Giant pyroelectricity in nanomembranes.

Pyroelectricity describes the generation of electricity by temporal temperature change in polar materials1-3. When free-standing pyroelectric materials approach the 2D crystalline limit, how pyroelectricity behaves remained largely unknown. Here, using three model pyroelectric materials whose bonding characters along the out-of-plane direction vary from van der Waals (In2Se3), quasi-van der Waals (CsBiNb2O7) to ionic/covalent (ZnO), we experimentally show the dimensionality effect on pyroelectricity and the relation between lattice dynamics and pyroelectricity. We find that, for all three materials, when the thickness of free-standing sheets becomes small, their pyroelectric coefficients increase rapidly. We show that the material with chemical bonds along the out-of-plane direction exhibits the greatest dimensionality effect. Experimental observations evidence the possible influence of changed phonon dynamics in crystals with reduced thickness on their pyroelectricity. Our findings should stimulate fundamental study on pyroelectricity in ultra-thin materials and inspire technological development for potential pyroelectric applications in thermal imaging and energy harvesting.

Global Epidemiology and Genetics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading cancers worldwide. Classically, HCC develops in genetically susceptible individuals who are exposed to risk factors, especially in the presence of liver cirrhosis. Significant temporal and geographic variations exist for HCC and its etiologies. Over time, the burden of HCC has shifted from the low-moderate to the high sociodemographic index regions, reflecting the transition from viral to nonviral causes. Geographically, the hepatitis viruses predominate as the causes of HCC in Asia and Africa. Although there are genetic conditions that confer increased risk for HCC, these diagnoses are rarely recognized outside North America and Europe. In this review, we will evaluate the epidemiologic trends and risk factors of HCC, and discuss the genetics of HCC, including monogenic diseases, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, gut microbiome, and somatic mutations.

Liquid-Phase van der Waals Epitaxy of a Few-Layer and Unit-Cell Thick Ruddlesden-Popper Halide Perovskite.

2D Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) halide perovskites with natural multiple quantum well structures are an ideal platform to integrate into vertical heterostructures, which may introduce plentiful intriguing optoelectronic properties that are not accessible in a single bulk crystal. Here, we report liquid-phase van der Waals epitaxy of a 2D RP hybrid perovskite (4,4-DFPD)2PbI4 (4,4-DFPD is 4,4-difluoropiperidinium) on muscovite mica and fabricate a series of perovskite-perovskite vertical heterostructures by integrating it with a second 2D RP perovskite R-NPB [NPB = 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylammonium lead bromide] sheets. The grown (4,4-DFPD)2PbI4 nanobelt array can be multiple layers to unit-cell thin and are crystallographically aligned on the mica substrate. An interlayer photo emission in this R-NPB/(4,4-DFPD)2PbI4 heterostructure with a lifetime of about 25 ns at 120 K has been revealed. Our demonstration of epitaxial (4,4-DFPD)2PbI4 array grown on mica via liquid-phase van der Waals epitaxy provides a paradigm to prepare orderly distributed 2D RP hybrid perovskites for further integration into multiple heterostructures. The discovery of a new interlayer emission in the R-NPB/(4,4-DFPD)2PbI4 heterostructure enriches the basic understanding of interlayer charge transition in halide perovskite systems.

Computed tomography venography versus intravascular ultrasound in the diagnosis of iliofemoral vein stenosis.

Background: Iliofemoral vein stenosis can cause debilitating chronic venous disease. Diagnostic tools include both computed tomography venography (CTV) and intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS). We aim to compare the diagnostic performance of CTV and IVUS. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients with chronic venous disease presenting with iliac vein compression or post-thrombotic limb symptoms, excluding those with acute deep vein thrombosis, high anaesthesia risk, or who had contrast allergy. All patients received CTV before IVUS, as part of the diagnostic work-up and intervention. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of iliofemoral vein segments obtained from both studies were compared against reference CSAs to derive percentage stenosis. A 50% reduction in CSA was considered significant. Results: We studied 50 patients between May 2018 and April 2019. 58% of patients had severe disease CEAP C5-6. 48% of patients had at least one vein segment with significant stenosis. The left proximal common iliac vein was the most commonly stenosed vein segment (n = 12, 24% on IVUS). CSA measurements from CTV were greater than those of IVUS, with a correlation coefficient of 0.57 (p < 0.005). Conversely, percentage stenosis measured on CTV was lower than on IVUS, with approximately one-third of significant stenosis missed on CTV (58 veins from CTV vs. 78 from IVUS, p < 0.005). With IVUS as the gold standard, CTV has low sensitivity (37.2%, 95% CI 26.5-48.9) and high specificity (92.5%, 95% CI 89.3-94.9) in detecting significant stenosis. Conclusions: CTV has limited diagnostic performance in identifying iliofemoral vein stenosis. Patients with normal CTV findings should proceed with IVUS imaging if the clinical features are supportive of iliofemoral vein stenosis.

