Mapping of tide-dominated Hooghly estuary water quality parameters using Sentinel-3 OLCI time-series data.

The study explores the spatio-temporal variation of water quality parameters in the Hooghly estuary, which is considered an ecologically-stressed shallow estuary and a major distributary for the Ganges River. The estimated parameters are chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter (TSM), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The Sentinel-3 OLCI remote sensing imageries were analyzed for the duration of October 2018 to February 2019. We observed that the water quality of the Hooghly estuaries is comparatively low-oxygenated, mesotrophic, and phosphate-limited. Ongoing channel dredging for maintaining shipping channel depth keeps the TSM in the estuary at an elevated level, with the highest amount of TSM observed during March of 2019 (41.59g m-3) at station A, upstream point. Since the pre-monsoon season, TSM data shows a decreasing trend towards the mouth of the estuary. Chl-a concentration is higher during pre-monsoon than monsoon and post-monsoon periods, with the highest value observed in April at 1.09 mg m-3 in station D during the pre-monsoon period. The CDOM concentration was high in the middle section (January-February) and gradually decreased towards the estuary's head and mouth. The highest CDOM was found in February at locations C and D during the pre-monsoon period. Every station shows a significant correlation among CDOM, TSM, and Chl-a measured parameters. Based on our satellite data analysis, it is recommended that SNAP C2RCC be regionally used for TSM, Chl-a, and CDOM for water quality product retrieval and in various algorithms for the Hooghly estuary monitoring.

Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment induced by pesticide residues in commercially available ready-to-eat raisins of Iran based on Monte Carlo Simulation.

Pesticide residues in fruits lead to serious public health and environmental problems. This study was undertaken to analyze 57 pesticides residues in 60 commercially available ready-to-eat packed raisins samples from Iran's markets using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) approach along with acetonitrile for the extraction, surface adsorbents for clean-up procedure, following with an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Moreover, the probabilistic health risk assessment includes non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk were estimated by hazard quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI) and cancer risk (CR) using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The respective numbers attributed to LOD and LOQ were 0.001-0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.005-0.05 mg kg-1. Results showed that 23% of samples were contaminated by at least one pesticide according to national MRLs. The rank order of pesticides based on HQ was carbendazim > acetamiprid > thiodicarb > iprodione for raisins with percentile 95% benchmark. The HI amount in the adult's age group was 0.001, and in the children's age group was obtained to be 0.006. According to the risk assessment results (HQ and HI < 1 in both age groups), it can be acknowledged that consumption of raisins may not pose remarkable health hazards in short term exposures. The rank order of pesticides based on CR was thiodicarb > iprodion. But total CR (TCR) was lower than 1E-6 value (7.6E-8), so consumers were not at considerable carcinogenic risk in this commodity. Acetamiprid and carbendazim does not pose a cancer risk to humans. Therefore, a dietary exposure assessment for the purpose of assessing cancer risk is unnecessary.

Evaluation of pesticide residues and risk assessment in apple and grape from western Azerbaijan Province of Iran.

West Azerbaijan, especially the city of Urmia, is the center of Iranian apple and grape production hence the importance of this, residues of 85 pesticides in these products were investigated using modified QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC-MS/MS technique. Residues of 17 different pesticides detected in some apple samples. In grape sample only 7 pesticides detected. The levels of the residues found in all apple and grape samples were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of Iran, except for iprodione. Health risk assessment associated with pesticide residues in apples and grapes were estimated by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), which indicated that the HI value was lower than 1 in adults and children due to apple and consumption. HI in adults and children were 0.012 and 0.054 in apple; 0.001 and 0.003 in grape samples, respectively. Although the health risk assessment showed that the consumers are not at considerable risk but due to pesticide residue, implement control plans to manage the proper application of this pesticide, or replace it with safer alternatives in apple and grape is required.

Concentration of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in eggplant vegetable (Solanum melongena) irrigated with wastewater: a systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment.

