Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment.

The clinical diagnosis in cases of suspected hyperthyroidism is very valuable. Laboratory diagnosis rests largely on measurements of circulating thyroid hormones, with radio-iodine studies playing only a minor part. No one test is infallible and some understanding of basic physiological considerations is essential if serious errors are to be avoided. The choice of treatment plan is logically-based, but should take into account the quality of available services.

Molecular genecology of temperature response in Lolium perenne: 1. preliminary analysis to reduce false positives.

Molecular genecology is the study of geographical clines in frequencies of molecular markers and their relationship to ecological clines in environmental conditions. This study outlines the principles underlying the selection of populations, focusing on avoiding 'false positives'- noncausal correlations between allele frequency and the environment. The principles are illustrated by identifying a set of populations of Lolium perenne for the study of temperature responses. The selected set of populations encompasses a 20 degrees C range in mean January temperature. Their freezing tolerance shows a linear trend with winter temperature, LT50 decreasing by 0.25 degrees C for each 1 degrees C reduction in mean January temperature.

Molecular genecology of temperature response in Lolium perenne: 2. association of AFLP markers with ecogeography.

Improved winter hardiness is an important breeding objective in the forage grass Lolium perenne. This is a complex trait with several components, including the ability to survive and grow at low temperature, to acclimate to cold, tolerate wind, snow cover and ice encasement. Marker-assisted selection has the potential to increase the efficiency of breeding for improved cold tolerance. Here we describe a genecological approach to identifying molecular markers that are associated with adaptation to low winter temperatures. AFLP was used to assess the genetic diversity in 29 wild populations of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) representing a pan-European temperature cline in terms of their geographical origin. A further 18 populations from a temperature cline in Bulgaria were also analysed. In addition, two varieties and five populations representing parents of mapping families currently in use at IGER were included in the analysis. Principal coordinate (PCoA) and cluster analyses of the molecular marker data showed that the Bulgarian altitude cline populations could be distinguished clearly from the other populations. Two regression analyses were carried out; one to identify AFLP markers that correlated in frequency with low mean January temperature of the geographical origin of the population, and another to identify AFLP markers correlating in frequency with the cold tolerance phenotype of the populations, as determined by LT50 values in freezing tests. In the first analysis six AFLP markers showed significant type II trends with mean January temperature, and in the second analysis 28 bands had a significant univariate relationship with the LT50 value of the accessions. In steps 2 and 3 of the stepwise analysis a further 4 and 5 bands, respectively, improved the fit significantly. The results of the two types of regression analysis are discussed in relation to ecogeography and cold tolerance phenotype of the populations.

Comparison of ribosomal DNA sites in Lolium species by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

The position of the 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S rRNA genes have been physically mapped on the chromosomes of seven Lolium taxa. 18S-5.8S-26S sites were seen on two pairs of chromosomes in the inbreeding taxa. In the outbreeding taxa six sites were found in the L. multiflorum, seven in L. perenne and nine in L. rigidum var. rigidum. Two 5S sites were found in each of the taxa. In the inbreeders, the 5S sites were found adjacent to the 18S-5.8S-26S sites on chromosome 2. In L. multifiorum and L.perenne the 5S sites were on the short arm of chromosome 3. However, in L. rigidum var. rigidum the 5S rDNA site was found in either of the two positions.