A Reconfigurable Remotely Epitaxial VO2 Electrical Heterostructure.

The reconfigurability of the electrical heterostructure featured with external variables, such as temperature, voltage, and strain, enabled electronic/optical phase transition in functional layers has great potential for future photonics, computing, and adaptive circuits. VO2 has been regarded as an archetypal phase transition building block with superior metal-insulator transition characteristics. However, the reconfigurable VO2-based heterostructure and the associated devices are rare due to the fundamental challenge in integrating high-quality VO2 in technologically important substrates. In this report, for the first time, we show the remote epitaxy of VO2 and the demonstration of a vertical diode device in a graphene/epitaxial VO2/single-crystalline BN/graphite structure with VO2 as a reconfigurable phase-change material and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as an insulating layer. By diffraction and electrical transport studies, we show that the remote epitaxial VO2 films exhibit higher structural and electrical quality than direct epitaxial ones. By high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we show that a graphene buffered substrate leads to a less strained VO2 film than the bare substrate. In the reconfigurable diode, we find that the Fermi level change and spectral weight shift along with the metal-insulator transition of VO2 could modify the transport characteristics. The work suggests the feasibility of developing a single-crystalline VO2-based reconfigurable heterostructure with arbitrary substrates and sheds light on designing novel adaptive photonics and electrical devices and circuits.

Chemical reaction induced carrier localization in nanometer-thin Al/Ru, Al/Co, and Al/Mo superlattices.

It is well-known that the electrical conductivity of a metallic film reduces dramatically when the film becomes very thin. This effect is mainly attributed to surface scattering of the conducting carriers. In a multilayer structure, interface scattering also reduces the conductance, but chemical reactions at the interfaces can have equal or bigger effects. The extent of chemically induced carrier localization at the metallic interfaces has not been explored or reported. We have grown superlattices consisting of nm-thin, alternating Al and transition-metal layers (Al/Ru, Al/Co and Al/Mo) by magnetron sputtering, and measured the electrical conductance of the superlattices in-situ during the growth. We observed a sharp conductance drop at the start of each transition metal layer and a pause in conduction increase at the start of each Al layer, neither of which is predicted by the surface scattering model. We show that these abnormal conductance changes can be explained by localization of Al free carriers at the interfaces to facilitate the formation of intermetallic bonds. The magnitude of the measured conductance drops suggests that one monolayer of compound is formed at each interface at room temperature. Annealing the superlattices to 300 °C caused a modest decrease in conductance, attributed to further chemical reactions. In contrast, a superlattice involving two fully miscible transition metals, Ru and Co, exhibited no carrier localization, resulting in a conductance more than three times that of superlattices containing Al layers.

Polar gigantism and the oxygen-temperature hypothesis: a test of upper thermal limits to body size in Antarctic pycnogonids.

The extreme and constant cold of the Southern Ocean has led to many unusual features of the Antarctic fauna. One of these, polar gigantism, is thought to have arisen from a combination of cold-driven low metabolic rates and high oxygen availability in the polar oceans (the 'oxygen-temperature hypothesis'). If the oxygen-temperature hypothesis indeed underlies polar gigantism, then polar giants may be particularly susceptible to warming temperatures. We tested the effects of temperature on performance using two genera of giant Antarctic sea spiders (Pycnogonida), Colossendeis and Ammothea, across a range of body sizes. We tested performance at four temperatures spanning ambient (-1.8°C) to 9°C. Individuals from both genera were highly sensitive to elevated temperature, but we found no evidence that large-bodied pycnogonids were more affected by elevated temperatures than small individuals; thus, these results do not support the predictions of the oxygen-temperature hypothesis. When we compared two species, Colossendeis megalonyx and Ammothea glacialis, C. megalonyx maintained performance at considerably higher temperatures. Analysis of the cuticle showed that as body size increases, porosity increases as well, especially in C. megalonyx, which may compensate for the increasing metabolic demand and longer diffusion distances of larger animals by facilitating diffusive oxygen supply.

