RESUMEN
PURPOSE: Various molecular profiles are needed to classify malignant brain tumors, including gliomas, based on the latest classification criteria of the World Health Organization, and their poor prognosis necessitates new therapeutic targets. The Todai OncoPanel 2 RNA Panel (TOP2-RNA) is a custom-target RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) using the junction capture method to maximize the sensitivity of detecting 455 fusion gene transcripts and analyze the expression profiles of 1,390 genes. This study aimed to classify gliomas and identify their molecular targets using TOP2-RNA. METHODS: A total of 124 frozen samples of malignant gliomas were subjected to TOP2-RNA for classification based on their molecular profiles and the identification of molecular targets. RESULTS: Among 55 glioblastoma cases, gene fusions were detected in 11 cases (20%), including novel MET fusions. Seven tyrosine kinase genes were found to be overexpressed in 15 cases (27.3%). In contrast to isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioblastoma, IDH-mutant tumors, including astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, barely harbor fusion genes or gene overexpression. Of the 34 overexpressed tyrosine kinase genes, MDM2 and CDK4 in glioblastoma, 22 copy number amplifications (64.7%) were observed. When comparing astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas in gene set enrichment analysis, the gene sets related to 1p36 and 19q were highly enriched in astrocytomas, suggesting that regional genomic DNA copy number alterations can be evaluated by gene expression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: TOP2-RNA is a highly sensitive assay for detecting fusion genes, exon skipping, and aberrant gene expression. Alterations in targetable driver genes were identified in more than 50% of glioblastoma. Molecular profiling by TOP2-RNA provides ample predictive, prognostic, and diagnostic biomarkers that may not be identified by conventional assays and, therefore, is expected to increase treatment options for individual patients with glioma.
Asunto(s)
Astrocitoma , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Glioma , Oligodendroglioma , Humanos , Glioblastoma/diagnóstico , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/patología , Oligodendroglioma/patología , Mutación , Glioma/diagnóstico , Glioma/genética , Glioma/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Astrocitoma/patología , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Biomarcadores , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/genéticaRESUMEN
Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor (UTROSCT) is a rare tumor with low malignant potential that commonly occurs in middle age. Although more than 100 cases have been reported to date, myxoid morphology is not well documented. Here, we present a 75-yr-old woman with abnormal vaginal bleeding, with an 8-cm mass in the uterine corpus detected by irregular, high-intensity signaling on T2-weighted imaging. The uterine mass had a glistening mucinous appearance on gross examination. Microscopically, most of the tumor cells were floating in the myxoid stroma. The tumor cells formed clusters or nests with abundant cytoplasm, while some exhibited trabecular or rhabdoid appearances. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3), α-smooth muscle actin, CD10, progesterone receptor, and some sex cord markers such as calretinin, inhibin, CD56, steroidogenic factor-1. Electron microscopy demonstrated epithelial and sex cord differentiation. This tumor was negative for JAZF1-JJAZ1 fusion gene that is frequently found in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Fusion genes related to UTROSCT, including NCOA2/3 , were not detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The present case suggests that UTROSCT should be included in the differential diagnosis of myxoid uterine tumors.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Endometriales , Tumores Estromáticos Endometriales , Neoplasias Ováricas , Tumores de los Cordones Sexuales y Estroma de las Gónadas , Neoplasias Uterinas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Uterinas/patología , Tumores Estromáticos Endometriales/patología , Tumores de los Cordones Sexuales y Estroma de las Gónadas/diagnóstico , Tumores de los Cordones Sexuales y Estroma de las Gónadas/genética , Tumores de los Cordones Sexuales y Estroma de las Gónadas/patología , Neoplasias Ováricas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Biomarcadores de TumorRESUMEN
