Ecologically sustainable removal of pharmaceuticals: A mechanistic study of bismuth sulfide-graphene oxide/silver nanocomposite.

Bismuth sulfide nanoparticles (BiS NPs) were synthesized via the hydrothermal method, and reduced graphene oxide(rGO) and silver nanoparticles (Ag), which acted as substrates, have prepared using the chemical reduction method. The synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Commercially available paracetamol-500 mg (PAM) and aspirin-300 mg (ASP) were selected for photodegradation under visible light using the as-prepared composites in an aqueous solution. Photoluminescence spectroscopy was used to detect PAM and ASP using the photo-excited electron transfer (PET) process, and the limit of detection (LOD) has obtained for PAM(8.70 ppm) and ASP(4.43 ppm) with a sensitivity of 0.9954 and 0.8002, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the before and after degradation products and to confirm the disintegrated products such as -COOH and -CH- both before and after disintegration.. The experimental data were found to fit well with the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting that the as-prepared nanocomposites exhibited a heterogeneous nature for PAM (5119 mg/L), and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model suggests ASP (1030 mg/L) with R2 values of 0.9119 and 0.7075. The risk assessment analysis of PAM was 9.823 µg/L(RQ > 1) and that of ASP was 0.2106 µg/L(RQ < 1), indicating that PAM has a higher potential risk than ASP. The demographic data of the participants indicated that PAM was the most stockpiled medicine at home; this work also encompasses the action of a single PAM and ASP tablet toward the environment, if it is accidently disposed of improperly could create massive water/soil pollution; hence, the care/duty of each person should follow the proper disposal of medical waste because we cannot replace this environment.

Evaluating the detection efficacy of advanced bimetallic plasmonic nanoparticles for heavy metals, hazardous materials and pesticides of leachate in contaminated groundwater.

During the decomposition of trashes, leachate is created and leaching is gradually pollutes the surface and groundwater. Thus, the most severe ecological impact is the risk of ground water pollution because of collection of leachate from unlined insecure landfills. Due to the low biodegradable organic strength, irregular productivity and composition, the environmentally neglected landfill leachate treatment is challenging. This work was conducted on a synthetically effective bimetallic surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) nanosensor by gold/silver-bimetallic nanoparticles (Au/Ag-NPs), and used for the specific detection of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate in groundwater. The optical study of Au/Ag-NPs led to reflections from Ag cores and small Au shells. The structural studies represent the FCC structure of Au/Ag-NPs. The core-shell nanocrevice NPs with particle size of 23 nm played an important role with plasmonic behaviour enhances the electromagnetic excitation to achieve SERS detection and plasmonic photocatalysis. Thus, obtained results clearly show that Au was successfully added to Ag-NPs, and its existence can also be confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX). The prepared SERS based sensors have the potential to detect aromatic hydrocarbon, pesticides and heavy metals from environmentally ignored MSW landfill leachate. In general, the application of this new synergetic strategy of the photocatalytic degradation of leachate was irradiated by visible wavelength with the rate constant of 0.0036/min, 0.0047/min and 0.005/min by Ag-NPs, Au-NPs and Au/Ag-NPs respectively. Overall, this is the only study achieved efficiently with photocatalytic degradation and SERS detection of environmentally ignored real sample (leachate) to make pollutant free homeland aquifers.

Effects on anti-inflammatory, DNA binding and molecular docking properties of 2-chloroquinolin-3-yl-methylene-pyridine/pyrazole derivatives and their palladium(II) complexes.

Two new sets of Schiff bases 2-chloroquinolin-3-yl-methylene-pyridin-2-amine (CMPA) and 2-chloroquinolin-3-yl-methylene-pyrazole-5-amine-3-thole (CMPT) and their respective palladium (II) complexes have been synthesised and characterized with the aid of elemental analysis, IR, 1H &13C NMR, UV-Vis., and electrochemical studies. The surface morphology of palladium complexes were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopic image. The binding affinities of complexes with CT-DNA were carried out by absorption spectra and cyclic voltammetric studies. The observed hypochromic (~20%) and bathochromic (~30%) shifts indicates that the complexes bind with Guanine base pair of CT-DNA via intercalation. The increasing cathodic peak potential from +0.968 eV to +1.104 eV in complexes confirm the presence of intercalation. Anti-inflammatory activities of both ligands and complexes have been studied using carrageenan induced hind paw edema in Wistar rats. The change in paw volume revealed that the maximum percentage of inhibition was observed in metal complex at 5th hour with a dose of 200 mg/kg. In order to evaluate the binding affinity of ligand and metal complex, molecular interaction analysis were performed by maestro implemented in Schrodinger.

