[Cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical smoking cessation intervention in China primary cancer prevention].

Objectives: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of typical pharmaceutical smoking cessation intervention strategies in China in the context of primary cancer prevention. Methods: Markov cohort simulation models were established to simulate the burden of 12 smoking caused cancer, including lung cancer, oral cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. Taking incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) as the main indicator, the model sets one year as the cycling period for 50 periods and simulates the cohort of 10 000 thirty-five-year-old current smokers with various smoking cessation strategies. To ensure the robustness of conclusion, univariate sensitivity analysis, probability sensitivity analysis, and age-group sensitivity analysis were conducted. Results: The results showed that varenicline intervention was the most cost-effective intervention. Compared to the next most effective option, incremental cost of each additional quality-adjusted life year is 11 140.28 yuan, which is below the threshold of willingness to pay (1 year GDP per capita). The value of ICER increased as the increasing age group of adopting intervention, but neither exceeded the threshold of willingness to pay. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that the value of discount rate, the hazard ratio and cost of intervention strategy had a greater impact on the result of ICER. Conclusion: In China, the use of varenicline to quit smoking is highly cost effective in the context of cancer primary prevention, especially for younger smokers.

[Current situation and prospect of primary prevention of cancer in China].

Cancer is a major public health issue that seriously endangers the public health and social development of China. Future initiatives for cancer prevention and control should continue to adhere to the principle of prioritizing prevention, and comprehensively implement related prevention activities nationwide. This is critical to reducing cancer burden in Chinese residents, especially in the low- and middle-income populations and those living in areas that are less economically developed. In the past several decades, the international community has significantly reduced the incidence of related cancers through primary prevention measures such as tobacco control, improved occupational hygiene, and vaccination. China has also implemented a series of exploratory primary prevention measures among high-risk groups of cancer in specific areas including Xuanwei, Qidong, and Linxian, and achieved encouraging results. However, due to the low level of systematic awareness of cancer risk factors and the lack of awareness and ability of self-health management in Chinese residents, it is urgent to develop novel research tools and methods to further reveal the causes of cancer, and establish innovative mechanisms and systems of primary prevention of cancer at population and individual levels. Based on current status of the transformation of cancer spectrum and the development of digital intelligence, it would be beneficial to establish a smart digital system for primary cancer prevention service that can cover the entire population, integrating authoritative popular science education on primary prevention of cancer, individualized cancer risk assessment, and personalized health management assistant. This will improve primary cancer prevention among the Chinese general population and can help the sustainable development of cancer prevention and control in China.

MicroRNA-27a-3p aggravates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting oxidative stress via targeting growth factor receptor-bound protein 2.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (RI/R) injury with high morbidity and mortality is one common clinical disease. Development of drug targets to treat the disorder is critical important. MiR-27a-3p plays important roles in regulating oxidative stress. However, its effects on RI/R injury have not been reported. In this paper, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) models on NRK-52E and HK-2 cells, and RI/R model in C57BL/6 mice were established. The results showed that H/R in vitro decreased cell viability and increased ROS levels in cells, and RI/R caused renal injury and oxidative damage in mice. The expression levels of miR-27a-3p were up-regulated based on real-time PCR and FISH assays in model groups compared with control groups, which directly targeted Grb2 based on dual luciferase reporter assay and co-transfaction test. In addition, miR-27a- 3p markedly reduced Grb2 expression to down-regulate the expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, Nrf2, HO-1, and up-regulate Keap1 expression in model groups. MiR-27a-3p mimics in vitro enhanced H/R-caused oxidative stress via increasing ROS levels and decreasing Grb2 expression to down-regulate PI3K-AKT signal. In contrary, miR-27a-3p inhibitor in vitro significantly reduced H/R-caused oxidative damage via decreasing ROS levels and increasing Grb2 expression to up-regulate PI3K-AKT signal. In vivo, miR-27a- 3p agomir exacerbated RI/R-caused renal damage by decreasing SOD level and increasing Cr, BUN, MDA levels via suppressing Grb2 expression to down-regulate PI3K- AKT signal. However, miR-27a -3p antagomir alleviated RI/R-caused oxidative damage via increasing Grb2 expression to up-regulate PI3k-AKT signal. Grb2siRNA in mice further enhanced RI/R-caused renal injury by increasing Cr, BUN, MDA levels and decreasing SOD level via inhibiting the expression levels of Grb2, Nrf2, HO-1, and increasing Keap1 expression. Our data showed that miR-27a-3p aggravated RI/R injury by promoting oxidative stress via targeting Grb2, which should be considered as one new drug target to treat RI/R injury.

[HCV and Treponema pallidum infection status in HIV/AIDS cases in Yunnan province, January-June, 2020].