AIMS: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare form of adult sarcoma with distinct histology and NR4A3 gene fusion. Immunohistochemically, EMCs are variably positive for S100 protein and neuroendocrine markers. Unlike histologically similar soft-tissue myoepithelial tumours, keratin expression is rare. Prompted by two recent EMC cases with diffuse keratin expression, we investigated the expression of epithelial markers in a molecularly confirmed cohort of EMC and identified two additional similar cases. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four keratin-positive EMCs occurred in one man and three women aged 46-59 years. All tumours displayed nonclassic histology with prominent stromal fibrosis, and keratin AE1/AE3 was expressed either diffusely (N = 2) or focally (N = 2). In one tumour, keratin expression was limited to the sclerotic area. All tumours coexpressed epithelial membrane antigen and two additionally expressed S100 protein or glial fibrillary acidic protein. All tumours harboured NR4A3 fusions, including TAF15::NR4A3 (N = 1) and EWSR1::NR4A3 (N = 3). Two cases were initially considered as most consistent with myoepithelial tumours based on widespread stromal fibrosis and keratin expression. DNA methylation analysis classified two tumours tested as EMCs. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a small subset of EMCs characterised by keratin expression and prominent stromal fibrosis. This histological pattern must be recognised in the differential diagnosis of myoepithelial tumours because misclassification may lead to the erroneous prediction of tumour behaviour and may alter patient management. NR4A3 genetic analysis should be considered even in the face of keratin expression and prominent stromal fibrosis.
Asunto(s)
Condrosarcoma , Mioepitelioma , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos , Adulto , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Mioepitelioma/diagnóstico , Mioepitelioma/genética , Mioepitelioma/patología , Queratinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a Calmodulina , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genética , Condrosarcoma/diagnóstico , Condrosarcoma/genética , Condrosarcoma/metabolismo , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/genética , Proteínas S100 , FibrosisRESUMEN
The Central Nervous System Tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours, 5th ed.(WHO CNS5)incorporates molecular pathogenesis with histopathology to classify brain tumors into more biologically and narrowly defined entities. According to this approach, adult-type diffuse gliomas are classified into three tumor types: astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted; and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. Astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma are clearly defined as IDH-mutant tumors, and glioblastoma as an IDH-wildtype tumor. WHO CNS5 provides clear diagnostic criteria framed as "essential and desirable diagnostic criteria," including histopathological and molecular features. In this article, we summarized the diagnostic and grading criteria of adult-type diffuse gliomas, which include histopathological and molecular features. Further, we presented a clinical diagnostic workflow based on the immunohistopathological studies, molecular tests and their surrogate assays, and histopathological features to establish the diagnosis of adult-type diffuse gliomas. We also discussed the limitations of the clinical diagnostic workflow; for instance, some tumors may not fit within this classification provided by this diagnostic flow. Despite these limitations, we are required to utilize the diagnostic criteria and determine optimal treatment in the clinical setting.
Asunto(s)
Astrocitoma , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Glioma , Oligodendroglioma , Adulto , Humanos , Oligodendroglioma/diagnóstico , Oligodendroglioma/genética , Glioma/diagnóstico , Glioma/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genéticaRESUMEN
Krabbe disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme, which leads to demyelination of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Almost all patients with Krabbe disease are infants, and this is the first report of adult-onset cases that describe pathological findings. Here, we present two autopsy cases: a 73-year-old female and a 2-year-old male. The adult-onset case developed symptoms in her late thirties and was diagnosed by the identification of GALC D528N and L634S mutations and by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging; she had increased signal in the white matter along the pyramidal tract to the bilateral precentral gyrus, as well as from the triangular part to the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Microscopically, Klüver-Barrera staining was pale in the white matter of the precentral gyrus and occipito-thalamic radiation, and a few globoid cells were observed. The GALC mutations that were identified in the present adult-onset case do not completely inactivate GALC enzyme activity, resulting in focal demyelination of the brain.
