Enzymatic activity in spinal cord neurons after epidural administration of clopheline in dogs]. / Aktivnost' fermentov v neironakh tkani spinnogo mozga posle épidural'nogo vvedeniia klofelina u sobak.

Time course of the major enzymes (SDH, LDH, GPDHcyt, GPDHmit, AP) and protein synthesis (DNA, RNA) in spinal neurons and spinal ganglia after epidural injection of clofelin were studied in an acute experiment on dogs. No physiological or neurological disorders or depriming effect of clofelin on the major enzymatic systems and protein synthesis in nervous tissue of dogs were detected. Increased activity of AP in the spinal white and gray matter is worthy of note, which indicates intensification of active transport in spinal capillary epithelium after epidural injection of clofelin.

[Morphological and histochemical changes in the spinal cord after epidural administration of prosidol in dogs]. / Morfologicheskie i gistokhimicheskie izmeneniia v spinnom mozge posle épidural'nogo vvedeniia prosidola u sobak.

Morphological, histochemical, and histoenzymatic changes in the nervous tissue of the spine and spinal ganglia after epidural injection of narcotic analgetic prosidol were studied in acute experiment on 12 mongrel dogs. No negative effect of prosidol on neuronal structure and nervous tissue microcirculatory bed were observed in experimental vs. control animals. The type of changes and their direction in various compartments of the nervous system (spine and spinal ganglia) were similar in control and experimental animals.

[Evaluation of the local neurotoxicity of lidocaine following epidural administration]. / Otsenka mestnoi neirotoksichnosti lidokaina pri épidural'nom vvedenii.

The morphological and histoenzymological changes in spinal neuron and in the spinal ganglia of outbred dogs were analyzed in the epidural administration of 2% solution of lydocaine. The results showed a lack of pathological or structural-and-metabolic changes in the nervous tissue. The morpho-functional reshaping occurring in the spinal cord cells and in the spinal ganglia was in line with that when the 0.9% solution of sodium chloride was in use. The registered changes ranging within the physiological deviations' limits witnessed to a functional reaction of the studied nervous-tissue structures to epidural drugs' injections.