A Perspective on the Characterization of Early Neural Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Delivery to Neuroblastoma Cells.

As an element of the cellular signaling systems, extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit many desirable traits for usage as targeted delivery vehicles. When administered, EVs cause little to no toxic or immune response, stay in circulation for longer periods compared to synthetic carriers, preferentially accumulate in tissues that are the same or similar to their cell-of-origin and can pass through the blood-brain barrier. Combined, these traits make neural EVs a particularly promising tool for delivering drugs to the brain. This study aims to combine tissue and EVs engineering to prepare neural differentiated cells derived EVs that exhibit neural properties, to develop an effective, tissue-homing drug and gene delivery platform for the brain. Early neural differentiated cell-derived EVs were produced with neural characteristics from neural differentiated human neonatal dermal fibroblasts. The EVs carried key neural proteins such as Nestin, Sox2 and Doublecortin. The cellular uptake of early neural differentiated cell-derived EVs was higher compared to non-neural EVs during in vitro uptake assays on neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, eND-EVs were significantly decreased the viability of neuroblastoma cells. In conclusion, this study revealed that early neural differentiated cell-derived EVs have potential as a promising drug carrier for the treatment of various neural disorders.

Effectiveness of Exosome Treatment in Androgenetic Alopecia: Outcomes of a Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: Harnessing the regenerative capabilities of stem cell-derived exosomes holds great promise for developing novel hair growth therapies, offering hope for individuals experiencing hair loss or alopecia. This aimed to elucidate the effect of "foreskin-derived mesenchymal stromal cells derived exosome" injection into the scalp on hair density in patients with androgenetic alopecia and the contribution of this treatment on patient satisfaction. METHOD: This prospective study included 30 male patients, aged between 22 and 65, with hair type III-VI according to the Norwood-Hamilton scale. Characterization of the stem cell exosomes was performed with the nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), hair densities were calculated via digital imaging analysis, and patient satisfaction was questioned with a modified survey. RESULTS: NTA results showed a characteristic distribution of peaks for exosomes 139.7 ± 2.3 nm in diameter. A statistically significant increase in hair density was observed in the 4th and 12th weeks after treatment (p < 0.05). Patient-reported satisfaction revealed a statistically significant difference in the answers given in the 12th week compared to the 4th week (p < 0.05). No side effects or complications were observed after exosome injection. CONCLUSION: Foreskin-derived mesenchymal stromal cells derived exosome injection increased hair density, with sustained patient satisfaction throughout the study. The exosome application resulted in no side effects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Zooming in across the Skin: A Macro-to-Molecular Panorama.

Maintaining integrity of the skin and its appendages still preserves its top-ranking in priorities of survival for the modern human as it probably once did for the ancient individual, -not only- because it is the primary barrier to external assaults, but also because of social and psychological impact of healthy skin during their life-span. Healing wounds in order to shield off the internal organs from infections and damage, restoring its ability to adapt to various environmental stimuli, and slowing-down and reversing aging of the skin in the quest for an everlasting youth can be named as a few of the main drivers behind the multi-million investments dedicated to the advancement of our understanding of skin's physiology. Over the years, these tremendous efforts culminated in the breakthrough discovery of skin stem cells the regenerative capacity of which accounted for the resilience of the skin through their unique capacity as a special cell type that can both self-renew and differentiate into various lineages. In this review, first we summarize the current knowledge on this amazing organ both at a structural and functional level. Next, we provide a comprehensive -in depth- discussion on epidermal as well as dermal stem cells in terms of the key regulatory pathways as well as the main genetic factors that have been implicated in the orchestration of the skin stem cell biology in regards to the shifts between quiescence and entry into distinct differentiation programs.

A Novel Virtue in Stem Cell Research: Exosomes and Their Role in Differentiation.