Asunto(s)
Leucodistrofia de Células Globoides , Humanos , Adulto , Lactante , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Preescolar , Leucodistrofia de Células Globoides/diagnóstico , Leucodistrofia de Células Globoides/genética , Leucodistrofia de Células Globoides/patología , Autopsia , Galactosilceramidasa/genética , Mutación , Imagen por Resonancia MagnéticaRESUMEN
We provide the details of the successful management of a patient with active Cushing's disease complicated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. The patient was a 27-year-old Japanese female healthcare worker who was scheduled to undergo pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease. She had been in close contact with an undiagnosed patient infected with COVID-19 and then developed COVID-19 pneumonia. Despite a lack of known risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 infection, the patient's dyspnea worsened and her respiratory condition deteriorated, as indicated by the need for 7 L/min oxygen supply by mask to maintain her oxygen saturation at >90%. Medical treatment was initiated to control hypercortisolism by the 'block and replace' regimen using steroidogenesis inhibitors and hydrocortisone. The COVID-19 pneumonia improved with multi-modal treatment including antiviral therapy. One month later, after a negative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) test result and with appropriate protection against virus transmission to medical staff in the operating room and daily medical care nurses, trans-sphenoidal surgery was performed by our highly experienced pituitary surgeon. One month after the surgery, the patient's basal ACTH and cortisol levels and urinary free cortisol were all under the detection limit. Surgical remission was expected. Since hypercortisolism due to active Cushing's disease may worsen a COVID-19 infection, multi-disciplinary management that includes appropriate and prompt treatment strategies is mandatory in such cases.
Asunto(s)
Amidas/administración & dosificación , Benzamidinas/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/terapia , Guanidinas/administración & dosificación , Metirapona/administración & dosificación , Hipersecreción de la Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica Pituitaria (HACT)/terapia , Pregnenodionas/administración & dosificación , Pirazinas/administración & dosificación , Adenoma Hipofisario Secretor de ACTH/complicaciones , Adenoma Hipofisario Secretor de ACTH/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenoma/complicaciones , Adenoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/patología , Terapia Combinada , Dihidrotestosterona/administración & dosificación , Dihidrotestosterona/análogos & derivados , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Personal de Salud , Heparina/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Japón , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos , Hipersecreción de la Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica Pituitaria (HACT)/sangre , Hipersecreción de la Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica Pituitaria (HACT)/complicaciones , Hipersecreción de la Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica Pituitaria (HACT)/patología , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Combinación Trimetoprim y Sulfametoxazol/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Signaling adaptor protein Crk has been shown to play an important role in various human cancers. Crk links tyrosine kinases and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) such as C3G and Dock180 to activate small G-proteins Rap and Rac, respectively. In pancreatic cancer, various molecular targeted therapies have provided no significant therapeutic benefit for the patients so far due to constitutive activation of KRAS by frequent KRAS mutation. Therefore, the establishment of novel molecular targeted therapy in KRAS-independent manner is required. Here, we investigated a potential of Crk as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Immunohistochemistry on human pancreatic cancer specimens revealed that the patients with high expression of Crk had a worse prognosis than those with low expression. We established Crk-knockdown pancreatic cancer cells by siRNA using PANC-1, AsPC-1, and MIA PaCa-2 cells, which showed decreased cell proliferation, invasion, and adhesion. In Crk-knockdown pancreatic cancer cells, the decrease of c-Met phosphorylation was observed. In the orthotopic xenograft model, Crk depletion prolonged survival of mice significantly. Thus, signaling adaptor protein Crk is involved in malignant potential of pancreatic cancer associated with decrease of c-Met phosphorylation, and Crk can be considered to be a potential therapeutic molecular target.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-crk/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular , Proliferación Celular , Humanos , Ratones , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Pronóstico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-crk/análisis , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/análisisRESUMEN
Locally advanced and metastatic invasive bladder cancer (BC) has a poor prognosis, and no advanced therapies beyond cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy have been developed. Therefore, it is an urgent issue to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of tumor progression and metastasis of invasive BC for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we clarified a novel role of exosomes containing ErbB2 and CRK in a formation of premetastatic niches and subsequent metastases. CRK adaptors were overexpressed in invasive UM-UC-3 BC cells. In an orthotopic xenograft model, metastases to lung, liver, and bone of UM-UC-3 cells were completely abolished by CRK elimination. Mass spectrometry analysis identified that ErbB2 was contained in UM-UC-3-derived exosomes in a CRK-dependent manner; the exosomes significantly increased proliferation and invasion properties of low-grade 5637 BC cells and HUVECs through FAK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In athymic mice educated with UM-UC-3-derived exosomes, i.v. implanted UM-UC-3 cells were trapped with surrounding PKH67-labeled exosomes in lung and led to development of lung metastasis with disordered vascular proliferation. In contrast, exosomes derived from CRK-depleted BC cells failed to induce these malignant features. Taken together, we showed that CRK adaptors elevated the expression of ErbB2/3 in BC cells, and these tyrosine kinase/adaptor units were transferred from host BC cells to metastatic recipient cells by exosomes, leading to vascular leakiness and proliferation and contributing to the formation of distant metastasis. Thus, CRK intervention with ErbB2/3 blockade might be a potent therapeutic strategy for patients with ErbB2 overexpressing advanced and metastatic BC.