The main objectives of this study were PHEs concentration meta-analysis (Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Cd) in eggplant irrigated by wastewater and the following estimation of non-carcinogenic (n-CR) risk for the consumers based on countries. According to the results, the rank order of PHEs concentration in eggplant was Fe (88.3 mg/kg -dry weight) > Zn (10.1 mg/kg -dry weight) > Pb (3.0 mg/kg -dry weight) > Ni (2.7 mg/kg -dry weight) > Cu (1.1 mg/kg -dry weight) > Cd (0.9 mg/kg -dry weight) > Cr (0.05 mg/kg -dry weight). Moreover, n-CR risk showed that all investigated countries (China, India, Pakistan, Turkey, and Jordan) except for United Arab Emirates (UAE) had a considerable n-CR in both age groups (adults and children).

The concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in drinking water and non-carcinogenic risk assessment: A case study in Bandar Abbas, Iran.

In this study, concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) including slice (Si), strontium (Sr), aluminum (Al), Fluoride (F), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb), Lithium (Li), Vanadium (V), selenium (Se), Chrome (Cr), Arsenic (As) and Uranium (U) in tap drinking water (n = 40) and filtration plant (n = 22) in Bandar Abbas city between March to July 2020 were analyzed. Analysis of PHEs ions was conducted by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Also, concentration of F was measured by SPADNS Method. The non-carcinogenic risk in the exposed population (adult and children) were estimated. Concentration of PHEs between tap drinking water and filtration plant was compared using T statistical test. In addition, association among PHEs in tap drinking water and water filtration plant using Pearson correlation coefficient. The rank order of PHEs in tap drinking water was Si (6356.25 µg/l) > Sr (3980 µg/l) > Al (115.42 µg/l) > Fe (30.00 µg/l) > Zn (14.59 µg/l) > Ba (13.91 µg/l) > Pb (13.01 µg/l) > Li (11.60 µg/l) > V (4.43 µg/l) > Se (4.17 µg/l) > Cr (2.51 µg/l) > As (2.00 µg/l) > U (0.65 µg/l) > F (0.31 µg/l) and also in filtration plant was Si (1825.00 µg/l) > Sr (539.00 µg/l) > Fe (45.00 µg/l) > Al (26.00 µg/l) > Zn (8.08 µg/l) > Ba (2.24 µg/l) > Se (1.36 µg/l)> Pb(1.28 µg/l) > Li (1.26 µg/l) > Cr (1.17 µg/l) > F (0.66 µg/l) > V (0.61 µg/l) > As (LOD < ) ~ U (LOD <). The most of PHEs in tap drinking water was considerable different with filtration plant (p value < 0.05) therefore the chemical quality of tap drinking water should be more attention. The results of non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that TTHQ in the adults and children due to drinking tap water content of PHEs was 2.59E-3 and 6.05E-3 and filtration plant was 8.88E-04 and 2.07E-03, respectively. Therefore, TTHQ in adults and children was lower than 1; therefore, consumers are in the safe range due to drinking tap water and water filtration plant content of PHEs.

Estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations from water quality surrogates using machine learning in the Tri An Reservoir, Vietnam.

Surface water eutrophication due to excessive nutrients has become a major environmental problem around the world in the past few decades. Among these nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus are two of the most important harmful cyanobacterial bloom (HCB) drivers. A reliable prediction of these parameters, therefore, is necessary for the management of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. The aim of this study is to test the suitability of the powerful machine learning (ML) algorithm, random forest (RF), to provide information on water quality parameters for the Tri An Reservoir (TAR). Three species of nitrogen and phosphorus, including nitrite (N-NO2-), nitrate (N-NO3-), and phosphate (P-PO43-), were empirically estimated using the field observation dataset (2009-2014) of six surrogates of total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Field data measurement showed that water quality in the TAR was eutrophic with an up-trend of N-NO3- and P-PO43- during the study period. The RF regression model was reliable for N-NO2-, N-NO3-, and P-PO43- prediction with a high R2 of 0.812-0.844 for the training phase (2009-2012) and 0.888-0.903 for the validation phase (2013-2014). The results of land use and land cover change (LUCC) revealed that deforestation and shifting agriculture in the upper region of the basin were the major factors increasing nutrient loading in the TAR. Among the meteorological parameters, rainfall pattern was found to be one of the most influential factors in eutrophication, followed by average sunshine hour. Our results are expected to provide an advanced assessment tool for predicting nutrient loading and for giving an early warning of HCB in the TAR.