In the past decade a number of different stem cell types have entered the clinical applications increasingly as a therapeutic option, due to their tissue maintenance capacity at the site where they localize. Although it was initially thought that conferral of resilience to damaged tissue largely depends on the stem cells themselves through orchestration of signaling among the local epithelial and immune systems at the injury site, recent findings point out that the remarkable regenerative capacity of stem cells is rather due to their nanovesicular products that emerge as the new active players of tissue repair processes. Among these extracellular vesicles exosomes generated particularly by stem cells have been receiving a substantial interest both in the fields of stem cell biology and extracellular vesicles. In this chapter fundamental facts about stem cell biology, biogenesis of extracellular vesicles and exosomes, their structure, and function are summarized. Moreover, properties of both tumor-derived exosomes as well as those derived from stem cells are discussed relatively in-depth in terms of their influence on proximal and distal tissue physiology. Last but not the least, among countless studies in an exploding field, we summarize those that attempt to unravel the complex signaling networks through which stem cell-derived exosomes alter the fate of differentiating stem cells as well as the molecular make-up of exosomes released from differentiating stem cells by conducting thorough proteomic and genomic analyses with the ultimate goal of identifying effector gene products mediating exosomal cues in stem cell biology.

Immunomodulatory Behavior of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

The use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in the treatment of diseases where immunomodulation impacts therapy is increasing steadily. Recent studies aim to achieve effective use of MSCs in treatment of Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD), Crohn's disease and organ transplantations. The molecular mechanisms governing immunomodulatory properties of MSCs have not been fully understood, although current studies are indicating progress. Especially, in vitro studies and animal models provide a major contribution to our knowledge in clinical use of MSCs. The immunosuppressive and immune-enhancer properties of MSCs are -typically- determined with respect to type and concentrations of soluble molecules found in their physiological environment. In mammals the immune system protects the organism -not only- from certain microorganisms, but also from any entity that it recognizes as foreign, including its own cells when it is received as a threat. This protection can sometimes occur by increasing the number of immune cells and sometimes by suppressing a pathologically hyper-induced immunological response. In particular, realization of the bi-directional effect of MSCs on immune cells has placed substantial emphasis on this area of research. This chapter focuses on the interaction of MSCs with the immune cells, the bilateral role of these interactions, and whether studies that aim to understand these interactions can yield promising results in terms of developing improved use of MSCs in treatment.

Comparison of Cellular Alterations in Fat Cells Harvested With Laser-Assisted Liposuction and Suction-Assisted Liposuction.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the viability and proliferative capacity of adipose-derived stem cells obtained by laser-assisted liposuction (LAL). METHODS: Fat tissue was obtained from 7 male patients treated surgically for gynecomastia. On one side, harvesting was made before LAL, while it was implemented after LAL on the contralateral side. Viability, cell surface antigens, pluripotency, and apoptosis were assessed and compared in these samples. RESULTS: Cells harvested before and after LAL did not exhibit any significant difference in terms of surface cell markers. Number of viable stem cells was lower initially after exposure to laser, while this difference was reversed at the end of 72 hours. Genetic indicators of cellular differentiation were similar in both groups. Apoptosis indicators were increased remarkably after laser exposure in the first 24 hours, but this increase was absent 72 hours after LAL procedure. CONCLUSION: The authors' results have promising clinical relevance since mesenchymal stem cells harvested during LAL have maintained appropriate cellular features to be used for autologous fat transfer and fat grafting.

Protocol for Testing Human Melanoma Exosomes that Shift the Healthy Phenotype of Human Dermal Cells.

Exosomes are small membrane-derived vesicles that transmit DNA constituents, mRNAs, microRNAs, and proteins from donor cells to a receiver cell. Various cells comprising of mesenchymal, immune, and cancer cells discharge exosomes. Cancer cell exosomes form the entry and reprogramming of essentials connected to a tumor environment. Melanoma-derived exosomes transport diverse proteins such as c-MET and RAB27a, which leave a melanoma mark. Increased mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) expressions in serum exosomes have been considered an indicator of disease progression. Meanwhile, RAB27a has been identified as being involved in exosome discharge and trafficking. Decreased expressions of RAB27a in human melanoma cells have shown to diminish exosome release.We examined the effects of the downregulation and upregulation of RAB27a and c-MET in human dermal fibroblasts by utilizing the isolated exosomes of malignant melanoma cell lines. Melanoma exosomes derived from cancer cells conveyed information to healthy dermal fibroblasts and stem cells while inducing phenotypic change. In this chapter, we show optimized protocols that were used by our group for in vitro analysis with melanoma exosomes.

Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity of Pulp-Capping Materials on DPSCs, With Marker mRNA Expressions.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to (1) investigate biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of pulp-capping materials on viability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs); (2) determine angiogenic, odontogenic, and osteogenic marker mRNA expressions; and (3) observe changes in surface morphology of the hDPSCs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). METHODS: Impacted third molars were used to isolate the hDPSCs, which were treated with extract-release fluids of the pulp-capping materials (Harvard BioCal-Cap, NeoPUTTY MTA, TheraCal LC, and Dycal). Effects of the capping materials on cell viability were assessed using 3-(4,5-di-methyl-thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and the apoptotic/necrotic cell ratios and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels from flow cytometry. Marker expressions (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], osteocalcin [OCN], collagen type I alpha 1 [Col1A], secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine [SPARC], osteonectin [ON], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) were determined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Changes in surface morphology of the hDPSCs were visualised by SEM. RESULTS: The MTS assay results at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 indicated that Harvard BioCal-Cap, NeoPUTTY MTA, and TheraCal LC did not adversely affect cell viability when compared with the control group. According to the MTS assay results at day 14, no significant difference was found amongst Dycal, Harvard BioCal-Cap, NeoPUTTY MTA, and TheraCal LC affecting cell viability. Dycal was the only capping material that increased ROS level. High levels of VEGF expression were observed with Harvard BioCal-Cap, TheraCal LC, and NeoPUTTY MTA. NeoPUTTY MTA, and Dycal upregulated OCN expression, whereas TheraCal LC upregulated Col1A and SPARC expression. Only Dycal increased ALP expression. HDSCs were visualized in characteristic spindle morphology on SEM when treated with TheraCal LC and Harvard BioCal-Cap. CONCLUSIONS: NeoPUTTY MTA and Harvard BioCal-Cap showed suitable biocompatibility values; in particular, these pulp-capping materials were observed to support the angiogenic marker.

Exploring the Protective Potential of Nrf2 Overexpressed Neural Extracellular Vesicles Against Cisplatin-induced Neurotoxicity via NRF2/ARE Pathway.

Neurotoxicity is characterized by the accumulation of harmful chemicals such as heavy metals and drugs in neural tissue, resulting in subsequent neuronal death. Among chemicals platinum-based cancer drugs are frequently used due to their antineoplastic effects, but this drug is also known to cause a wide range of toxicities, such as neurotoxicity. The nuclear-factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) is crucial in combating oxidative stress and maintaining cellular homeostasis. This study thoroughly explores the protective effects of extracellular vesicles derived from NRF2 gene overexpressed neural progenitor cells (NEVs) on cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, extracellular vesicles derived from neural progenitor cells were isolated and characterized. The Cisplatin neurotoxicity dose was 75µM in mature, post-mitotic neurons. 1.25µM of tert-butyl hydroquinone that induces NRF2/ARE pathway was used as the positive control. The effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) were investigated using functional and molecular assays such as PCR and protein-based assays. Here, we observed that NEVs dose-dependently protected post-mitotic neuron cells in response to cisplatin. The study also examined whether the effect was EV-induced by limiting EV biogenesis. The molecular basis of preventive treatment was established. When pre-administered, 1×108 particles/mL of NEVs maintained antioxidant and detoxifying gene and protein expression levels similar to control cell levels. Furthermore, NEVs reduced both cellular and mitochondrial ROS levels and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, Catalase and SOD levels were found higher in NEV-treated cells compared to cisplatin control. The findings in NRF2-based protection of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity may provide further evidence for the relationship between EVs and inhibition of neuronal stress through the NRF2/ARE pathway, increasing the understanding of neuroprotective responses and the development of gene-engineered EV therapy options for peripheral neuropathy or other neurodegenerative diseases. This is the first study in the literature to investigate the neutralizing potency of NRF2 overexpressed neural EVs against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity.