Asunto(s)
Exosomas/patología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-crk/metabolismo , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular , Proliferación Celular , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Exosomas/genética , Exosomas/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-crk/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/irrigación sanguínea , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/genética , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: TP53 mutations in cancer cells often evoke cell invasiveness, whereas fibroblasts show invasiveness in the presence of intact TP53. AMAP1 (also called DDEF1 or ASAP1) is a downstream effector of ARF6 and is essential for the ARF6-driven cell-invasive phenotype. We found that AMAP1 levels are under the control of p53 (TP53 gene product) in epithelial cells but not in fibroblasts, and here addressed that molecular basis of the epithelial-specific function of p53 in suppressing invasiveness via targeting AMAP1. METHODS: Using MDA-MB-231 cells expressing wild-type and p53 mutants, we identified miRNAs in which their expression is controlled by normal-p53. Among them, we identified miRNAs that target AMAP1 mRNA, and analyzed their expression levels and epigenetic statuses in epithelial cells and nonepithelial cells. RESULTS: We found that normal-p53 suppresses AMAP1 mRNA in cancer cells and normal epithelial cells, and that more than 30 miRNAs are induced by normal-p53. Among them, miR-96 and miR-182 were found to target the 3'-untranslated region of AMAP1 mRNA. Fibroblasts did not express these miRNAs at detectable levels. The ENCODE dataset demonstrated that the promoter region of the miR-183-96-182 cistron is enriched with H3K27 acetylation in epithelial cells, whereas this locus is enriched with H3K27 trimethylation in fibroblasts and other non-epithelial cells. miRNAs, such as miR-423, which are under the control of p53 but not associated with AMAP1 mRNA, demonstrated similar histone modifications at their gene loci in epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and were expressed in these cells. CONCLUSION: Histone modifications of certain miRNA loci, such as the miR-183-96-182 cistron, are different between epithelial cells and non-epithelial cells. Such epithelial-specific miRNA regulation appears to provide the molecular basis for the epithelial-specific function of p53 in suppressing ARF6-driven invasiveness.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Sitios Genéticos/genética , Código de Histonas/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células Epiteliales/patología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Mutación , Invasividad Neoplásica , ARN Mensajero/genéticaRESUMEN
CIC-rearranged sarcoma is an aggressive round cell sarcoma, and an alternative ATXN1/ATXN1L fusion has been reported. Diagnosis may be difficult, and molecular assays may suffer from imperfect sensitivity. Characteristic histology and ETV4 immunohistochemical positivity are diagnostically helpful. However, ETV4 staining is unavailable in most laboratories. Here, we explored the diagnostic utility of MUC5AC immunohistochemistry in CIC-rearranged sarcomas. All 30 cases, except one, of CIC-rearranged sarcomas and 2 ATXN1-rearranged sarcomas were positive for MUC5AC, although the number of immunopositive cells was generally low (< 5%) in most samples, representing a characteristic scattered pattern. The only MUC5AC-negative case had the lowest tumor volume. Among the 110 mimicking round cell malignancies, 12 tumors showed MUC5AC positivity, including occasional cases of synovial sarcoma and small cell carcinoma, whereas the remaining 98 samples were negative. Despite its lower specificity than that of ETV4 and sparse reactivity that requires careful interpretation, MUC5AC may serve as a useful marker for CIC/ATXN1-rearranged sarcoma because of its wider accessibility.