Ptchd1 deficiency induces excitatory synaptic and cognitive dysfunctions in mouse.

Synapse development and neuronal activity represent fundamental processes for the establishment of cognitive function. Structural organization as well as signalling pathways from receptor stimulation to gene expression regulation are mediated by synaptic activity and misregulated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). Deleterious mutations in the PTCHD1 (Patched domain containing 1) gene have been described in male patients with X-linked ID and/or ASD. The structure of PTCHD1 protein is similar to the Patched (PTCH1) receptor; however, the cellular mechanisms and pathways associated with PTCHD1 in the developing brain are poorly determined. Here we show that PTCHD1 displays a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif that binds to the postsynaptic proteins PSD95 and SAP102. We also report that PTCHD1 is unable to rescue the canonical sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway in cells depleted of PTCH1, suggesting that both proteins are involved in distinct cellular signalling pathways. We find that Ptchd1 deficiency in male mice (Ptchd1-/y) induces global changes in synaptic gene expression, affects the expression of the immediate-early expression genes Egr1 and Npas4 and finally impairs excitatory synaptic structure and neuronal excitatory activity in the hippocampus, leading to cognitive dysfunction, motor disabilities and hyperactivity. Thus our results support that PTCHD1 deficiency induces a neurodevelopmental disorder causing excitatory synaptic dysfunction.

Whole genome sequencing identifies a de novo 2.1 Mb balanced paracentric inversion disrupting FOXP1 and leading to severe intellectual disability.

The FOXP1 gene, located on chromosome 3p13, encodes the Forkhead-box protein P1, one of the four forkhead transcription factors which repress transcription by forming active homo- and heterodimers and regulate distinct patterns of gene expression crucial for embryogenesis and normal development. FOXP1 mutations, mostly truncating, have been described in patients with mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and speech and language impairment (MIM #613670). Here, we report a small de novo heterozygous balanced inversion of 2.1 Mb located at 3p14.1p13 identified by Whole Genomic Sequencing (WGS) and disrupting the genes FAM19A4 and FOXP1. This inversion was found in a patient with severe ID, ASD, seizures and very unusual vascular anomalies which were never described in the clinical spectrum of FOXP1 mutations. We show that the neurodevelopmental phenotype observed in the patient most likely results from FOXP1 haploinsufficiency as this heterozygous inversion leads to a 60 to 85% decrease of FOXP1 mRNA levels and to the complete absence of FOXP1 full-length protein. These findings, in addition to expanding the molecular spectrum of FOXP1 mutations, emphasize the emerging role of WGS in identifying small balanced chromosomal rearrangements responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders and not detected by conventional cytogenetics.