Traditional Semiconductors in the Two-Dimensional Limit.

Interest in two-dimensional materials has exploded in recent years. Not only are they studied due to their novel electronic properties, such as the emergent Dirac fermion in graphene, but also as a new paradigm in which stacking layers of distinct two-dimensional materials may enable different functionality or devices. Here, through first-principles theory, we reveal a large new class of two-dimensional materials which are derived from traditional III-V, II-VI, and I-VII semiconductors. It is found that in the ultrathin limit the great majority of traditional binary semiconductors studied (a series of 28 semiconductors) are not only kinetically stable in a two-dimensional double layer honeycomb structure, but more energetically stable than the truncated wurtzite or zinc-blende structures associated with three dimensional bulk. These findings both greatly increase the landscape of two-dimensional materials and also demonstrate that in the double layer honeycomb form, even ordinary semiconductors, such as GaAs, can exhibit exotic topological properties.

Remote epitaxy of copper on sapphire through monolayer graphene buffer.

In this work, we show that remote heteroepitaxy can be achieved when Cu thin film is grown on single crystal, monolayer graphene buffered sapphire(0001) substrate via a thermal evaporation process. X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction data show that the epitaxy process forms a prevailing Cu crystal domain, which is remotely registered in-plane to the sapphire crystal lattice below the monolayer graphene, with the (111) out-of-plane orientation. As a poor metal with zero density of states at its Fermi level, monolayer graphene cannot totally screen out the stronger charge transfer/metallic interactions between Cu and substrate atoms. The primary Cu domain thus has good crystal quality as manifested by a narrow crystal misorientation distribution. On the other hand, we show that graphene interface imperfections, such as bilayers/multilayers, wrinkles and interface contaminations, can effectively weaken the atomic interactions between Cu and sapphire. This results in a second Cu domain, which directly grows on and follows the graphene hexagonal lattice symmetry and orientation. Because of the weak van der Waals interaction between Cu and graphene, this domain has inferior crystal quality. The results are further confirmed using graphene buffered spinel(111) substrate, which indicates that this remote epitaxial behavior is not unique to the Cu/sapphire system.

Turning waste medicines to cost savings: A pilot study on the feasibility of medication recycling as a solution to drug wastage.

BACKGROUND: Unused medicines represent a major source of wastage in healthcare systems around the world. Previous studies have suggested the potential cost savings from recycling the waste medicines. However, issues of product safety and integrity often deter healthcare institutions from recycling donated medications. AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of medication recycling and to assess the actual cost savings from recycling waste medicines and whether reusability of waste medicines differed among various drug classes and donor sources. DESIGN AND SETTING: Donated medications from hospitals, private medical clinics and patients were collected and assessed using a medication recycling protocol in a hospice care setting from November 2013 through January 2014. Costs were calculated using a reference pricing list from a public hospital. RESULTS: A total of 244 donations, amounting to 20,759 dosage units, were collected during the study period. Most donations (90.8%) were reusable, providing a total of S$5266 in cost savings. Less than 2 h daily was spent by a single pharmacy technician on the sorting and distributing processes. Medications donated by health facilities were thrice more likely to be reusable than those by patients (odds ratio = 3.614, 95% confidence interval = 3.127, 4.176). Medications belonging to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical class G (0.0%), H (8.2%) and L (30.0%) were the least reusable. CONCLUSION: Most donated medications were reusable. The current protocol can be further streamlined to focus on the more reusable donor sources and drug classes and validated in other settings. Overall, we opine that it is feasible to practise medication recycling on a larger scale to reduce medication wastage.

Initial bridges between two ribosomal subunits are formed within 9.4 milliseconds, as studied by time-resolved cryo-EM.