Unveiling the potential: Extracellular vesicles from plant cell suspension cultures as a promising source.

Extracellular vesicles are secreted by all eukaryotic cells and they have an important role in intercellular signaling. Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are a novel area of research that has gained attention due to their potential implications in biomolecule transport and therapeutic applications. PEVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain a diverse cargo of biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. Moreover, it is known that PEVs have a noticeable therapeutic potential for various conditions such as inflammation and oxidative stress. However, there are critical problems such as removing the endosomes and plant-derived biomolecules that decrease the standardization and therapeutic efficacy of PEVs. In our study, the aim was to characterize plant cell suspension-derived extracellular vesicles (PCSEVs) obtained from two different plant cell suspension cultures: Stevia rebaudiana and Vaccaria hispanica. These vesicles were isolated using ultrafiltration and characterized with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The molecular composition of PCSEVs was profiled and the cellular uptake assay was performed. Our results demonstrated that PCSEVs have a spherical shape, less than 200 nm. In the fatty acid analysis, the primary components in PCSEVs were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and cis-vaccenic acid. The protein content of Stevia rebaudiana-derived EVs (SDEVs) was largely associated with proteins involved in extracellular structures and functions. Conversely, Vaccaria hispanica-derived EVs (HDEVs) displayed a higher presence of cytosolic proteins. These findings contribute to the understanding of PCSEVs and open up potential avenues in extracellular vesicle research, pointing to promising prospects for future innovations in various fields.

Endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles induce pro-angiogenic responses in mesenchymal stem cells.

Angiogenesis is a central component of vital biological processes such as wound healing, tissue nourishment, and development. Therefore, angiogenic activities are precisely maintained with secreted factors such as angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As an element of intracellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs)-particularly EVs of vascular origin-could have key functions in maintaining angiogenesis. However, the functions of EVs in the control of angiogenesis have not been fully studied. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUVEC)-derived small EVs (<200 nm; HU-sEVs) were investigated as a potential pro-angiogenic agent. Treating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and mature HUVEC cells with HU-sEVs induced their tube formation under in vitro conditions and significantly increased the expression of angiogenesis-related genes, such as Ang1, VEGF, Flk-1 (VEGF receptor 2), Flt-1 (VEGF receptor 1), and vWF (von Willebrand Factor), in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that HU-sEVs take part in angiogenesis activities in physiological systems, and suggest endothelial EVs as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.

Usage of celery root exosome as an immune suppressant; Lipidomic characterization of apium graveolens originated exosomes and its suppressive effect on PMA/ionomycin mediated CD4+ T lymphocyte activation.

Diseases such as autoimmune, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases or obesity have a serious impact on the lives of patients all rise from a common point; the immune system. Various in vitro and in vivo studies on regulating the immune system have been made to correct these diseases. As one of the key effector cells of the immune system, T lymphocytes are the focus of many of these studies. In this study, exosomes isolated from a known anti-inflammatory plant, celery, were used to suppress the inflammatory response of T lymphocytes. Celery-derived exosomes (C-Exo) were isolated using an aqueous two-phase isolation method. The size distribution, morphology, particle concentration, and GC-FAME-based lipidomic analysis were determined for the isolated C-Exo. T lymphocytes were stimulated using Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin, and treated with various doses of C-Exo. T lymphocyte responses were measured using qPCR and capillary Western blots. According to the results, C-Exo suppressed T lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner in in vitro conditions. These findings show the potential of C-Exo as a therapeutic agent for immune disorders. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Excessive immune response in the body adversely affects the treatment mechanism and process of many diseases such as autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and GDHV. In this preliminary study, the role of extracellular vesicles obtained from celery roots in suppressing this high immune response was investigated. The suppressive effect of celery exosome was observed by creating an immune response in T cells and PBMC cells, which play a leading role in the immune response. The role of these vesicles in immune suppression, obtained from the root part of the celery plant and characterized, was determined by measuring both mRNA, intracellular protein and extracellular cytokine levels. Celery exosome suppressed activated T lymphocyte cells and PBMC cells in a dose-dependent manner. These vesicles, which can be used as an edible, can be used in many areas as immunosuppressants.