Objective: To understand the infection status of HCV and Treponema pallidum (TP) in HIV/AIDS cases in Yunnan province,and identify the risk factors. Methods: Between January 1 and June 30 in 2020,a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Yunnan. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect anti-HCV, the positive results of both two kits indicated HCV infection. ELISA and syphilis toluidine red untreated serum test were applied to identify TP infection. Both Excel 2016 and SPSS 22.0 software were used for statistical analysis, and logistic regression model was conducted to identify the relevant factors of HCV and TP infection. Results: A total of 5 922 HIV/AIDS cases were included in this study, the infection rates of HCV and TP were 6.5% (383/5 922) and 5.8% (344/5 922) respectively. The co-infection rate of HCV and TP was 0.4% (22/5 922). The risk for HCV infection in HIV/AIDS cases was higher in younger age groups compared with age group ≥50 years (15-19:aOR=3.53;20-29:aOR=3.02;30-39:aOR=2.91;40-49:aOR=3.61), in males than in females (aOR=2.31), in the married and unmarried than in the divorced or widowed (married:aOR=1.61;unmarried:aOR=1.63), in other ethnic groups than in Han ethnic group (aOR=1.70), in people with lower education level than in people with education level of college and above (primary school degree and below:aOR=4.69;middle school:aOR=3.96), in people living in the central and western Yunnan than in people living in eastern Yunnan (central Yunnan:aOR=2.46; western Yunnan:aOR=7.08), in injection drug users than in MSM (aOR=131.08). The risk of TP infection in HIV/AIDS cases was higher in people with education level of college and primary school than in middle school degree (primary school and below:aOR=1.73;college and above:aOR=1.77), in people with other occupations than in farmers (aOR=1.39), in people living in eastern Yunnan than in people living in western Yunnan (aOR=1.75); in MSM than in people with heterosex (aOR=9.75). Conclusions: A certain proportion of HIV/AIDS cases reported between January and June in 2020 in Yunnan were co-infected with HCV and TP, many factors were associated with the co-infection. It is suggested to strengthen HCV and TP tests in HIV/AIDS cases and conduct active treatment of the co-infection.

[Performance of limiting-antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay and pooling PCR in detection of recent HIV-1 infection among men who have sex with men in Yunnan province].

Objective: To assess and compare the performance of limiting-antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay (LAg-Avidity EIA) and pooling PCR in the surveillance for recent infection rates of HIV-1 in men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Blood samples were collected from MSM selected through snowball sampling method in sentinel surveillance in 13 prefectures of Yunnan province from 2016 to 2017. The samples were tested for HIV-1 antibody. The confirmed positive samples were tested by LAg-Avidity EIA. The negative samples were tested by pooling PCR. The recent infection rates of HIV-1 were estimated by the algorithm based on LAg-Avidity EIA and pooling PCR respectively. The two results were compared. Results: During 2016-2017, a total of 5 363 blood samples were collected from MSM, in which 407 samples were HIV-1 positive (including 177 positive tested previously) and 4 956 samples were HIV-1 negative. A total of 211 samples(91.7%) were tested by LAg-Avidity EIA, 69 were confirmed to be recent infections. A total of 4 469 samples were tested by pooling PCR, 8 were confirmed to be acute infections. The recent infection rates of HIV-1 from 2016 to 2017 estimated by LAg-Avidity EIA were 3.36% and 4.84%, and the recent infection rates estimated by pooling PCR were 3.27% and 3.02% respectively. The differences in recent infection rates of HIV-1 estimated by the two algorithms were not significant. Conclusions: The recent infection rates of HIV-1 estimated by LAg-Avidity EIA and pooling PCR in sentinel surveillance in MSM in Yunnan had good consistency from 2016 to 2017. Using the two methods might have a better stability in continuous surveillance for recent infection rates of HIV-1.

[Analysis on characteristics of HIV-1 molecular networks in men who have sex with men in Kunming, 2016-2018].

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of HIV-1 molecular network in men who have sex with men (MSM) from 2016 to 2018 in Kunming, Yunnan province, explore the risk factors associated with HIV-1 transmission network and provide evidence for the effective implementation of intervention. Methods: A total of 540 samples of newly reported HIV-1 positive MSM were consecutively collected in Kunming from 2016 to 2018, the pol gene fragments were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HIV-1 molecular networks were constructed according to the bootstrap value of the maximum likelihood evolutionary tree over 95% and the genetic distance less than 3%. The factors associated with the subjects entering network and network growth were further analyzed. Results: Among 459 successfully sequenced samples, seven genotypes were found, in which CRF07_BC (49.2%, 226/459) and CRF01_AE (40.3%, 185/459 ) were predominant. Other genotypes included URFs (4.8%, 22/459), CRF08_BC (3.1%, 14/459), CRF55_01B (1.7%, 8/459), B (0.7%, 3/459) and CRF68_01B (0.2%, 1/459). A total of 163 sequences entered the network, with an entry rate of 35.5%(163/459), forming 56 clusters with the number of individuals in the cluster was between 2 and 13. The analysis of the factors associated with entering network showed that the MSM who married and had multiple homosexual partners were more likely to be found in HIV-1 molecular networks. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the number of sexual partners was the factor for the growth of HIV-1 molecular network. According to the criteria for the emergence of three or more newly reported cases in every year, six transmission clusters were judged as active transmission clusters, in which MSM who were not Kunming natives, had sexually transmitted diseases (STD), were divorced and students were the key targets of intervention. Conclusions: HIV-1 genotypes in MSM in Kunming were becoming complex, the risk factors associated with transmission networks in MSM in Kunming included being married and having multiple partners, the intervention targets in active transmission clusters included MSM who were not Kunming natives, had STD, were divorced and students. This study provided the basis for applying HIV-1 molecular networks to real-time intervention in this population.