Association of the two ribosomal subunits during the process of translation initiation is a crucial step of protein synthesis. The two subunits (30S and 50S) of the bacterial 70S ribosome are held together by 12 dynamic bridges involving RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, and protein-protein interactions. The process of bridge formation, such as whether all these bridges are formed simultaneously or in a sequential order, is poorly understood. To understand such processes, we have developed and implemented a class of microfluidic devices that mix two components to completion within 0.4 ms and spray the mixture in the form of microdroplets onto an electron microscopy grid, yielding a minimum reaction time of 9.4 ms before cryofixation. Using these devices, we have obtained cryo-EM data corresponding to reaction times of 9.4 and 43 ms and have determined 3D structures of ribosomal subunit association intermediates. Molecular analyses of the cryo-EM maps reveal that eight intersubunit bridges (bridges B1a, B1b, B2a, B2b, B3, B7a, B7b, and B8) form within 9.4 ms, whereas the remaining four bridges (bridges B2c, B4, B5, and B6) take longer than 43 ms to form, suggesting that bridges are formed in a stepwise fashion. Our approach can be used to characterize sequences of various dynamic functional events on complex macromolecular assemblies such as ribosomes.

Photon Transport in One-Dimensional Incommensurately Epitaxial CsPbX3 Arrays.

One-dimensional nanoscale epitaxial arrays serve as a great model in studying fundamental physics and for emerging applications. With an increasing focus laid on the Cs-based inorganic halide perovskite out of its outstanding material stability, we have applied vapor phase epitaxy to grow well aligned horizontal CsPbX3 (X: Cl, Br, or I or their mixed) nanowire arrays in large scale on mica substrate. The as-grown nanowire features a triangular prism morphology with typical length ranging from a few tens of micrometers to a few millimeters. Structural analysis reveals that the wire arrays follow the symmetry of mica substrate through incommensurate epitaxy, paving a way for a universally applicable method to grow a broad family of halide perovskite materials. The unique photon transport in the one-dimensional structure has been studied in the all-inorganic Cs-based perovskite wires via temperature dependent and spatially resolved photoluminescence. Epitaxy of well oriented wire arrays in halide perovskite would be a promising direction for enabling the circuit-level applications of halide perovskite in high-performance electro-optics and optoelectronics.

Vertically Oriented Arrays of ReS2 Nanosheets for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Electrocatalysis.

Transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanolayers show potential as high-performance catalysts in energy conversion and storage devices. Synthetic TMDs produced by chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) methods tend to grow parallel to the growth substrate. Here, we show that with the right precursors and appropriate tuning of the CVD growth conditions, ReS2 nanosheets can be made to orient perpendicular to the growth substrate. This accomplishes two important objectives; first, it drastically increases the wetted or exposed surface area of the ReS2 sheets, and second, it exposes the sharp edges and corners of the ReS2 sheets. We show that these structural features of the vertically grown ReS2 sheets can be exploited to significantly improve their performance as polysulfide immobilizers and electrochemical catalysts in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries and in hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). After 300 cycles, the specific capacity of the Li-S battery with vertical ReS2 catalyst is retained above 750 mA h g(-1), with only ∼0.063% capacity decay per cycle, much better than the baseline battery (without ReS2), which shows ∼0.184% capacity decay per cycle under the same test conditions. As a HER catalyst, the vertical ReS2 provides very small onset overpotential (<100 mV) and an exceptional exchange-current density (∼67.6 µA/cm(2)), which is vastly superior to the baseline electrode without ReS2.

Effects of nanoscale surface roughness on the resistivity of ultrathin epitaxial copper films.

The knowledge on the influence of surface roughness and the electron-phonon (el-ph) interaction on electrical transport properties of nanoscale metal films is important from both fundamental and technological points of view. Here we report a study of the temperature dependent electron transport properties of nanoscale copper films by measuring temperature dependent electrical resistivity with thickness ranging from 4 to 500 nm. We show that the residual resistivity, which is temperature independent, can be described quantitatively using both measured vertical surface root-mean-square roughness and lateral correlation length in the nanoscale, with no adjustable parameter, by a recent quasi-classical model developed by Chatterjee and Meyerovich (2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 245409-10). We also demonstrate that the temperature dependent component of the resistivity can be described using the Bloch-Grüneisen equation with a thickness dependent el-ph coupling constant and a thickness dependent Debye temperature. We show that the increase of the el-ph coupling constant with the decrease of film thickness gives rise to an enhancement of the temperature dependent component of the resistivity.