Improved waste water treatment by bio-synthesized Graphene Sand Composite.

The photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of graphene biosynthesized from sugar and anchored on sand particles has been focused here. The morphology and composition of the synthesized Graphene Sand Composite (GSC) was investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. SEM images show wrinkly edges. This is characteristic of graphenic morphology. Three types of waste water samples namely, textile waste (TW), sugarcane industrial waste water (SW) and domestic waste water from a local purification center at Kodaikanal (KWW) were collected and treated. Adsorption experiments showed effective removal of impurities at 0.2 g of GSC. Photocatalytic activity was analyzed under visible and ultraviolet irradiation. The rate constant for TW increased to 0.0032/min for visible light irradiation from 0.0029/min under UV irradiation. SW showed similar improved activity with rate constant as 0.0023/min in visible irradiation compared to 0.0016/min under UV irradiation. For KWW enhanced activity was seen only in visible light irradiation with rate constant 0.0025/min. GSC showed an inhibition zone of 20 mm against the bacterium Escherichia coli. Results suggest development of economic and effective waste water management systems.

Crystal structure of 2-(2,4-di-chloro-phen-yl)-4-hydroxy-9-phenyl-sulfonyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde.

In the title compound, C25H15Cl2NO4S, the di-chloro-phenyl ring is twisted by 68.69 (11)° from the mean plane of the carbazole ring system [r.m.s. deviation = 0.084 (2)°]. The hy-droxy group is involved in an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) graph-set motif. In the crystal, pairs of C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link mol-ecules into inversion dimers with an R (2) 2(26) motif. Weak C-H⋯O inter-actions further link these dimers into ribbons propagating in [100].

A selective and sensitive probes of chalcone derivative as a fluorescent chemosensor for the detection of Cr3+ ion.

A new chalcone based chemosensor like 6-cinnamoylthiochroman-4-one (AZAN), has been designed and synthesized from 6-chlorothiochroman-4-one and cinnamaldehyde via keto ethylenic linkage. Its amino derivatives were synthesized by using urea (AZANU), thiourea (AZANTU) and 2,6-diamino pyridine (AZANPy) respectively and its metal ion sensing properties were investigated. The sensors can selectively recognize and sense the metal cations by showing different fluorescent characteristics at different concentrations. The fluorescence intensity shows remarkable enhancement by Cr3+ over other common metal ions (Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+). The proposed mechanism can be confirmed by UV-Vis and emission titration. The newly synthesized receptor can sense the metal ions even in nano molar level. The binding or association constant and detection limit of chemosensor to Cr3+ are 1.684 × 105 M-1 and 0.2245 × 10-9 M respectively. A computation using the density functional theory was done to gain detailed insights into the electronic structures of the ligand and its derivatives. B3LYP function and 6-31G(d,p) basis set were used to optimize the ground-state geometry of the chemical and its derivatives.

(E)-1-[2-(4-Fluoro-2-nitro-styr-yl)-1-phenyl-sulfonyl-1H-indol-3-yl]propan-1-one.

In the title compound, C25H19FN2O5S, the substituted phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 12.26 (9)° with the indole ring system. The nitro group is twisted at an angle of 26.92 (8)° out of the plane of the ring to which it is attached. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯O, C-H⋯F and π-π [centroid-centroid distance = 3.6645 (11) Å] inter-actions link the mol-ecules, forming a three-dimensional network.

(Z)-3-(1-Chloro-prop-1-en-yl)-2-methyl-1-phenyl-sulfonyl-1H-indole.

In the title compound, C18H16ClNO2S, the indole ring system forms a dihedral angle of 75.07 (8)° with the phenyl ring. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by a weak intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain along [10-1]. C-H⋯π inter-actions are also observed, leading to a three-dimensional network.

1-(2-Bromo-meth-yl-1-phenyl-sulfonyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-1-one.

In the title compound, C18H16BrNO3S, the dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and the indole ring system is 89.91 (11)°. The mol-ecular structure features weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the a-axis direction. The chains are further linked by C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming a layer parallel to the ab plane.

(E)-1-[2-(4-Chloro-2-nitro-styr-yl)-1-phenyl-sulfonyl-1H-indol-3-yl]propan-1-one.

In the title compound, C25H19ClN2O5S, the phenyl ring forms dihedral angles of 79.62 (12) and 80.02 (13)° with the indole ring system and the benzene ring, respectively. The nitro group is twisted at an angle of 22.39 (11)° with respect to the attached benzene ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules assemble into double layers in the ab plane via C-H⋯O inter-actions.