Potential toxic elements in costal sediment of the Persian Gulf: a systematic review-meta-analysis, non-dietary risk assessment and ecological risk assessment.

Potential toxic element (PTE) contamination in the Persian Gulf has become an important health concern in recent decades. This investigation aimed to meta-analyses of potential toxic elements including lead (Pb), inorganic arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and mercury (Hg) in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf. In this study, an attempt was made to retrieve papers conducted on the concentration of PTE in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf by searching in international databases including Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and PubMed. Meta-analysis concentration of PTE in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf was conducted using random effects model based on the country subgroup. Additionally, non-dietary risk assessment including non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact routes and ecological risk assessment was estimated. Seventy-eight papers with 81 data-reports (1650 sample size) were included in our meta-analysis. The rank order of heavy metals in coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf based on pooled concentration was Ni (65.44 mg/kg) > Pb (58.35 mg/kg) > As (23.78 mg/kg) > Cd (1.75 mg/kg) > Hg (0.77 mg/kg). The highest concentration of As, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Hg was observed in the coastal sediment of Saudi Arabia, Arab Emirates, Qatar, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, respectively. Although the Igeo index in coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf was in grade 1 (uncontaminated) and grade 2 (slightly contaminated) but total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) of adults and adolescent was higher than 1 value in Iran, Saudi Arabic, United Arab Emirates, and Qatar. Total cancer risk (TCR) for adults and adolescent due to As was higher than 1E-6 in Iran, United Arab Emirates, and Qatar but TCR for adolescents due to As was higher than 1E-6 in Saudi Arabic. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor the concentration of PTE and implementation of programs to reduce the emission of PTE from resources in the Persian Gulf.

Concentration ciguatoxins in fillet of fish: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.

In the current study, an attempt was made to meta-analyze and discuss the concentration of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in fillets of fish based on country and water resources subgroups. The search was conducted in Scopus and PubMed, Embase and Web of Science to retrieve papers about the concentration of CTXs in fillet fish until July 2022. Meta-analysis concentration of CTXs was conducted based on countries and water resources subgroups in the random effects model (REM). The sort of countries based on the pooled concentration of CTXs was Kiribati (3.904 µg/kg) > Vietnam (1.880 µg/kg) > Macaronesia (1.400 µg/kg) > French (1.261 µg/kg) > China (0.674 µg/kg) > Japan (0.572 µg/kg) > USA (0.463 µg/kg) > Spain (0.224 µg/kg) > UK (0.170 µg/kg) > Fiji (0.162 µg/kg) > Mexico (0.150 µg/kg) > Australia (0.138 µg/kg) > Portugal (0.011 µg/kg). CTXs concentrations in all countries are higher than the safe limits of CTX1C (0.1 µg/kg). However, based on the safe limits of CTX1P, the concentrations of CTXs in just Portugal meet the regulation level (0.01 µg/kg). The minimum and maximum concentrations of CTXs were as observed in Selvagens Islands (0.011 µg/kg) and St Barthelemy (7.875 µg/kg) respectively. CTXs concentrations in all water resources are higher than safe limits of CTX1C (0.1 µg/kg) and CTX1B (0.01 µg/kg). Therefore, it is recommended to carry out continuous control pans of CTXs concentration in fish in different countries and water sources.

The concentration and health risk assessment of radionuclides in the muscle of tuna fish: A worldwide systematic review and meta-analysis.