Follow-up care practices and barriers to breast cancer survivorship: perspectives from Asian oncology practitioners.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the perspectives of Asian oncology practitioners on the physical and psychosocial issues experienced by breast cancer survivors (BCS), current survivorship care practices, and the barriers to follow-up care. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study. Oncology practitioners were recruited from a major cancer center in Singapore and through two regional cancer meetings that took place in Singapore and Malaysia in 2013. RESULTS: A total of 126 oncology practitioners from various Southeast Asian countries, mostly nurses (58.7 %) and physicians (37.3 %), were recruited. The majority of the respondents agreed that fatigue (78.4 %) and anxiety (69.1 %) were the most common physical and psychosocial problems experienced by BCS. Monitoring for physical and treatment-related adverse effects (80.7 %) and reviewing patients' noncancer medical history (65.3 %) were the most practiced aspects of follow-up care. Compared with the other practitioners, the physicians were more likely to communicate with other healthcare professionals (adjusted OR = 4.24, 95 % CI 1.54 to 11.72; p = 0.005). Most of the respondents also agreed that patient-specific barriers were the main impediments to follow-up care. CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into the various aspects of breast cancer survivorship care from the perspectives of oncology practitioners and shows that survivorship care is relatively inadequate in Asia. There is a need for new survivorship care models to meet the needs of Asian BCS and to complement the unique healthcare systems of Asia.

Association between Total Daily Doses with duration of hospitalization among readmitted patients in a multi-ethnic Asian population.

Increased length of stay (LOS) in the hospital incurs substantial financial costs on the healthcare system. Multiple factors are associated with LOS. However, few studies have been done to associate the impact of Total Daily Doses (TDD) and LOS. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the association between patients' LOS upon readmission and their TDD before readmission. A retrospective cross-sectional study of readmission cases occurring from 1st January to 31st March 2013 was conducted at a regional hospital. Demographics and clinical variables were collected using electronic medical databases. Univariable and multiple linear regressions were used. Confounders such as comorbidities and drug related problems (DRP) were controlled for in this study. There were 432 patients and 649 readmissions examined. The average TDD and LOS were 18.04 ± 8.16 and 7.63 days ± 7.08 respectively. In the univariable analysis, variables that were significantly associated with the LOS included age above 75 year-old, race, comorbidity, number of comorbidities, number of medications, TDD and thrombocytopenia as DRPs. In the multiple linear regression, there was a statistically significant association between TDD (ß = 0.0733, p = 0.030) and LOS. Variables that were found significant were age above 75 year-old (ß = 1.5477, p = 0.008), Malay (ß = -1.5123, p = 0.033), other races (ß = -2.6174, p = 0.007), depression (ß = 2.1551, p = 0.031) and thrombocytopenia as a type of DRP (ß = 7.5548, p = 0.027). When TDD was replaced with number of medications, number of medications (ß = 0.1487, p = 0.021), age of 75 year-old (ß = 1.5303, p = 0.009), Malay (ß = -1.4687, p = 0.038), race of others (ß = -2.6499, p = 0.007), depression (ß = 2.1951, p = 0.028) and thrombocytopenia as a type of DRP (ß = 7.5260, p = 0.028) were significant. In conclusion, a significant relationship between TDD and number of medications before readmission and the LOS upon readmission was established. This finding highlights the importance of optimizing patients' TDD in the attempt of reducing their LOS.

Gas-Assisted Annular Microsprayer for Sample Preparation for Time-Resolved Cryo-Electron Microscopy.

