Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Coordinated Beamforming for mmWave Massive MIMO Vehicular Networks.

As a critical enabler for beyond fifth-generation (B5G) technology, millimeter wave (mmWave) beamforming for mmWave has been studied for many years. Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system, which is the baseline for beamforming operation, rely heavily on multiple antennas to stream data in mmWave wireless communication systems. High-speed mmWave applications face challenges such as blockage and latency overhead. In addition, the efficiency of the mobile systems is severely impacted by the high training overhead required to discover the best beamforming vectors in large antenna array mmWave systems. In order to mitigate the stated challenges, in this paper, we propose a novel deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based coordinated beamforming scheme where multiple base stations serve one mobile station (MS) jointly. The constructed solution then uses a proposed DRL model and predicts the suboptimal beamforming vectors at the base stations (BSs) out of possible beamforming codebook candidates. This solution enables a complete system that facilitates highly mobile mmWave applications with dependable coverage, minimal training overhead, and low latency. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm remarkably increases the achievable sum rate capacity for the highly mobile mmWave massive MIMO scenario while ensuring low training and latency overhead.

MAC Protocols for mmWave Communication: A Comparative Survey.

With the increase in the number of connected devices, to facilitate more users with high-speed transfer rate and enormous bandwidth, millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has become one of the promising research sectors in both industry and academia. Owing to the advancements in 5G communication, traditional physical (PHY) layer-based solutions are becoming obsolete. Resource allocation, interference management, anti-blockage, and deafness are crucial problems needing resolution for designing modern mmWave communication network architectures. Consequently, comparatively new approaches such as medium access control (MAC) protocol-based utilization can help meet the advancement requirements. A MAC layer accesses channels and prepares the data frames for transmission to all connected devices, which is even more significant in very high frequency bands, i.e., in the mmWave spectrum. Moreover, different MAC protocols have their unique limitations and characteristics. In this survey, to deal with the above challenges and address the limitations revolving around the MAC layers of mmWave communication systems, we investigated the existing state-of-the-art MAC protocols, related surveys, and solutions available for mmWave frequency. Moreover, we performed a categorized qualitative comparison of the state-of-the-art protocols and finally examined the probable approaches to alleviate the critical challenges in future research.