Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in children and adolescents with drug-resistant TB: a multicentre observational study from India.

BACKGROUND: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is one of the challenging forms of TB to treat, not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Further, there is a void in the treatment strategy exclusively for children due to various reasons, including paucity of pharmacokinetic (PK) data on anti-TB drugs across the globe. In this context, the present study aimed at assessing the PK of some of the anti-TB drugs used in DR-TB treatment regimens. METHOD: A multicentre observational study was conducted among DR-TB children and adolescents (n = 200) aged 1-18 years (median: 12 years; IQR: 9-14) treated under programmatic settings in India. Steady-state PK (intensive: n = 89; and sparse: n = 111) evaluation of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, cycloserine, ethionamide, rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide was carried out by measuring plasma levels using HPLC methods. RESULTS: In the study population, the frequency of achieving peak plasma concentrations ranged between 13% (for rifampicin) to 82% (for pyrazinamide), whereas the frequency of suboptimal peak concentration for pyrazinamide, cycloserine, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and rifampicin was 15%, 19%, 29%, 41% and 74%, respectively. Further, the frequency of supratherapeutic levels among patients varied between 3% for pyrazinamide and 60% for isoniazid. In the below-12 years age category, the median plasma maximum concentration and 12 h exposure of moxifloxacin were significantly lower than that of the above-12 years category despite similar weight-adjusted dosing. CONCLUSIONS: Age significantly impacted the plasma concentration and exposure of moxifloxacin. The observed frequencies of suboptimal and supratherapeutic concentrations underscore the necessity for dose optimization and therapeutic drug monitoring in children and adolescents undergoing DR-TB treatment.