The Facile Hydrolysis of Imidazolinium Chlorides (N-Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors) Under Basic Aqueous Conditions.

The hydrolysis of imidazolinium chlorides takes place readily in a basic water/dichloromethane biphasic mixture at room temperature. Experimental parameters were optimized to afford full conversions and high yields of γ-aminoformamides starting from twelve symmetrical substrates with alkyl or aryl substituents on their nitrogen atoms, and five unsymmetrical 1-alkyl-3-arylimidazolinium chlorides. NMR and XRD analyses showed that the cleavage of unsymmetrical salts led to γ-alkylamino-N-arylformamides with a high regioselectivity and that bulky alkyl or aryl groups on the formamide moiety led to the isolation of the (E)-isomer in high stereoisomeric purity (>95 %), whereas smaller and more flexible alkyl substituents afforded mixtures of (E)- and (Z)-rotamers. Control experiments showed that the hydrolysis of 1,3-dimesitylimidazolinium chloride (SIMes ⋅ HCl) did not occur readily in pure or acidic water and that the presence of bulky aromatic substituents on the nitrogen atoms of 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolinium chloride (SIDip ⋅ HCl) efficiently slowed down its hydrolysis under basic aqueous conditions. Most strikingly, this work highlighted the critical influence of the counteranion on the reactivity of imidazolinium cations. Indeed, the chloride salts underwent a facile hydrolysis in the presence of water and Na2 CO3 , whereas various other NHC ⋅ HX derivatives reacted much slower or remained essentially inert under these conditions.

Aldiminium and 1,2,3-triazolium dithiocarboxylate zwitterions derived from cyclic (alkyl)(amino) and mesoionic carbenes.

The synthesis of zwitterionic dithiocarboxylate adducts was achieved by deprotonating various aldiminium or 1,2,3-triazolium salts with a strong base, followed by the nucleophilic addition of the in situ-generated cyclic (alkyl)(amino) or mesoionic carbenes (CAACs or MICs) onto carbon disulfide. Nine novel compounds were isolated and fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, and HRMS techniques. Moreover, the molecular structures of two CAAC·CS2 and two MIC·CS2 betaines were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The analytical data recorded for all these adducts were compared with those reported previously for related NHC·CS2 betaines derived from imidazolinium or (benz)imidazolium salts. Due to the absence of electronic communication between the CS2 unit and the orthogonal heterocycle, all the CAAC·CS2, MIC·CS2, and NHC·CS2 zwitterions displayed similar electronic properties and featured the same bite angle. Yet, their steric properties are liable to ample modifications by varying the exact nature of their cationic heterocycle and its substituents.

Chemical Composition and in vivo Efficacy of the Essential Oil of Mentha piperita L. in the Suppression of Crown Gall Disease on Tomato Plants.

This study was undertaken to determine the antibacterial efficacy of the essential oil (EO) of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), in vitro and in vivo, against the phytopathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. tumefaciens). The EO composition of M. piperita L. was investigated by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with 26 identified volatile constituents. The major constituents were menthol (33.59%) and iso-menthone (33.00%). This EO exerted a bactericidal activity against multiple strains of Agrobacterium species with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 0.01 to 12.50 mg/mL. In planta experiments, M. piperita EO, tested at concentration of 200 mg/mL, completely inhibited the formation of tumors on tomato plants inoculated with pathogenic strain A. tumefaciens ATCC 23308T. These results suggest that M. piperita EO could be used to control plant bacterial disease caused by A. tumefaciens.

Correction: Efficient in situ N-heterocyclic carbene palladium(ii) generated from Pd(OAc)2 catalysts for carbonylative Suzuki coupling reactions of arylboronic acids with 2-bromopyridine under inert conditions leading to unsymmetrical arylpyridine ketones: synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activities.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C8RA08897G.].

Efficient in situ N-heterocyclic carbene palladium(ii) generated from Pd(OAc)2 catalysts for carbonylative Suzuki coupling reactions of arylboronic acids with 2-bromopyridine under inert conditions leading to unsymmetrical arylpyridine ketones: synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activities.

N,N-Substituted benzimidazole salts were successfully synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C {1H} NMR and IR techniques, which support the proposed structures. Catalysts generated in situ were efficiently used for the carbonylative cross-coupling reaction of 2 bromopyridine with various boronic acids. The reaction was carried out in THF at 110 °C in the presence of K2CO3 under inert conditions and yields unsymmetrical arylpyridine ketones. All N,N-substituted benzimidazole salts 2a-i and 4a-i studied in this work were screened for their cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines such us MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and T47D. The N,N-substituted benzimidazoles 2e and 2f exhibited the most cytotoxic effect with promising cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 4.45 µg mL-1 against MDA-MB-231 and 4.85 µg mL-1 against MCF7 respectively.