Lead Borate Nanoparticles Induce Apoptotic Gene Activity in P53 Mutant Cancer Cells.

Cancer is a complex and multistage disease that causes suffering worldwide. Several mutations in tumor suppressor proteins are mostly responsible for tumorigenic development. Thus, determination of the mutations and developing a mutation targeted therapy are crucial in order to cure cancer. Moreover, since healthy cells do not have mutations in their tumor suppressor genes, mutation-specific treatment is responsible for selective treatment without harming a healthy tissue in the body. In this current study, lead borate nanoparticles (LB-Np) have been synthesized, and their effects on P53 mutant cancer cells were investigated. The synthesis method includes steps of mixing a borate buffer solution with the lead nitrate solution, washing the resulting precipitate with distilled water and eventually preparing stable LB-Np solutions. Cell viability analysis was conducted to identify the toxicity of LB-Np in HaCaT, A549, MCF7, and T47D cell lines. The changes in morphologies of breast cancer cell lines were demonstrated by using microscopical analysis. Additionally, alterations in gene expressions were determined in breast cancer cell lines after LB-Np treatment. This multidisciplinary study also identified the selective effect of LB-Np in cancer cell lines, in vitro. MTS and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays demonstrated the effect of LB-Np were specific for p53 mutation cell line, T47D. Breast cancer cell line T47D has 580 C/T mutation which affects the activation of p53 tumor suppressor protein. However, LB-Np treatment effectively killed T47D cell lines and did not affect any other cell lines that have no p53 mutations such as MCF7, A549, and healthy HaCaT. Overall, synthesized LB-Np were found to be effective in p53-mutated cell lines and showed a remarkable selective anti-cancer activity.

Grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles as a promising cell-free therapeutic tool for wound healing.

Due to the prevalence of individuals suffering from chronic wounds, developing safe and effective wound care agents are one of the more prominent fields of research in biology. However, wound healing is a complex, multi-stage biological process, involving multiple sequences of biological responses from different types of cells, secreted mediators, and extracellular matrix elements. Plants have a long history of use in the treatment of wounds. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles, which are secreted nano vesicle messengers responsible for intercellular communications, show promise as a new, biotechnological wound-care agent. In this study, we assessed the wound healing potential of extracellular vesicles isolated from grapefruits - a plant with well-known anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. Grapefruit extracellular vesicles (GEVs) increased cell viability and cell migration while reducing intracellular ROS production in a dose-dependent manner in HaCaT cells. Expression of proliferation and migration-related genes were raised by GEV treatment in a dose dependent manner. Additionally, GEV treatment increased the tube formation capabilities of treated HUVEC cells. These findings suggest that GEVs can be used as plant-derived wound healing agents, and have shown potential as a biotechnological agent for wound healing. Further development and study of plant-derived extracellular vesicles may lead to the realization of their full potential.

In Vitro Evaluation of Immunogenicity of Recombinant OMP25 Protein Obtained from Endemic Brucella abortus Biovar 3 as Vaccine Candidate Molecule Against Animal Brucellosis.

