Information exchange of law enforcement agencies within the EU in context of COVID 19 outbreak.

This article discusses the readiness of information exchange of law enforcement agencies in the EU. In context of the outbreak of COVID-19 there is a need for effective information exchange between law enforcement agencies. The need for intensified information exchange and gathering relevant data is necessary in order to tackle organized crime in the EU. COVID-19 has shown the complexity of security and health issues and the limited institutional capacity of states to deal the crisis individually. The authors argue that the EU and its member states face a challenging security environment in which information exchange is the most relevant tool for managing the crisis.

Biological factors and self-perception of stress in relation to freeze-like response in humans.

Many animals react to threatening stimuli such as a predator attacks by freezing. However, little experimental research investigated freeze response in humans. Here, we have employed practices commonly used in self-defense training to create two unique scenarios simulating armed physical threat. Sixty healthy men volunteers divided into three groups of twenty (untrained, trained but unexperienced, trained and experienced) underwent these scenarios accompanied by measurement of biochemical, physiological, and psychological markers of stress. Our results show that untrained individuals exhibit stronger freezing reactions, while highly skilled participants display the lowest propensity for freezing, especially in high-intensity scenarios. Moreover, the study shows variations in anxiety levels and selected biomarkers, with cortisol and osteocalcin showing different patterns in low and high-intensity scenarios, and suggests a complex interplay between these factors, electrodermal activity, and stress perception.