Exposure to radionuclides, especially in food, can endanger the health of consumers. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed regarding the concentration of radionuclides in tuna fish muscle. International databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched to find articles regarding the concentration of radionuclides in tuna fish muscle from 1 January 2000 to 20 February 2021. The lowest and highest concentration of radionuclides was related to Caesium-137 (137Cs) and Potassium-40 (4 K), respectively. The rank order of radionuclides based on their pooled concentration was 4 K (370.157 Bq/kg) > 210Po Polonium-210 (26.312 Bq/kg) > 210Pb (5.339 Bq/kg) > 226Ra (4.005 Bq/kg) > 137Cs (0.415 Bq/kg). The health risk assessment based on annual effective dose indicates that consumers are at the safe range of health risk (H < 1 mSv/y). The continuous monitoring concentration of radionuclides in seafood and health risk assessment should be recommended.

CuO-ZnO-CdWO4: a sustainable and environmentally benign photocatalytic system for water cleansing.

Currently, there is a major problem of water contaminations, especially of dyes, all over the world. A new technique is being developed daily for the treatment of contaminated water. In many ways, a photocatalytic degradation of a dye by a mixed metal oxide photocatalyst is counted as the best technique for water treatment. This paper also addresses the preparation and photocatalytic application of newly developed mixed metal oxide nanocomposite, CuO-ZnO-CdWO4. A novel mixed metal oxide CuO-ZnO-CdWO4 nanocomposite has been synthesized by a green route using Brassica Rapa leaves extract. The application of CuO-ZnO-CdWO4 as a photocatalyst in wastewater treatment has been thoroughly discussed. Several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to characterize the prepared nanocomposite. The photocatalytic activity of CuO-ZnO-CdWO4 nanocomposite with a band gap of 3.13 eV was observed under the artificial visible light and sunlight for the degradation of Congo red dye. The results under sunlight show the 1.45 times greater removal efficiency than under the artificial visible light. Pseudo-first-order, diffusion, and Singh kinetics models were used to describe the kinetics of dye degradation. Pseudo-first-order model was found to be best fitted model for present study. The performance of CuO-ZnO-CdWO4 was estimated by significant parameters such as quantum yield, figure of merit, turnover number, and mean turnover frequency. The value these parameters were calculated as 1.70 × 10-8 molecules photon-1, 1.77 × 10-4, 2.98 × 108 s-1, and 3.31 × 10-4 s-1, respectively. These parameters revealed high potential of CuO-ZnO-CdWO4 for Congo red dye degradation.

Concentration of Potentially Harmful Elements (PHEs) in Trout Fillet (Rainbow and Brown) Fish: a Global Systematic Review and Meta-analysis and Health Risk Assessment.

In this work, articles regarding the concentration on potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in fillet trout (rainbow and brown) fishes were retrieved from Cochrane, Scopus, and PubMed databases between 1 January 1983 and 30 April 2020. The pooled concentration of PHEs in fillet trout fishes was meta-analyzed using a random-effect model (REM) and following the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks was calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The meta-analysis of 42 articles (43 data report) revealed that a sort of PHEs in fillet trout was 19,996.64 µg/kg ww for Fe; 1834.75 µg/kg ww for Co; 772.21 µg/kg ww for Cu; 335.78 µg/kg ww for Ni; 290.46 µg/kg ww for Se; 226.20for Cr; 178.11 µg/kg ww for Pb; 77.40 µg/kg ww for Hg; 19.40 µg/kg ww for Cd; and 3.66 µg/kg ww for inorganic As. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment indicated that the lowest and highest hazard index (HI) in the adults was Pakistan (0.0012) and Turkey (0.2388), respectively, and in children was Pakistan (0.0057) and Turkey (1.114), respectively. The non-carcinogenic risk was acceptable for adult consumers in all countries (HI > 1 value) but non-carcinogenic risk for children was not acceptable in Turkey. The sort of countries based on carcinogenic risk in the adults due to inorganic As was China (1.44E-06) > Iran (9.14E-08) > Turkey (4.45E-08) > Portugal (9.04E-10). The carcinogenic risk was threshold for adult consumers in China (CR < 10-6). Consumption of fillet trout (rainbow and brown) content of PHEs in many countries cannot endanger the health of consumers.

A global systematic review and meta-analysis of concentration and prevalence of mycotoxins in birds' egg.

