Impact of age on survival of locoregional nasopharyngeal carcinoma: An analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program database, 2004-2013.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of age at diagnosis and other factors on survival in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective, population-based cohort study of 3103 patients are selected, whose records were submitted to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2004 and 2013. We evaluated the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who were 20 years or older with a diagnosis of primary, non-metastatic NPC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall survival (OS) and risks of OS and NPC-specific survival. RESULTS: Overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 85.8%, 71.0%, and 62.6%, respectively. Older age was a significant predictor of poor OS, as was Chinese ethnicity. We also determined that middle-aged white patients, but not middle-aged black or Chinese patients, were at a higher risk of death than were younger patients of the same race/ethnicity. Nodal (N) stage 0-1 disease was a significant predictor of poor OS when comparing survival of older patients with N0-1 vs N2-3 stage disease. Finally, we found that married patients had a decreased risk of death when compared to those who were single. CONCLUSIONS: The survival of older patients with NPC is inferior to that of younger patients. Race/ethnicity, marital status, and stage of disease are important modifiers of risk. Collectively, our results indicate that management of older patients requires optimisation.

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe betae on Swiss Chard in China.

Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla) is a widely planted vegetable in China. From May to June 2013, an outbreak of powdery mildew on Swiss chard cultivar Fangzheng was observed in the commercial fields in Zhoukou city of Henan Province, located in central China. More than 80% of the plants exhibited symptoms of the disease. At the beginning of infection, circular, white, dust-like colonies of powdery mildew occurred mainly on adaxial surfaces of leaves. As the disease progressed, white mycelia covered the foliar parts of plant. No cleistothecia were found on or in collected samples. Upon microscopic evaluation, conidiophores were unbranched with the length of 63 to 126 and width of 7 to 10 µm (n = 50), produced conidia singly, and composed of a cylindrical foot cell followed by one to three short cells. Conidia were colorless, hyaline, ovoid, measured 29 to 40 × 12 to 18 µm (n = 100), lacked fibrosin bodies, and produced germ tubes on the ends of the conidia. The fungus was identified as Erysiphe betae according to the morphological features (1). To verify the identity, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with the universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 (2) and sequenced. The ITS sequence obtained was assigned as Accession No. KF268348 in GenBank, which showed 100% homogeneity with two ITS sequences of E. betae isolates from UK (DQ164432 and DQ164436). Koch's postulates were conducted by inoculating 15 healthy 5-week-old plants (cv. Fangzheng) with detached infected leaves, which grew in a growth chamber under 22/16°C (day/night), 50% relative humidity, 120 µmol/m2/s light and a 16-h photoperiod. Fifteen non-inoculated plants grew in another growth chamber with the same conditions as control. Symptoms consistent with the infected field plants were observed on the inoculated plants, while no symptoms were found on the control plants. Microscopic observation revealed that the pathogen growing on the inoculated plants was consistent with the morphology of the original fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. betae infection on Swiss chard in China (3). References: (1) S. Francis. Mol. Plant Pathol. 3:119, 2002. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990. (3) R. Y. Zheng et al. Page 63 in: Flora Fungorum Sinicorum, Vol. 1, Erysiphales. Science Press, Beijing, 1987.

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe heraclei on Carrot in Central China.