Genetic evaluation of Jatropha backcross hybrid clones (BC4F1) for yield and oil quality.

Jatropha curcas is a tropical species that has been recognized as a promising biodiesel plant. During 2018-2021, researchers at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, elicited information on Jatropha's biochemical characteristics, growth performance, variability, and association studies for biometric variables using five backcross (BC4F1) hybrid clones of Jatropha with a control variety TNMC 7. In terms of seed yield, two hybrid clones, CJH 13 (1,218.60 g) and CJH 12 (1,034.40 g), outperformed the other hybrid clones. The seed oil content was higher in CJH 5 (34.19%). The seed oil content had moderate PCV (16.49%) and GCV (16.39%) values, as well as high heritability (99%) and genetic advance (33.56%) as a percentage of the mean. The number of fruits per bunch (0.845 and 0.850) and the number of bunches per branch (0.771 and 0.788) had significant positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with seed yield, respectively. The iodine numbers, cetane numbers, and saponification values of all hybrid clones were acceptable and satisfactory and were in good compliance with Indian and international biodiesel standards.

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera flower and assessment of antimicrobial and sensing properties.

The present study aimed to explore the biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Moringa oleifera flower (MOF) extract and its antimicrobial and sensing properties. The prepared AgNPs were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectral analysis (UV-vis), X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. Antimicrobial and sensing properties of the prepared nanoparticles were also determined. Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) lattice of the AgNPs was observed in X-RD pattern. FTIR measurement evidenced the band pattern at 686, 1653, 2062 and 3456 cm-1 proved the presence of proteins and phenolic components in MOF responsible for reduction. TEM analysis indicated the formation of monodispersed spherical particles with 8 nm. UV-vis of the prepared AgNPs authenticated the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 429 nm and stable for six months. AgNPs have produced highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 17 mm and 29 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. In addition, the AgNPs effectively detected the presence of Copper ions from 1 mM to 12 mM concentrations. Copper sensitivity of these biosynthesized nanoparticles was carried out by optical sensor based SPR. Thus the obtained antimicrobial and optical properties, suggested the use of obtained AgNPs in water purification.

Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanostructures and its assessment on enhanced bacterial inhibition and photocatalytic degradation.

In the present study, chemical reaction method is used to synthesis zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures concurrently doped with tin and fluorine and investigated for the enhanced bacterial inhibition and photocatalytic degradation. The optical, structural, compositional morphological, photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of ZnO nanostructures by the influence of doping were also studied. The exciton absorption of ZnO spectrum observed at 370 nm is being blue shifted to 364 nm in doped ZnO confirms the increase in incorporation of Sn and F. As the doping levels of F and Sn are increased, the size of the nanoparticles decreases. This can be observed in the transmission electron microscopic images and XRD results. ZnO is showing the presence of spherical nanoparticles whereas doped samples showing nanosheets structures. The surface morphology of the prepared samples was once again confirmed with SEM pictures. The time-dependent photo-catalytic activities of pure and doped samples of ZnO were studied separately under irradiation of UV-visible and visible light by degradation of methylene blue. The antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities of the prepared samples increased with the increasing doping level of Sn and F. Especially, the nanomaterial was noted with better antimicrobial activity against Staphylococus aureaus and Escherichia coli respectively. This study showed the tuning capabilities by doping level of tin and flourine in ZnO nanostructures.

Antimicrobial and catalytic activities of biosynthesized gold, silver and palladium nanoparticles from Solanum nigurum leaves.

The field of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine paves way for the use of several nanoparticles. Especially, in biomedical applications, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are found most vital and promising, among other nanoparticles. The biomedical activities of these particles mostly depend on their shape, size and distribution. Preparation of these particles in an eco-friendly method is an immediate need of the society. Herein, AuNPs, AgNPs and PdNPs (MNPS) were synthesized by Solanum nigrum Leaves (SNL) extract. The structural and morphological studies were carried out by using TEM, XRD and EDAX, while the optical and chemical properties were studied using UV-visible spectrum and FTIR spectroscopy. The particles obtained were found to possess a FCC (Face Centered Cubic) structure. TEM images of Ag, Au and PdNPs showed spherical well dispersed nanoparticles with average size of 3.46 nm, 9.39 nm and 21.55 nm respectively. The FTIR spectra confirmed polyphenols and antioxidants in SNL extract act as reducing and capping agents respectively in the synthesis of MNPs. The EDX technique confirmed the presence of silver, gold and palladium nanoparticles. Antimicrobial studies noted that the AgNPs have effective inhibition against E. coli. The complete reduction of 4-Nitrophenol and the formation of 4-Aminophenol with the presence of NaBH4 was chosen for the study of catalytic activities of the prepared MNPs. The reduction time of Au and Pd catalyst were smaller compared to that of Ag. This viable preparation method for producing small spherical shaped nanoparticles expected to the applied to the fields of nanomedicine.