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Acute acquired comitant esotropia caused by prolonged near work, such as the use of digital devices, has been frequently reported in recent years. However, intracranial examination is necessary even for patients with nonparalytic comitant esotropia. Lhermitte-Duclos disease is a rare tumor that grows in layers in the cerebellum. Among those with this disease, cases of esotropia have been reported due to abduction limitation of the eye, but there have been no reports of comitant esotropia. Here, we report the case of a young woman with acute acquired comitant esotropia who was found to have Lhermitte-Duclos disease. CASE PRESENTATION: A 16-year-old Japanese female patient, whose ethnicity was Asian, was referred to our hospital for acute acquired comitant esotropia. Fundus examination revealed papilledema in both eyes, and magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a cerebellar tumor in the right cerebellum with obstructive hydrocephalus. She underwent partial tumor resection, and a histopathological diagnosis of Lhermitte-Duclos disease was obtained. However, comitant esotropia status remained unchanged, and she underwent strabismus surgery. Finally, diplopia disappeared completely. CONCLUSION: Neurological and intracranial imaging examinations are essential when acute acquired comitant esotropia is observed. Acute acquired comitant esotropia by Lhermitte-Duclos disease did not improve with partial tumor resection and required strabismus surgery, but good surgical results were obtained.
Asunto(s)
Esotropía , Síndrome de Hamartoma Múltiple , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Humanos , Femenino , Esotropía/etiología , Esotropía/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Síndrome de Hamartoma Múltiple/complicaciones , Síndrome de Hamartoma Múltiple/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Hamartoma Múltiple/cirugía , Neoplasias Cerebelosas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Cerebelosas/cirugía , Enfermedad Aguda , Diplopía/etiología , Papiledema/etiología , Papiledema/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM) is a rapidly progressive cancer-related disease with a dismal clinical course. The patient in this report was a 43-year-old man with metastatic salivary duct carcinoma arising from the parotid gland. Combined androgen blockade therapy was administered started as first-line treatment, but failed after 5 months, followed by docetaxel plus carboplatin therapy as second-line treatment, which failed after 3 months. Genomic profiling revealed a BRAF V600E mutation, and combined BRAF and MEK inhibitor therapy was started as third-line treatment. The cancer remained stable during the first 10 months of third-line treatment, but treatment was subsequently discontinued due to the onset of symptoms of fatigue, myalgia and arthritis. Twenty days after the onset of these symptoms and interruption of third-line treatment, the patient was urgently admitted to hospital with respiratory distress and severe thrombocytopenia. CT images at the time of admission led our radiologist to the possibility of PTTM, but the patient died the day after admission and autopsy findings indicated that PTTM was the cause of death. This report describes a very informative case of PTTM with sequential imaging and detailed autopsy findings were available and provides a literature review.