BACKGROUND: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes serious economic losses due to factors, such as miscarriages and decreased milk yield in animals. Existing live vaccines have some disadvantages, so effective vaccines need to be developed with new technological approaches. OBJECTIVE: The primary objectives of this study were the expression and purification of recombinant Omp25 fusion protein from B. abortus, and the evaluation of the effect of the Omp25 protein on cell viability and inflammatory response. METHODS: The omp25 gene region was amplified by a polymerase chain reaction and cloned into a Pet102/D-TOPO expression vector. The protein expression was carried out using the prokaryotic expression system. The recombinant Omp25 protein was purified with affinity chromatography followed by GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography). The MTS assay and cytokine-release measurements were carried out to evaluate cell viability and inflammatory response, respectively. RESULTS: It was determined that doses of the recombinant Omp25 protein greater than 0.1 µg/mL are toxic to RAW cells. Doses of 1 µg/mL and lower significantly increased inflammation due to Nitric Oxide (NO) levels. ELISA results showed that IFN-γ was produced in stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at a dose that did not affect the viability (0.05 µg/mL). However, IL-12, which is known to have a dual role in the activation of macrophages, did not show a statistically significant difference at the same dose. CONCLUSION: Studies on cell viability and Th1-related cytokine release suggest Omp25 protein to be a promising candidate molecule for vaccine development.

Sodium Pentaborate Pentahydrate ameliorates lipid accumulation and pathological damage caused by high fat diet induced obesity in BALB/c mice.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is one of the most popular topic in the field of research. In order to defeat this highly widespread disease, the mechanism of fat accumulation at the molecular level and its elimination are crucial. The use of boron has been showing promising results during the recent years. METHODS: In this study, anti-obesity potential of Sodium Pentaborate Pentahydrate (SPP) used as a dietary supplement on BALB/c mice fed with a high-fat diet was evaluated. Mice were divided into four groups with different diets, consisting of a normal diet, a high-fat diet (HFD) (containing 60 % fat), a HFD-supplemented with 0.5 mg/g body weight (BW) of SPP and a HFD-supplemented with 1.5 mg/g body weight (BW) of SPP. The animals were then observed for 10 weeks and physically monitored, and were sacrificed at the end of the experiment for physical and physicochemical evaluation. RESULTS: According to the physical parameters measured -body weight, food and water intake ratios-, the results indicate that SPP decreased weight gain in a dose dependent manner. Measurement of the hormone levels in the blood and fat accumulation in organs of mice also supported the anti-obesity effects of SPP. Expressions of adipogenesis related genes were also negatively regulated by SPP administration in white adipose tissue (WAT) tissue. CONCLUSION: These findings promise a treatment approach and drug development that can be used against obesity when SPP is used in the right doses. As a future aspect, clinical studies with SPP will reveal the effect of boron derivatives on obesity.

Effective Scarless Wound Healing Mediated by Erbium Borate Nanoparticles.

The developments of nanoparticle-based treatments that benefit from novel discoveries have an essential place in the regeneration of acute and chronic wounds. Furthermore, research about the treatment methods which attempt to swiftly and scarless wound recovery has increased over time. In recent years, it has been shown that metallic-based nanoparticles, especially silver and gold derived, have an accelerating effect on chronic and contaminated wound healing. The crucial factors of inducing and completion of regeneration of wound are enhanced epithelialization rate and neovascularization in the tissue. In our study, the main purpose is the investigation of the boosting effects of erbium borate nanoparticles on the wound healing process, especially scarless ones. Newly syntesized erbium borate nanoparticles (ErB-Nps) were characterized by their concentration and particle size using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). In order to examine the effect of ErB-Np on wound closure, scratch assay for dermal epithelial cells and tube formation assay for endothelial cells were performed. In addition, in order to examine the effect of the ErB-Np at a molecular level, the levels of genes related to both wound healing, inflammation, and scarless wound closure were determined with the RT-PCR experiment. Consequently, it has been shown that erbium borate nanoparticles have increased the melioration speed of scar tissue and have given clues about scarless healing potential. The investigation of the regeneration potential of erbium borate nanoparticles was done via MTS assay, quantitative PCR analysis, reactive oxygen species assay, and scratch assay. Our results show that ErB-Np is a proper agent that can be used for scarless wound healing.