Carrot (Daucus carota) is an important root vegetable crop in China, which accounted for 46% of global production in 2011. Carrot was grown in Henan Province on >20,000 ha/year, which ranks first in China for area of carrots harvested. In October 2012, a powdery mildew outbreak was observed in 16 investigated carrot production fields in Zhoukou, Henan Province, in central China. White colonies typical of powdery mildew were seen on leaves of affected plants. The colonies enlarged and finally coalesced. Small, scattered fruiting bodies found on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were determined microscopically to be chasmothecia. Examining the pathogen morphologically revealed that appressoria were lobed, conidiophores were straight and bore single conidia, and cylindrical foot cells were followed by one to three shorter cells in the conidiophores. Conidiophores were subhyaline and 54.1 to 66.1 × 6.1 to 8.1 µm. Conidia were barrel-cylindrical and 28.8 to 38.6 × 11.4 to 14.8 µm. Chasmothecia were subspherical, dark brown to black, formed hyphoid appendages, and 110 to 122 µm in diameter. Appendages typically had one to five branches, which were nearly dichotomous or irregular, flexuous or almost straight, and 30 to 165 µm long. Each chasmothecium contained multiple asci that were saccate, multiguttulate, short-stipitate or not, 62.5 to 63.8 × 43.2 to 45.9 µm, and each contained two to six ascospores. Ascospores were subhyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid, and 16.5 to 17.7 × 11.2 to 12.7 µm. Based on characteristics of the anamorphic and teleomorphic stages, the fungus was identified as Erysiphe heraclei (2,4). To verify the identity, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was amplified with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4, and sequenced. The ITS sequence was assigned GenBank Accession No. KC480605, and showed 100% similarity to ITS sequences of E. heraclei on carrot in GenBank (EU371725 and GU252368). Koch's postulates were completed by using detached infected leaves from 10-week-old carrot plants growing in a field to inoculate 10 healthy, 5-week-old plants of the carrot cultivar Dinghong, growing in a growth chamber under 22/16°C (day/night) cycle at 50% relative humidity with 120 µmol/m2/s light and a 14-h photoperiod. Ten non-inoculated plants served as replicates of a control treatment. Symptoms consistent with those in the field were observed on inoculated plants 20 days post-inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the control plants. Microscopic observation of the pathogen growing on the inoculated plants revealed that it was the same as the original fungus. Powdery mildew on carrot has been observed in many countries including Australia (1), Mexico (3), and the United States (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. heraclei infection on carrot in central China, a major region of carrot production, although the disease has previously been observed in northwestern China (4). Further research should help to reduce losses in carrot crops caused by E. heraclei in central China. References: (1) J. H. Cunnington et al. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:38, 2008. (2) D. A. Glawe et al. Plant Health Progress doi: 10.1094/PHP-2005-0114-01-HN, 2005. (3) G. Rodríguez-Alvarado et al. Plant Dis. 94:483, 2010. (4) R. Zheng and G. Chen. Pp. 97-99 in: Flora Fungorum Sinicorum Vol. 1. Erysiphales. R. Zheng et al., eds. Science Press, Beijing, 1987.

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Blumeria graminis on Festuca arundinacea in China.

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), a predominant cool-season perennial grass, is widely used as forage and turf grasses in China. In July 2013, powdery mildew was observed on 10 F. arundinacea lawns (about 0.5 ha in total) in Urumchi, Xinjiang Province, China, with 20 to 30% of the area being infected. Signs of the disease initially appeared as irregular white mycelial colonies on the adaxial surface of infected leaves. As the disease progressed, the colonies covered the whole adaxial surface and white patches appeared on the abaxial surface of infected leaves. Conidiophores were unbranched and cylindrical with swollen bases, measuring 13.3 to 15 × 16.7 to 20 µm, and borne vertically on hyphae. Each conidiophore produced 10 to 18 conidia in a chain. The conidia were oval, one-celled, and colorless, measuring 8.1 to 9.8 × 26 to 29.7 µm. Cleistothecia were black, spherical, and 164.3 to 207.3 µm in diameter, each of which contained 9 to 26 asci. Asci were oblong or ovate, measuring 32.1 to 40 × 85.7 to 96.4 µm. Asci were petiolate, containing eight ascospores. Ascospores were round to oval, colorless, one-celled, measuring 19.1 to 22.5 × 11.7 to 13.6 µm. Based on morphological characteristics of the anamorph and the teleomorph, the fungus was identified as Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer. Additionally, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of 563 bp was amplified from DNA of conidia using ITS1 and ITS4 primers (4). The ITS sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF545644). The ITS sequence showed 100% homogeneity with those of B. graminis on Poa pratensis in Swizerland (AB273540) and on P. bulbosa in Iran (AB273551) (1), which further confirmed the identification. Ten 3-week-old healthy plants were inoculated by spraying a spore suspension (1 × 105 conidia ml-1) made from conidia brushed from infected plants, and 10 plants sprayed with sterile distilled water were served as controls. All the plants were placed in the same growth chamber at 20°C, 80% humidity, and 16-h photoperiod. Twenty days after inoculation, typical signs and symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on all the inoculated plants, whereas no symptoms were observed on the controls. Microscopic and ITS analysis showed that the fungus on the inoculated plants is identical to that on diseased field plants. B. graminis on F. arundinacea has been observed in a few European countries (1), Israel (3), and the United States (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by B. graminis on F. arundinacea in China, which will increase the difficulty to prevent powdery mildew on grasses including cereals. References: (1) U. Braun. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena-Stuttgart-New York, 1995. (2) F. M. Dugan and G. Newcombe. Pacific Northwest Fungi. 2:1-5, 2007. (3) S. O. Voytyuk et al. Biodiversity of the Powdery Mildew Fungi (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) of Israel Vol. 7. Biodiversity of Cyanoprocaryotes, Algae and Fungi of Israel. Koeltz Scientific Books, 2009. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