In the current study, the concentration and prevalence of birds' egg's mycotoxins among 11 articles (66 studies) based on countries, part of eggs, and type of mycotoxins subgroups were meta-analyses using a random-effect model. The order of mycotoxin according to concentration of mycotoxin was Deoxynivalenol (20.083 µg/kg) > Zearalenone (2.065 µg/kg) > Enniatin (1.120 µg/kg) > Total aflatoxin (0.371 µg/kg) > Beauvericin (0.223 µg/kg) > Ochratoxins (0.087 µg/kg) > Citrinin (0.010 µg/kg). Further, the mycotoxins' concentration in the yolk part (2.070 µg/kg) was higher than the mixed eggs (0.283 µg/kg). The rank order of mycotoxin based on country was China (14.990 µg/kg) > Cameroon (7.594 µg/kg) > Thailand (1.870 µg/kg) > Finland (0.920 µg/kg) > Iran (0.312 µg/kg) > Jordan (0.202 µg/kg) > Belgium (0.183 µg/kg) > Spain ( South Korea ( DON (85.00%) > AFT (20.15%) > OT (16.00%). The overall prevalence of mycotoxin was equal to 29.65%. Also, the concentration of mycotoxins in China and Cameroon was higher than in other countries. Therefore, the monitoring programs to reduce mycotoxins in bird eggs consumed in some countries such as China and Cameroon should be considered.

Reutilization of Fe-containing tailings ore enriched by iron(iii) chloride as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for decolorization of organic dyes.

In this study, the Fe-containing tailings (Fe-TO) ore was reutilized and enriched with FeCl3 as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Fenton process to degrade the organic dyes from aqueous solution. The determinants of the heterogeneous catalytic Fenton system which included iron modification ratio, solution pH, catalyst dosage, H2O2 dosage and initial concentration of organic dyes were systematically investigated. The modification ratio of 15% (w/w of iron), pH of 3, MFe-TO15 dosage of 0.5 g L-1 and H2O2 dosage of 840 mg L-1 were chosen as the best operational conditions for Fenton oxidation of organic dyes. The decolorization efficiency of both MB and RhB by MFe-TO15/H2O2 was higher than that of Fe-TO/H2O2 by about two times. The kinetic study showed the degradation of organic dyes well fitted the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with apparent constant rate values (K d) following the same sequence as the degradation efficiency of organic dyes. The degradation mechanism of dyes could be attributed to adsorption due to the good-development in textural properties of the iron modified catalyst (MFe-TO) with an increase in BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of, respectively, 2, 5 and 5 times and leaching iron through homogeneous Fenton reaction. However, the oxidation process occurring on the MFe-TO15's surface by heterogeneous Fenton reaction which enhanced decomposition of H2O2 for continuous generation of hydroxyl radicals was the main mechanism. The key role of *OH radical in oxidation of organic dyes was further ascertained by the remarkable drop in the decolorization of both organic dyes when the various radical-scavengers, including tert-butanol and chloride were supplemented into Fenton systems. A good stability of the catalyst was obtained through leaching test with low leaching iron ratio. The applied modified catalyst remained stable through three consecutive runs. From these findings, it can be concluded that the modified material can be applied as a feasible, inexpensive and highly effective catalyst for removal of persistent organic compounds from wastewater.

The risk factors for intestinal Giardia spp infection: Global systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Parasitic infections are a public health concern as they can cause aggression, growth retardation, weight loss, anemia, and other health problems. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to find an association between the probable social-environmental risk factors including lack of safe drinking water, no hand washing, sex, age, no access to education, no access to toilet, and Giardia spp infection. We conducted literature research among international databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane from1 January 1995 to March 15, 2020, including 23 articles with 102 studies while the odds ratio (OR) was calculated using 2 × 2 tables or extracted. The pooled effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was estimated using a random or fixed-effects model. The results show a significant association between intestinal Giardia spp infection risk and lack of safe drinking water (OR: 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02-1.25); no access to toilet (OR: 1.22; 95%CI: 1.07-1.37); and age (2-10 vs 10-30 year) (OR: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.09-1.78). An insignificant association was observed between intestinal Giardia spp infection risk and age (<2 vs 2-10 year) (OR: 0.89; 95%CI: 0.75-1.02); no access to education (OR: 1.10; 95%CI: 0.80-1.40); Sex (male vs female) (OR: 1.04; 95%CI: 0.74-1.34); and no handwashing (OR: 1.18; 95%CI: 0.87-1.49). The results of meta-regression also indicate that intestinal Giardia spp infection has decreased over time (C= -0.024, p-value = 0.03) significantly, and also by growth of human development index (HDI) (C= - 0.42, p-value = 0.29) insignificantly. Improvement of personal hygiene, sanitation and raising public awareness can be effective in reducing Giardia spp infections.

The concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in the muscle of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) and associated health risk.

In this study, the concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in the muscle of Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) from the Strait of Hormuz was analyzed and following the health risk in the consumers by uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique was estimated. Fifty-eight blue card samples (male blue crabs = 33 samples; female blue crabs = 25 samples) were collected in the Strait of Hormuz from May to September 2020 for analysis of Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Iron (Fe) using Flame Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS). The order of PHEs in the in muscle male blue crabs was Fe (414.37 ± 288.07 µg/kg.ww) > Pb (238.78 ± 87.83 µg/kg.ww) > Ni (92.57 ± 39.72 µg/kg.ww) > Cd (52.73 ± 18.39 µg/kg.ww) and in female blue crabs Fe (461.16 ± 320.56 µg/kg.ww) > Pb (230.79 ± 125.59 µg/kg.ww) > Ni (84.13 ± 46.07 µg/kg.ww) > Cd (67.412 ± 43.93 µg/kg.ww). The concentration of PHEs muscle of male blue crabs and female blue crabs was not significantly different (P-value > 0.05). Uncertainty of non-carcinogenic risk revealed that P95% of total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) in the adult and children consumers due to ingestion male blue crabs was 5.30E-3 and 1.08E-3, respectively, and P95% of TTHQ in the adult and children due to ingestion female blue crabs was 7.05E-3 and 1.20E-3, respectively. P95% of TTHQ in both adult and children consumers was lower than one value. Therefore, consumers are at the acceptable range of the non-carcinogenic risk due to ingestion muscle of male and female blue crabs in Bandar Abbas. Although the non-carcinogenic risk of blue crab was in the safe range, due to the increase in its consumption and the increase of pollution sources in the Persian Gulf, it is recommended to monitor PHEs in Blue's muscle crabs.

Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in the Fillet of Narrow-Barred Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson): a Global Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Risk Assessment.

The contamination of seafood like narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) fillets by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has converted to worldwide health concerns. In this regard, the related citations regarding the concentration of PTEs in fillets of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel were collected through some of the international databases such as Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed, and Scientific Information Database (SID) up to 10 March 2020. The concentration of PTEs in fillets of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel fish was meta-analyzed and the health risk (non-carcinogenic risk) was estimated by the total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). The meta-analysis of data indicated that the rank order of PTEs in fillet of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel was Fe (10,853.29 µg/kg-ww) > Zn (4007.00 µg/kg-ww) > Cu (1005.66 µg/kg-ww) > total Cr (544.14 µg/kg-ww) > Mn (515.93 µg/kg-ww) > Ni (409.90 µg/kg-ww) > Pb (180.99 µg/kg-ww) > As (93.11 µg/kg-ww) > methyl Hg (66.60 µg/kg-ww) > Cd (66.03 µg/kg-ww). The rank order of health risk assessment based on the country by the aid of TTHQ for adult consumers was Malaysia (0.22251) > Philippines (0.21912) > Egypt (0.08684) > Taiwan (0.07430) > Bahrain (0.04893) > Iran (0.03528) > China (0.00620) > Pakistan (0.00316) > Yemen (0.00157) > India (0.00073). In addition, the rank order of health risk assessment based on the country by the aid of TTHQ for child consumers was Malaysia (1.03838) > Philippines (1.02257) > Egypt (0.40523) > Taiwan (0.34674) > Bahrain (0.22832) > Iran (0.16466) > China (0.02892) > Pakistan (0.01474) > Yemen (0.00731) > India (0.00340). Therefore, the children in Malaysia and the Philippines were at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. Hence, approaching the recommended control plans in order to decrease the non-carcinogenic risk associated with the ingestion of PTEs via the consumption of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel fish fillets is crucial.