[Characteristics of HIV-1 genotype and drug resistance among men who have sex with men in Kunming, 2018].

Objective: To understand the characteristics of HIV-1 genotypes and drug resistance among men who have sex with men in Kunming in 2018. Methods: A total of 193 plasma samples were collected from the newly reported HIV-1 infected MSM in Kunming from January to December 2018. Viral RNA was extracted, and the gag, pol, env gene segments were amplified by nested PCR. HIV-1 genotypes and drug resistance were also analyzed. Subsequently, the evolutionary characteristics of CRF55_01B and CRF68_01B among MSM in Kunming were analyzed by Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Results: Multiple HIV-1 genotypes were identified among these 193 samples, including CRF07_BC (39.4%, 76/193), CRF01_AE (34.2%, 66/193), unique recombinant forms (URFs) (20.2%, 39/193), CRF08_BC (3.1%, 6/193), CRF55_01B (1.6%, 3/193), subtype B (1.0%, 2/193) and CRF68_01B (0.5%, 1/193). Results from the Bayesian evolutionary analysis showed that CRF55_01B started to spread locally after being imported from other provinces, while CRF68_01B was likely to have been brought in from the eastern provinces of China. Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistant strains was 2.6%(5/190) before antiviral treatment, with mutation rates resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors being the highest (2.1%, 4/190) among MSM in Kunming, 2018. Conclusion: The diversity of HIV-1 was increasing among MSM in Kunming. Although the resistance rate on pretreatment drug was relatively low, the emergence of multiple resistant strains to first-line antiviral drugs posed a challenge to antiretroviral therapy, in Kunming.

[Nephrogenic clear cell carcinoma of nasal cavity：a case report].

SummaryRenal clear cell carcinoma（RCCC） is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma, but metastasis to the nasal cavity is extremely rare. A case of RCCC to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses was reported. The early clinical manifestations of this case were intermittent epistaxis and subsequent massive epistaxis. Imaging examination revealed that there were masses in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus, accompanied by bleeding and destruction of the skull base. Renal CT examination showed a tumor in the right kidney, and considered the patient suffering from renal cell carcinoma. The patient underwent a nasal side incision to remove the tumor, the patient's pathological return; nasal nephrogenic clear-cell carcinoma.

[Significance of the seated supine positioning nystagmus for the diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo].

Objective:To observe and assess the significance of seated supine positioning nystagmus (SSPN) in the diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV).Method:Two hundreds patients who were diagnosed BPPV were tested with the seated supine positioning test(SSPT) to observe SSPN,then were tested Supine roll test(SRT) and Dix-Hallpike test(DHT). According to the result of SRT and DHT,patients were divided into different groups. The positive rate and feature of SSPN in different types of BPPV was analyzed.Result:Among the 200 patients,116 cases(58.0%) of them showed SSPN. Among the 116 cases who were divided to the posterior semicircular canal BPPV(PSC-BPPV) group,72 cases of them showed SSPN. Horizontal semicircular canal BPPV(HSC-BPPV) group were 60 cases,44 cases showed SSPN. Anterior semicircular canal BPPV(ASC-BPPV) group were 4 cases and none of them showed SSPN. The direction of SSPN was a combination of torsional nystagmus with the upper pole of the eyes beating toward the affected side combined with vertical nystagmus beating upward (toward the forehead) typically in the PSC-BPPV group. Canalolithiasis of HSC were 41 cases,and 28 cases showed SSPN,and SSPN was contralesional in 22 cases(78.6%) and ipsilesional in 6 cases. Cupulolithiasis of HSC were 19 cases and 16 cases showed SSPN,and SSPN was ipsilesional in 16 cases.Conclusion:Significance of the seated supine positioning nystagmus in different types of BPPV is different.

[Structure determination of korepimedoside A and korepimedoside B from Epimedium koreanum Nakai].

Two new flavonol glycosides were isolated from the aerial parts of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence, they were elucidated as anhydroicaritin 3-O-beta-D-(6-acetyl) glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-alpha-L-(4-acetyl) rhamnopyranoside and anhydroicaritin 3-O-beta-D-(2, 6-diacetyl) glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-alpha-L-(4-acetyl) rhamnopyranoside-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, which were named korepimedoside A and korepimedoside B respectively.