RESUMEN
A combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors is reported to be effective for gliomas with the BRAF V600E mutation; however, its efficacy in gliomas with leptomeningeal metastases (LMM) is still unknown. In this report, we describe two pediatric patients with high-grade glioma featuring the BRAF V600E mutation who were treated with dabrafenib and trametinib for LMM. Both 2 cases underwent craniotomy for primary intracranial lesions and were diagnosed as a high-grade glioma with BRAF V600E mutation; one case was consistent with anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastorocytoma, the other was epithelioid glioblastoma. They received standard treatment for the lesions but subsequently were found to have new lesions including multiple spinal dissemination. We started administering dabrafenib and trametinib. Within a few days of starting treatment, the symptoms improved dramatically and MRI performed one month after the prescription of the two drugs demonstrated remission of both brain and spinal lesions. This report shows that dabrafenib and trametinib are effective not only for recurrent lesions but also for LMM in pediatric patients.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intracranial solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) rarely recur in the spinal space. Only 4 cases of spinal recurrence from intracranial SFT have been reported; therefore, the optimal treatment of recurrent spinal SFT remains unclear. OBSERVATIONS: A 53-year-old woman with a history of resection of a right occipital anaplastic SFT presented with progressive back and side pain. She was diagnosed with an intradural extramedullary tumor ventral to the spinal cord at the T5-7 level. She underwent tumor resection with T5-6 laminectomy and T4 and T7 partial laminectomy. The tumor was completely removed in a piecemeal fashion using an ultrasonic aspirator with careful control of bleeding. Her symptoms quickly improved after the surgery, and she returned to normal life. The tumor was diagnosed as SFT. Pazopanib was administered postoperatively. Despite the recurrence of the intracranial tumor, the patient was alive without recurrence of the spinal tumor 14 months after resection. LESSONS: Although rare, intracranial SFTs have a risk of spinal recurrence. Complete resection of a recurrent spinal SFT can be achieved even in the ventral location. Pazopanib could be a possible therapeutic option for preventing local tumor recurrence in the management of recurrent spinal SFT. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE24217.
RESUMEN
A prompt and reliable molecular diagnosis for brain tumors has become crucial in precision medicine. While Comprehensive Genomic Profiling (CGP) has become feasible, there remains room for enhancement in brain tumor diagnosis due to the partial lack of essential genes and limitations in broad copy number analysis. In addition, the long turnaround time of commercially available CGPs poses an additional obstacle to the timely implementation of results in clinics. To address these challenges, we developed a CGP encompassing 113 genes, genome-wide copy number changes, and MGMT promoter methylation. Our CGP incorporates not only diagnostic genes but also supplementary genes valuable for research. Our CGP enables us to simultaneous identification of mutations, gene fusions, focal and broad copy number alterations, and MGMT promoter methylation status, with results delivered within a minimum of 4 days. Validation of our CGP, through comparisons with whole-genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and pyrosequencing, has certified its accuracy and reliability. We applied our CGP for 23 consecutive cases of intracranial mass lesions, which demonstrated its efficacy in aiding diagnosis and prognostication. Our CGP offers a comprehensive and rapid molecular profiling for gliomas, which could potentially apply to clinical practices and research primarily in the field of brain tumors.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , Metilación de ADN , Glioma , Mutación , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor , Humanos , Glioma/genética , Glioma/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Metilación de ADN/genética , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/genética , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN/genética , Genómica , Metilasas de Modificación del ADN/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras del ADN/genética , Femenino , Masculino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm and rarely occurs in the spinal space, especially in the cauda equina. Only 8 cases of pediatric AT/RT of the cauda equina have been reported. Therefore, its clinical behavior and optimal treatment remain unclear. OBSERVATIONS: The authors describe the case of a 9-year-old boy who presented with progressive back and left leg pain. Initial magnetic resonance imaging showed an intradural extramedullary lesion at the L3-4 level, which progressed rapidly to the L2-5 level within a month. He underwent partial resection of the tumor with an L2-5 laminectomy. The histopathological diagnosis was AT/RT. He received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and his gait disturbance improved postoperatively. At 6 months' follow-up, disease recurrence was not observed. LESSONS: Although extremely rare, AT/RT should be included in the differential diagnosis for prompt therapeutic intervention. Safe resection with minimal functional impairment, followed by postoperative chemoradiation, can lead to tumor control and improve neurological function. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE24219.