1-[2-(2,4-Dinitro-benzyl-ideneamino)phen-yl]-3-phenyl-thio-urea.

In the title compound, C(20)H(15)N(5)O(4)S, the central benzene ring makes dihedral angles of 59.5 (1) and 51.7 (1)°, respectively, with the terminal phenyl and benzene rings. The mol-ecular structure exhibits weak intra-molecular N-H⋯N and C-H⋯S inter-actions. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked by weak inter-molecular N-H⋯S and C-H⋯O inter-actions, forming a chain along [11].

Diethyl 3,4-bis-(2,5-dimethoxy-benz-yl)thieno[2,3-b]thio-phene-2,5-di-car-boxylate.

In the title compound, C(30)H(32)O(8)S(2), the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 18.8 (1)°. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by weak intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal structure, the mol-ecules are linked via weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions between two benzene rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.672 (1) Å].

N-[(3-Phenyl-sulfanyl-1-phenyl-sulfonyl-1H-indol-2-yl)meth-yl]propionamide.

In the title compound, C(24)H(22)N(2)O(3)S(2), the phenyl rings form dihedral angles of 75.2 (1) and 86.1 (1)° with the indole ring system. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by intra-molecular C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure exhibit inter-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid distance = 3.748 (1) Å] inter-actions.

Solvatochromic study of 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone in neat and binary solvent mixtures.

Preferential solvation of a solvatochromic probe has been studied in binary mixtures comprising of a non-protic and a protic solvent. The non-protic solvents employed are carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), acetonitrile (AcN) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and the protic solvents are methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH). The probe molecule exhibits different spectroscopic characteristics depending upon the properties of the solubilizing media. The observed spectral features provide an indication of the microenvironment immediately surrounding the probe. Solvatochromic shifts of the ground and excited states of the probe were analysed by monitoring the charge transfer absorption band and the fluorescence emission spectra in terms of the solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions. Fluorescence emission spectra show the dual emission due to excited state proton transfer nature of the probe molecule. The effect of solvent and the excitation energy on dual emission are also studied. The observed magnitude of the Stokes shift in the above solvents has been used to deduce experimentally the dipole moment ratio of the probe molecule for the excited state to the ground state. The dipole moment of excited state is higher than the ground state.

Preferential solvation of acridine in binary mixtures.

Preferential solvation studies of acridine have been investigated using optical absorption technique. The preferential solvation parameter shows that in dimethyl formamide (DMF)+ethanol mixture, the acridine is preferentially solvated by ethanol in DMF rich region and by DMF in ethanol rich region. In the case of DMF+Carbon tetrachloride mixture acridine is preferentially solvated by DMF.

Spectral investigations of preferential solvation and solute-solvent interactions of 1,4-dimethylamino anthraquinone in CH2Cl2/C2H5OH mixtures.

The optical absorption and IR spectra of 1,4-dimethylamino anthraquinone (1,4-DMAAQ) in CH(2)Cl(2)/C(2)H(5)OH mixtures have been investigated. The preferential solvation of 1,4-DMAAQ in CH(2)Cl(2)/C(2)H(5)OH mixed solvents has been studied by monitoring the charge transfer band of 1,4-DMAAQ. The optical absorption spectral study indicates that 1,4-DMAAQ is preferentially solvated by CH(2)Cl(2) in CH(2)Cl(2)/C(2)H(5)OH mixtures. This can be confirmed by the observed index of preferential solvation value (delta(s1)) as well as higher mole fraction of CH(2)Cl(2) in the solvation microsphere (x(1)(L)) than in the bulk solvent (x(1)). The CH(2)Cl(2) molecules become more available to enter the solvation shell of 1,4-DMAAQ because of the hydrogen bonded clusters formed by ethanol molecules. This is also evident from the non-linear behavior of the transition energy (E(12)) as well as the absence of synergistic behavior. IR spectral studies show that the observed shifts in the nu(CO) and nu(NH) of 1,4-DMAAQ are due to the dipole-dipole interaction between the 1,4-DMAAQ and the associated ethanol.