Time-resolved cryo electron microscopy (TRCEM) has emerged as a powerful technique for transient structural characterization of isolated biomacromolecular complexes in their native state within the time scale of seconds to milliseconds. For TRCEM sample preparation, microfluidic device [9] has been demonstrated to be a promising approach to facilitate TRCEM biological sample preparation. It is capable of achieving rapidly aqueous sample mixing, controlled reaction incubation, and sample deposition on electron microscopy (EM) grids for rapid freezing. One of the critical challenges is to transfer samples to cryo-EM grids from the microfluidic device. By using microspraying method, the generated droplet size needs to be controlled to facilitate the thin ice film formation on the grid surface for efficient data collection, while not too thin to be dried out before freezing, i.e., optimized mean droplet size needs to be achieved. In this work, we developed a novel monolithic three dimensional (3D) annular gas-assisted microfluidic sprayer using 3D MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical System) fabrication techniques. The microsprayer demonstrated dense and consistent microsprays with average droplet size between 6-9 µm, which fulfilled the above droplet size requirement for TRCEM sample preparation. With droplet density of around 12-18 per grid window (window size is 58×58 µm), and the data collectible thin ice region of >50% total wetted area, we collected ~800-1000 high quality CCD micrographs in a 6-8 hour period of continuous effort. This level of output is comparable to what were routinely achieved using cryo-grids prepared by conventional blotting and manual data collection. In this case, weeks of data collection process with the previous device [9] has shortened to a day or two. And hundreds of microliter of valuable sample consumption can be reduced to only a small fraction.

Impact of COVID infection on lung function test and quality of life.

Post-COVID-19 pulmonary sequalae are well-recognized early in the pandemic. Survivorship clinics are crucial for managing at-risk patients. However, it is unclear who requires pulmonary function test (PFT) and when PFTs should be performed. We aim to investigate for whom and how these interval PFTs should be performed. We performed a single-centre, prospective cohort study on COVID-19 survivors between 1st May 2020 and 31st April 2022. These patients were followed up at 6, 9 and 12 months with interval PFT and Short Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey. Those with PFT defects were offered a computed tomography scan of the thorax. Of the 46 patients recruited, 17 (37%) had severe/critical illness. Compared to those with mild/moderate disease, these patients were more likely to experience DLCO defects (59% versus 17%, p = 0.005) and had lower SF-36 scores (mean physical component summary score of 45 ± 12 versus 52 ± 8, p = 0.046). These differences were most notable at 6 months, compared to the 9- and 12-months intervals. DLCO defects were also associated with older age, raised inflammatory markers and extensive CXR infiltrates. Besides interstitial-like abnormalities, obesity and undiagnosed lung conditions accounted for 39% of the PFT abnormalities. Interval PFTs can be performed earliest 6 months post-COVID-19. Patients with normal tests were unlikely to develop new abnormalities and would not require repeat PFTs. Abnormal PFTs can be followed-up with repeat PFTs 6 monthly until resolution. Non-COVID-19 differentials should be considered for persistent PFT abnormalities.

Vertically Aligned One-Dimensional Crystal-Structured Sb2Se3 for High-Efficiency Flexible Solar Cells via Regulating Selenization Kinetics.

Recently, antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) has exhibited an exciting potential for flexible photoelectric applications due to its unique one-dimensional (1D) chain-type crystal structure, low-cost constituents, and superior optoelectronic properties. The 1D structure endows Sb2Se3 with a strong anisotropy in carrier transport and a lasting mechanical deformation tolerance. The control of the crystalline orientation of the Sb2Se3 film is an essential requirement for its device performance optimization. However, the current state-of-the-art Sb2Se3 devices suffer from unsatisfactory orientation control, especially for the (001) orientation, in which the chains stand vertically. Herein, we achieved an unprecedented control of the (001) orientation for the growth of the Sb2Se3 film on a flexible Mo-coated mica substrate by balancing the collision rate and kinetic energy of Se vapor particles with the surface of Sb film by regulating the selenization kinetics. Based on this (001)-oriented Sb2Se3 film, a high efficiency of 8.42% with a record open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.47 V is obtained for flexible Sb2Se3 solar cells. The vertical van der Waals gaps in the (001) orientation provide favorable diffusion paths for Se atoms, which results in a Se-rich state at the bottom of the Sb2Se3 film and promotes the in situ formation of the MoSe2 interlayer between Mo and Sb2Se3. These phenomena contribute to a back-surface field enhanced absorber layer and a quasi-Ohmic back contact, improving the device's VOC and the collection of carriers. This method provides an effective strategy for the orientation control of 1D materials for efficient photoelectric devices.