RESUMEN
In the World Health Organization tumor classification (fifth edition), central nervous system (CNS) tumors with BCOR internal tandem duplications have been recognized as a new tumor type. Some recent studies have reported CNS tumors with EP300::BCOR fusions, predominantly in children and young adults, expanding the spectrum of BCOR-altered CNS tumors. This study reports a new case of high-grade neuroepithelial tumor (HGNET) with an EP300::BCOR fusion in the occipital lobe of a 32-year-old female. The tumor displayed anaplastic ependymoma-like morphologies characterized by a relatively well-circumscribed solid growth with perivascular pseudorosettes and branching capillaries. Immunohistochemically, OLIG2 was focally positive and BCOR was negative. RNA sequencing revealed an EP300::BCOR fusion. The Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum DNA methylation classifier (v12.5) classified the tumor as CNS tumor with BCOR/BCORL1 fusion. The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis plotted the tumor close to the HGNET with BCOR alteration reference samples. BCOR/BCORL1-altered tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of supratentorial CNS tumors with ependymoma-like histological features, especially when they lack ZFTA fusion or express OLIG2 even in the absence of BCOR expression. Analysis of published CNS tumors with BCOR/BCORL1 fusions revealed partly overlapping but not identical phenotypes. Further studies of additional cases are required to establish their classification.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central , Ependimoma , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliales , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliales/patología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central/genética , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central/metabolismo , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Proteína p300 Asociada a E1A/genéticaRESUMEN
Our patient presented with an elastic soft mass of his left index finger. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed a high cellular density with spindle-shaped cells in a storiform pattern. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for CD68, factor XIIIa and α-smooth muscle actin, and negative for CD34, STAT6, S100 protein, and desmin.
RESUMEN
Although systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma has advanced after the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sorafenib and lenvatinib, the effectiveness of a single tyrosine kinase inhibitor in survival extension of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma is limited to a few months. Therefore, novel treatment options are required for unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas, including those with multiple lung metastases. This case report describes a hepatocellular carcinoma patient with a recurrence of multiple lung metastases, which was successfully treated with conversion pneumonectomy after treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. A 79-year-old man underwent right hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma, along with removal of the tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava. Multiple lung metastases were detected 4 months after hepatectomy. Treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mainly lenvatinib, resulted in complete remission of the lung metastases, except for one lesion in segment 3 of the right lung which gradually enlarged. Twenty-three months after hepatectomy, partial resection of the right lung was performed using video-assisted thoracic surgery for this residual lesion in the right lung. The patient remained disease-free for 11 months after conversion pneumonectomy, without any adjuvant therapies. This is the first case report of multiple lung metastases originating from hepatocellular carcinoma which were successfully treated with conversion pneumonectomy after treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Conversion pneumonectomy after systemic therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors should be considered as a treatment strategy for patients with unresectable multiple lung metastases from hepatocellular carcinomas.
RESUMEN
Adjuvant therapy for patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, node-positive, early breast cancer (EBC) remains challenging. The prognostic significance of HER2-low positivity in these patients is not fully understood. In our retrospective study, we analyzed 647 patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative, node-positive EBC, stratifying them into three cohorts based on axillary lymph node involvement, tumor size, and characteristics. Cohort 1 included patients with either ≥ 4 positive axillary lymph nodes or 1-3 positive nodes with histological grade 3 or tumor size ≥ 5 cm. Cohort 2 consisted of patients with 1-3 positive nodes, histological grade < 3, tumor size < 5 cm, and Ki-67 ≥ 20%. Cohort 3 comprised patients with 1-3 positive nodes, histological grade < 3, tumor size < 5 cm, and Ki-67 < 20%. We compared invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) and distant relapse-free survival (DRFS) between HER2-low (IHC1+ or IHC2+/FISH-) and HER2-zero (IHC0) groups in each cohort. In cohort 1, HER2-low patients exhibited significantly better 5-year IDFS (84.2% vs. 73.6%, p = 0.0213) and DRFS (88.2% vs. 79.8%, p = 0.0154). However, no significant differences were observed in cohorts 2 and 3. Our findings suggest HER2-low positivity as a prognostic factor in HR-positive, HER2-negative, and node-positive EBC.