CaSO4:Dy and LiF:Mg, Cu, P thermoluminescent dosimeters for environmental monitoring in ambient areas of a nuclear power plant.

This paper describes CaSO4:Dy and LiF:Mg, Cu, P which were used for ambient environmental monitoring before the nuclear power plant operation in Guangdong Daya Bay, China, in 1991. Since LiF:Mg, Cu, P was first used as an environmental dosimeter in this laboratory, the intercomparison of both thermoluminescent dosimeters, including laboratory irradiation and environmental exposure in Beijing reference spots, was conducted in cooperation with National Institute of Metrology and Laboratory of Industrial Hygiene, measured values of both thermoluminescent dosimeters were in agreement with the error being less than +or- 2% for the laboratory irradiation. The results of measurement by both thermoluminescent dosimeters were quite in agreement with environmental reference exposure rates measured by a pressurized ionization chamber. The largest error of CaSO4:Dy environmental monitoring results in Daya Bay also showed that the differences of measurement results between two thermoluminescent dosimeters were not significant. The experiment results indicated that LiF:Mg, Cu, P was a good environmental dosimeter.

Two whitebacked planthopper resistance genes in rice share the same loci with those for brown planthopper resistance.

The whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera, and brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål are important sucking insects of rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops throughout the world. Rice 'B5', which has derived its resistance genes from the wild rice O. officinalis Wall ex Watt, is a line that is highly resistant to both WBPH and BPH. Previously, two resistance genes against BPH, Qbp1, and Qbp2 in 'B5' had been mapped onto chromosome 3 and chromosome 4, respectively. In this study, we employed a mapping population composed of 187 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), produced from a cross between 'B5' and susceptible variety 'Minghui63', to locate the WBPH and BPH resistance genes. A RFLP survey of the bulked extremes from the RIL population identified two genomic regions, one on chromosome 3 and the other on chromosome 4, likely containing the resistance genes to planthoppers. QTL analysis of the RILs further confirmed that two WBPH resistance genes were mapped on the same loci as Qbp1 and Qbp2, using a linkage map with 242 molecular markers distributed on 12 rice chromosomes. Of the two WBPH resistance genes, one designated Wbph7(t) was located within a 1.1-cM region between R1925 and G1318 on chromosome 3, the other designated Wbph8(t) was within a 0.3-cM region flanked by R288 and S11182 on chromosome 4. A two-way analysis of variance showed that two loci acted independently with each other in determining WBPH resistance. The results have significant implications in studying the interactions between sucking insects and plants and in breeding programs of resistance to rice planthoppers.