Sanitary landfill site selection by integrating AHP and FTOPSIS with GIS: a case study of Memari Municipality, India.

Sanitary landfill is still considered as one of the most significant and least expensive methods of waste disposal. It is essential to consider environmental impacts while selecting a suitable landfill site. Thus, the site selection for sanitary landfill is a complex and time-consuming task needing an assessment of multiple criteria. In the present study, a decision support system (DSS) was prepared for selecting a landfill site in a growing urban region. This study involved two steps of analysis. The first step of analysis involved the application of spatial data to prepare the thematic maps and derive their weight. The second step employed a fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (FMCDM) technique for prioritizing the identified landfill sites. Thus, initially, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used for weighting the selected criteria, while the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) was applied for addressing the uncertainty associated with decision-making and prioritizing the most suitable site. A case study was conducted in the city of Memari Municipality. The main goal of this study was the initial evaluation and acquisition of landfill candidate sites by utilizing GIS and the following decision criteria: (1) environmental criteria consisting of surface water, groundwater, land elevation, land use land cover, distance from urban residence and buildup, and distance from sensitive places; and (2) socioeconomic criteria including distance from the road, population density, and land value. For preparing the final suitability map, the integration of GIS layers and AHP was used. On output, 7 suitable landfill sites were identified which were further ranked using FTOPSIS based on expert's views. Finally, candidate site-7 and site-2 were selected as the most suitable for proposing new landfill sites in Memari Municipality. The results from this study showed that the integration of GIS with the MCDM technique can be highly applied for site suitability. The present study will be helpful to local planners and municipal authorities for proposing a planning protocol and suitable sites for sanitary landfill in the near future.

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in sausages: a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

The contamination of fresh meat and meat products like sausages with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a worldwide health concern. Consequently, the related investigations concerning the levels of PTEs in sausages among databases such as Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed were investigated 1 January 2000 to 20 August 2020. Furthermore, the concentration of PTEs in sausages was meta-analyzed based on the random effect model (REM). The findings indicated that the rank order of PTEs in sausage was Fe (432.154 µg/kg) > Cu (152.589 µg/kg) > Zn (93.813 µg/kg) > Cr (6.040 µg/kg) > Pb (1.524 µg/kg) > Ni (0.525 µg/kg) > Cd (0.115 µg/kg) > As (0.066 µg/kg). Our results showed that the PTE concentration in sausages was lower than the permitted limit except for Pb in samples reported from Nigeria, China, and Turkey. Therefore, continuous monitoring of PTEs in such products was recommended.

The concentration of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the muscle of fishes collected from Caspian Sea: A health risk assessment study.

In the present study, the concentration of (potentially toxic element) PTEs in the five fish species from the Caspian Sea (from five coastal areas) was measured and compared. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and total THQ (TTHQ) were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations to determine the non-carcinogenic risk in both children and adults consumers. The highest concentration of PTEs was associated with chromium (Cr) measured in Cyprinus carpio, sampled from Bandar Anzali (1.56 ± 0.14 µg/g dw), and the minimum PTEs level was nickel (Ni) in Vimba from Astara (0.02 ± 0.01 µg/g d w). The rank order for PTEs based on THQ was mercury (Hg) > cadmium (Cd) > lead (Pb)> Ni > tin (Sn) > Total Cr. For adults, the fishes rank order based on TTHQ was: Cyprinus carpio (3.268) > Chelon saliens (2.89) > Rutilus frisii kutum kanesky (2.28) > Oncorhynchus mykis (1.39) > Vimba (0.25); and for children was Cyprinus carpio (15.25) > Chelon saliens (13.47) > Rutilus frisii kutum kanesky (10.63) > Oncorhynchus mykis (6.48) > Vimba (1.16). Overall this study showed that the levels of PTEs in investigated fish species had a potential non-carcinogenic risk for both children and adults (TTHQ>1).