In vitro tooth-shaped scaffold construction by mimicking late bell stage.

Neogenesis of osseous and ligamentous interfacial structures is essential for the regeneration of large oral or craniofacial defects. However, current treatment strategies are inadequate in renewing supporting tissues of teeth after trauma, chronic infections or surgical resection. Combined use of 3D scaffolds with stem cells became a promising treatment option for these injuries. Matching different scaffolding materials with different tissues can induce the correct cytokines and the differentiation of cells corresponding to that particular tissue. In this study, a hydroxyapatite (HA) based scaffold was used together with human adipose stem cells (hASCs), human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) and gingival epithelial cells to mimic human tooth dentin-pulp-enamel tissue complexes and model an immature tooth at the late bell stage in vitro. Characteristics of the scaffold were determined via SEM, FTIR, pore size and density measurements. Changes in gene expression, protein secretions and tissue histology resulting from cross-interactions of different dental tissues grown in the system were shown. Classical tooth tissues such as cementum, pulp and bone like tissues were formed within the scaffold. Our study suggests that a HA-based scaffold with different cell lineages can successfully mimic early stages of tooth development and can be a valuable tool for hard tissue engineering.

The level of two trace elements in carious, non-carious, primary, and permanent teeth.

PURPOSE: The boron and fluoride mainly accumulate in the bones and teeth of the human body. The purpose of this study is to determine boron or fluoride levels in the whole tooth, to evaluate the correlation between their levels and to compare these levels in primary/permanent, carious, and non-carious groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The boron and fluoride levels of thirty-six teeth, separated such as primary carious (n=9) and non-carious (n=9), permanent carious (n=9) and non-carious (n=9), were determined by ICP-MS and ion-selective electrode, respectively. RESULTS: While boron levels were between 0.001 and 5.88 ppm, the fluoride levels were between 21.24 and 449.22 ppm. The boron level of non-carious teeth was higher than those of carious teeth in primary and permanent tooth groups. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The fluoride level of non-carious teeth was higher than those of carious teeth in primary (p=0.062) and permanent teeth groups (p=0.046). Negative correlation, found between boron and fluoride in all groups, was significant only in non-carious teeth group (r=-0.488, p=0.040). CONCLUSION: The results of our study proved the importance of fluoride as a protective factor for dental caries once more. The boron levels in non-carious teeth were also higher than carious teeth. However, it was not significant. Moreover, there was negative correlation between teeth boron and fluoride levels. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more detailed studies on the tooth boron level and its relation with caries formation and with fluoride levels.

Effect of a novel bioceramic root canal sealer on the angiogenesis-enhancing potential of assorted human odontogenic stem cells compared with principal tricalcium silicate-based cements.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the angiogenesis-enhancing potential of a tricalcium silicate-based mineral trioxide aggregate (ProRoot MTA), Biodentine, and a novel bioceramic root canal sealer (Well-Root ST) in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPLSCs), and human tooth germ stem cells (hTGSCs). METHODOLOGY: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium was conditioned for 24 h by exposure to ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, or Well-Root ST specimens (prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions). The cells were cultured in these conditioned media and their viability was assessed with 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfo-phenyl)-2H tetrazolium (MTS) on days 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14. Angiogenic growth factors [platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] were assayed by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on days 1, 7, and 14. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration assays were used to evaluate the vascular effects of the tested materials at 6-8 h. Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Friedman and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS: None of tricalcium silicate-based materials were cytotoxic and all induced a similar release of angiogenic growth factors (PDGF, FGF-2, and VEGF) (p>0.05). The best cell viability was observed for hDPSCs (p<0.05) with all tricalcium silicate-based materials at day 14. Tube formation by HUVECs showed a significant increase with all tested materials (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The tricalcium silicate-based materials showed potential for angiogenic stimulation of all stem cell types and significantly enhanced tube formation by HUVECs.